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In April 1918, operational control of all Entente forces on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] passed to the new supreme commander, [[Ferdinand Foch]].
In April 1918, operational control of all Entente forces on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] passed to the new supreme commander, [[Ferdinand Foch]].


== Participants on the side of the Entente ==
== Participants on the side of the Entente-Alexx was here!- ==
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Revision as of 00:34, 28 October 2009

Map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Entente's side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray.
European military alliances prior to the war.

The Entente powers were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The key members of the Entente were the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire. New Zealand, Belgium, Serbia, Canada, Australia, Italy, Romania and the United States were also drawn into the war. Though the Triple Entente was a non-binding agreement, ultimately Britain, Russia, and France joined the war. Many other countries later joined the Entente side in the war (see below).

The United States declared war on Germany on the grounds that Germany violated American neutrality by attacking international shipping and because of the Zimmermann Telegram that was sent to Mexico.[1] The U.S. entered the war as an "associated power", rather than a formal ally of France and Great Britain, because it had not declared war on the Ottoman Empire like those two countries. Although Turkey severed relations with the United States, it did not declare war. The U.S. was not at war with some of the other Central Powers, such as the Kingdom of Bulgaria.[2] Although the Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made significant contributions to the Allied war effort, they did not have independent foreign policies during World War I. Operational control of British Empire forces was in the hands of the five-member British War Cabinet (BWC). However, the Dominion governments controlled recruiting, and did remove personnel from front-line duties as they saw fit. From early 1917 the BWC was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had Dominion representation. The Australian Corps and Canadian Corps were placed for the first time under the command of Australian and Canadian Lieutenants General John Monash and Arthur Currie, who reported in turn to British generals.

In April 1918, operational control of all Entente forces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander, Ferdinand Foch.

Participants on the side of the Entente-Alexx was here!-

Other military allies

Other states which had military participation:

Nominal allies

States which declared war, but had no military involvement:

Leaders

Russian Empire Russia

France France

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Australia Commonwealth of Australia

Canada Dominion of Canada

India Indian Empire

Dominion of Newfoundland Dominion of Newfoundland

South Africa Union of South Africa

Serbia Serbia

Belgium Belgium

Bohemia Czechoslovakia

Italy Italy

Romania Romania

United States United States

Empire of Japan Japan

Personnel and casualties of the Allied powers

Pie chart showing military deaths of the Allied Powers.

These are estimates of the cumulative number of different personnel in uniform 1914-1918, including army, navy and auxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces were much smaller. Only a fraction of them were frontline combat troops. The numbers do not reflect the length of time each country was involved, or the number of casualties. (See also: World War I casualties.)

Allied powers Mobilized personnel Killed in action Wounded in action Total casualties Casualties as % of total mobilized
Australia 412,953Template:Mn 61,928[4] 152,171 214,099 52%
Belgium 267,000Template:Mn 38,172[5] 44,686 82,858 31%
Canada 628,964Template:Mn 64,944[6] 149,732 214,676 34%
France 8,410,000Template:Mn 1,397,800[7] 4,266,000 5,663,800 67%
Greece 230,000Template:Mn 26,000[8] 21,000 47,000 20%
India 1,440,437Template:Mn 74,187[9] 69,214 143,401 10%
Italy 5,615,000Template:Mn 651,010[10] 953,886 1,604,896 29%
Japan 800,000Template:Mn 415[11] 907 1,322 <1%
Montenegro 50,000Template:Mn 3,000 10,000 13,000 26%
New Zealand 128,525Template:Mn 18,050[12] 41,317 59,367 46%
Newfoundland 11,922Template:Mn 1,204[13] 2,314 3,518 30%
Portugal 100,000Template:Mn 7,222[14] 13,751 20,973 21%
Romania 750,000Template:Mn 250,000[15] 120,000 370,000 49%
Russia 12,000,000Template:Mn 1,811,000[16] 4,950,000 6,761,000 56%
Serbia 707,343Template:Mn 275,000[17] 133,148 408,148 58%
South Africa 136,070Template:Mn 9,463[18] 12,029 21,492 16%
United Kingdom 6,200,000Template:Mn 885,138[19] 1,663,435 2,548,573 41%
United States 4,355,000Template:Mn 116,708[20] 205,690 322,398 7%
Total 42,243,214 5,691,241 12,809,280 18,500,521 44%
Statistics of the Allied Powers[21]
Population Land GDP
Russian Empire 173.2m 21.7m km2. $257.7b
French Third Republic 39.8m 0.5m km2. $138.7b
United Kingdom 46.0m 0.3m km2. $226.4b
Kingdom of Italy 35.6m 0.3m km2. $93.3b
United States 96.5m 7.8m km2. $511.6b
Allied Total 793.3m 67.5m km2. $1,096.5b

