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Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough

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The Right Honourable
The Viscount Brookeborough
KG, CBE, MC, TD, PC (Ire)
File:Brookeborough 1963 UUC Yearbook.jpg
3rd Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
In office
1 May 1943 – 26 March 1963
GovernorThe Duke of Abercorn
The Earl Granville
The Lord Wakehurst
Preceded byJohn Miller Andrews
Succeeded byTerence O'Neill
Lord Lieutenant of Fermanagh
In office
26 April 1963 – February 1969
MonarchElizabeth II
Preceded byEarl of Enniskillen
Succeeded byVacant
Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party
In office
1 May 1946 – 25 March 1963
Preceded byJohn Miller Andrews
Succeeded byCaptain Terence O'Neill
Minister of Commerce
In office
16 January 1941 – 16 February 1945
Prime MinisterJ. M. Andrews
himself
Preceded byJohn Milne Barbour
Succeeded byRoland Nugent
Minister of Agriculture
In office
1 December 1933 – 16 January 1941
Prime MinisterThe Viscount Craigavon
J. M. Andrews
Preceded bySir Edward Archdale
Succeeded byThe Lord Glentoran
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
In office
5 July 1952 – 18 August 1973
Hereditary Peerage
Preceded bypeerage created
Succeeded byThe 2nd Viscount Brookeborough
Member of the Northern Ireland Parliament
for Lisnaskea
In office
22 May 1929 – 22 March 1968
Preceded byNew constituency
Succeeded byJohn Brooke
Personal details
Born(1888-06-09)9 June 1888
Colebrooke Park, Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Ireland
Died18 August 1973(1973-08-18) (aged 85)
Colebrooke Park, Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland
NationalityBritish
Political partyUlster Unionist Party
Spouse(s)Cynthia Brooke
(m.1919-d.1970)
Sarah Eileen Bell Calvert
Children3
EducationWinchester College
Alma materRoyal Military College, Sandhurst
Military service
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Branch/serviceBritish Army
Years of service1908–1920
RankCaptain
UnitRoyal Fusiliers
10th Hussars
Battles/warsFirst World War
AwardsMilitary Cross
Croix de Guerre (France)
Garter-encircled coat of arms of Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough, KG, as displayed on his Order of the Garter stall plate in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

Basil Stanlake Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough, KG, CBE, MC, TD, PC (Ire) (9 June 1888 – 18 August 1973), styled as Sir Basil Brooke, 5th Baronet, from 1907–52, was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician who became the third Prime Minister of Northern Ireland in May 1943, holding office until March 1963.

Lord Brookeborough had previously held several ministerial positions in the Government of Northern Ireland, and has been described as "perhaps the last Unionist leader to command respect, loyalty and affection across the social and political spectrum of the movement".[1] He has also been described as one of the most hardline anti-Catholic leaders of the UUP.[2]

Early life

Basil Stanlake Brooke was born on 9 June 1888 at Colebrooke Park, his family's neo-Classical ancestral seat on (what was then) the several-thousand acre Colebrooke Estate, just outside Brookeborough, a village near Lisnaskea in County Fermanagh, Ireland.[3] He was the eldest son of Sir Arthur Douglas Brooke, 4th Baronet, whom he succeeded as 5th Baronet when his father died in 1907.[4] He was a nephew of Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff during World War II, who was only five years his senior. His sister Sheelah married Sir Henry Mulholland, Speaker of the Stormont House of Commons and son of Lord Dunleath. He was educated for five years at St. George's School in Pau, France, and then at Winchester College (1901–05).[4]

Military and paramilitary career

After graduating from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,[4] the young Sir Basil Brooke, 5th Bt, was commissioned into the Royal Fusiliers on 26 September 1908 as a second lieutenant.[5] He transferred to the 10th Hussars in 1911. He was awarded the Military Cross and Croix de Guerre with palm for his service during the First World War.

Brooke was a very active Ulster Unionist Party member and ally of Edward Carson. He founded his own paramilitary group, Brooke's Fermanagh Vigilance, from men returning from the war front in 1918. Although the umbrella Ulster Volunteers (UVF) had been quiescent during the war, it was not defunct. It re-emerged strongly in 1920, subsuming groups like Brooke's.[6]

In 1920, having reached the rank of captain, Brooke left the British Army to farm the Colebrooke Estate, his family's country estate at Brookeborough in west Ulster, at which point he turned towards a career in politics.[7]

Political career

Brooke had a very long political career. When he resigned the Premiership of Northern Ireland in March 1963, he was Northern Ireland's longest-serving prime minister, having held office for two months short of 20 years.[8] He had also established a United Kingdom record by holding government office continuously for 33 years.[8]

In 1921 Captain Brooke was elected to the Senate of Northern Ireland, but he resigned the following year to become Commandant of the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) in their fight against the Irish Republican Army (IRA). He was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1921.[8]

In 1929 he was elected to the House of Commons of Northern Ireland as Ulster Unionist Party MP for the Lisnaskea division of County Fermanagh. In the words of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "his thin, wiry frame, with the inevitable cigarette in hand, and clipped, anglicised accent were to be a feature of Stormont for the next forty years."

Cabinet minister

Brooke became Minister of Agriculture in 1933. By virtue of this appointment, he also acquired the rank of Privy Councillor of Northern Ireland.[8] He was thus known, from 1933 until his elevation to the peerage in 1952, as Captain The Right Honourable Sir Basil Brooke, 5th Baronet, Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Military Cross, Privy Council of Northern Ireland, Member of Parliament. From 1941 to 1943 he was Minister of Commerce.

Capt. Brooke addressed an Orange Institution rally at Newtownbutler on 12 July 1933, where he said:

Many in this audience employ Catholics, but I have not one about my place. Catholics are out to destroy Ulster...If we in Ulster allow Roman Catholics to work on our farms we are traitors to Ulster...I would appeal to loyalists, therefore, wherever possible, to employ good Protestant lads and lassies.[9][10]

In later years he expressed regret for the statement.[11]

As Prime Minister

On 2 May 1943 he succeeded John M. Andrews as Prime Minister.[12]

In 1952 Brookeborough, whilst Prime Minister, was raised to the peerage as Viscount Brookeborough, the title taken from the village named after the Brookes. Although a peer, he retained his seat in the House of Commons at Stormont and remained PM for another decade.

As the Northern Ireland economy began to de-industrialise in the mid-1950s, leading to high unemployment amongst the Protestant working classes, Brookeborough faced increasing disenchantment amongst UUP backbenchers for what was regarded as his indifferent and ineffectual approach to mounting economic problems. As this disenchantment grew, British civil servants and some members of the UUP combined to exert discreet and ultimately effective pressure on Brookeborough to resign to make way for Captain Terence O'Neill, who was Minister of Finance.[13]

In 1963, his health having worsened, he resigned (at the age of 75) as Prime Minister. But he remained a member of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland until the 1969 general election, becoming the Father of the House in 1965. During his last years in the Parliament of Northern Ireland he publicly opposed the liberal policies of his successor Terence O'Neill, who actively sought to improve relationships with the Republic of Ireland, and who attempted to address some of the grievances of Catholics and grant many of the demands of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA).

Brookeborough was noted for his casual style towards his ministerial duties. Terence O'Neill later wrote of him: "he was good company and a good raconteur, and those who met him imagined that he was relaxing away from his desk. However they did not realise that there was no desk."[8]

While Graham Walker wrote "...Brookeborough's achievements over twenty years were substantial: the Unionist Party maintained essential unity, the anti-partitionist project was thwarted, and a potentially difficult post-war relationship with Britain under Labour was managed to the long-term benefit of Northern Ireland's full participation in the welfare state and new educational opportunities...",[14] increased educational opportunities for Catholics increased their self-confidence and expectations, which added momentum to the 1960s civil rights movement.[15]

Later life and death

In his retirement Brookeborough developed commercial interests; as chairman of Carreras (Northern Ireland), a director of Devenish Trade, and president of the Northern Ireland Institute of Directors. He was also made an honorary LLD of The Queen's University of Belfast.