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ US Declaration of War
  2. ^ Who Declared War and When
  3. ^ first Canadian to attain the rank of full general
  4. ^ Australia casualties
    Included in total are 55,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn-.
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.Template:Mn-
    Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919-21Template:Mn-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war deadTemplate:Mn.
  5. ^ Belgium casualties
    Included in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn Figures include 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete." Template:Mn.
  6. ^ Canada casualties
    Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.Template:Mn
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.Template:Mn
    Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919-21 and 150 Merchant Navy deathsTemplate:Mn-. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war deadTemplate:Mn.
  7. ^ France casualties
    Included in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn. Totals include the deaths of 71,100 French colonial troops. Template:Mn-Figures include war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/1918 to 6/1/1919.Template:Mn
  8. ^ Greece casualties
    Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missingTemplate:Mn, The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due diseaseTemplate:Mn
  9. ^ India casualties
    British India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
    Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn.
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.Template:Mn
    Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919-21 and 1,841 Canadian Merchant Navy deadTemplate:Mn. The 1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war deadTemplate:Mn
  10. ^ Italy casualties
    Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn
    Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official dataTemplate:Mn.
  11. ^ War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese ArmyTemplate:Mn.
  12. ^ New Zealand casualties
    Included in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn.
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.Template:Mn
    Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919-21Template:Mn. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war deadTemplate:Mn.
  13. ^ Newfoundland casualties
    Newfoundland was a Dominion at the time, and not part of Canada. The 1922 War Office report listed 1,204 Army war deadTemplate:Mn
  14. ^ Portugal casualties
    Figures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,332 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POWTemplate:Mn.
  15. ^ Romania casualties
    Military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office"Template:Mn. Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn.
  16. ^ Russia casualties
    Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn. The estimate of total Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.Template:Mn
  17. ^ Serbia casualties
    Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn.The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcher Boris UrlanisTemplate:Mn
  18. ^ South Africa casualties
    Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.Template:Mn
    Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919-21Template:Mn. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war deadTemplate:Mn.
  19. ^ UK and Crown Colonies casualties
    Included in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of woundsTemplate:Mn.
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.Template:Mn
    Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 1919-21 and 13,632 British Merchant Navy deathsTemplate:Mn. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UKTemplate:Mn, 507 from "Other colonies"Template:Mn and the Royal Navy (32,287)Template:Mn.
    The British Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately Template:Mn; The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UKTemplate:Mn.
  20. ^ United States casualties
    Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[1], The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead Template:Mn.
  21. ^ S.N. Broadberry, Mark Harrison. The Economics of World War I. illustrated ed. Cambridge University Press, 2005, pgs. 7-8.

References

  • Template:MnbThe War Office (2006). Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War 1914—1920. Uckfield, East Sussex: Military and Naval Press. ISBN 1847346812. OCLC 137236769. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |original-year= ignored (help)
  • Template:MnbGilbert Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195210778. OCLC 233987354.
  • Template:MnbTucker Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. ISBN 081533351X.
  • Template:MnbThe Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Annual Report 2005-2006" (PDF).
  • Template:MnbThe Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Debt of Honour Register".
  • Template:MnbUrlanis Boris (2003). Wars and Population. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. OCLC 123124938. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |original-place= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |original-year= ignored (help)
  • Template:MnbHuber Michel (1931). La population de la France pendant la guerre, avec un appendice sur Les revenus avant et après la guerre (in French). Paris. OCLC 4226464.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Template:MnbBujac Jean Léopold Emile (1930). Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique 1918-1922 (in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602.
  • Template:MnbMortara Giorgio (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra (in Italian). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099.
  • Template:MnbHarries Merion, Harries Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun - The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 0679753036. OCLC 32615324.
  • Template:MnbClodfelter Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000 (2nd ed.). London: McFarland. ISBN 0786412046. OCLC 48066096.

Sources

See List of World War I books

  • Ellis, John and Mike Cox. The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants (2002)
  • Esposito, Vincent J. The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900-1918 (1997) despite the title covers entire war; online maps from this atlas
  • Falls, Cyril. The Great War (1960), general military history
  • Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook (2003), historiography, stressing military themes
  • Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War (1995)
  • Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2004)
  • Trask, David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917-1918 (1961)
  • Tucker, Spencer, ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History (5 volumes) (2005), online at eBook.com
  • Tucker, Spencer, ed. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1999)
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