From 1970 to 1973, years in which the Stormont institution came under its greatest strain and eventually crumbled, Brookeborough made only occasional forays into political life.[8] In 1972 he appeared next to Bill Craig MP on the balcony of Parliament Buildings at Stormont, a diminutive figure beside the leader of the Ulster Vanguard who was rallying right-wing Unionists against the Government of Northern Ireland. He opposed the Westminster white paper on the future of Northern Ireland and caused some embarrassment to his son, Captain John Brooke, the UUP Chief Whip and an ally of Brian Faulkner, by speaking against the Faulkner ministry's proposals.[8]

Lord Brookeborough died at his home, Colebrooke Park, on the Colebrooke Estate, on 18 August 1973. His remains were cremated at Roselawn Cemetery, East Belfast, three days later, and, in accordance with his wishes, his ashes were scattered on the demesne surrounding his beloved Colebrooke Park. In its obituary, The Times indirectly blamed him for the continuing Troubles: “Brookeborough was a man of courage, conviction and great charm. But his political sense was seriously found wanting by the intransigence with which he excluded the Roman Catholic minority from responsibility and participation.” The obituary continued remarking that Brookeborough was “[a] staunch representative of the Anglo-Irish aristocracy and an unyielding believer in the Protestant Ascendancy...The sectarian strife now tearing at the fabric of Northern Ireland's society is in part attributable to the immobility imposed in his long period of political leadership.”[8]

Brookeborough’s estate[16] was valued at £406,591.83.[8] [17] His only surviving son, Captain The Right Honourable John W. Brooke, Privy Council of Northern Ireland, MP, succeeded to the viscountcy.[8]

Personal life and family

Brooke married, firstly, Cynthia Mary Surgison (1897–1970), second daughter and co-heir of Captain Charles Warden Surgison, of Cuckfield Park, Sussex. They were married on 3 June 1919 at St George's, Hanover Square. Their families were already close owing to Surgison's sister's being married to Brookeborough's cousin.[4] Following their marriage the Brookes went to live at Colebrooke Park. They had three sons, two of whom were killed in action during the Second World War.[8]

Brooke was a member of the Hanover Loyal Orange Lodge 1639, which served the Brookeborough estate. Involvement with the Orange Order was a longstanding family tradition.[18]

Lady Brookeborough died in 1970 and the following year, aged 83, Lord Brookeborough married Sarah Eileen Bell Calvert, daughter of Henry Healey, of Belfast, and widow of Cecil Armstrong Calvert, FRCS, director of neurosurgery at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast. Sarah Eileen, Viscountess Brookeborough, died in 1989.[19]

In his private life, Brookeborough enjoyed farming, and he won many awards for it. He also liked shooting, fishing, and golf.[8]

Children

By his first wife, Brookeborough had the following children:

Awards and decorations

He was awarded the Military Cross[20] for "Distinguished Service in the Field" on 3 June 1916.[21] He was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1918.[22]

Having been appointed CBE in 1921, Brooke was, on 1 July 1952, raised to the House of Lords as Viscount Brookeborough, of Colebrooke, County Fermanagh. He was appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1965. He held the office of Vice-Admiral of Ulster between 1961 and 1973. He held the office of Lord Lieutenant of County Fermanagh and was Custos Rotulorum of County Fermanagh between 1963 and 1969.

Award Ribbon Post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire CBE
Military Cross MC
Order of the Garter KG
Croix de Guerre

See also

References

  1. ^ Walker, G, A history of the Ulster Unionist Party (Manchester 2004) p 150
  2. ^ Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland, 1600–1998 The Mote and the Beam by John D. Brewer with Gareth I. Higgins (1998) ISBN 0-333-74635-X (Paperback)
  3. ^ Barton, Brian, Brookeborough: The Making of a Prime Minister, 1988, p. 15
  4. ^ a b c d Lundy, Darryl. "thepeerage.com". The Peerage.[unreliable source]
  5. ^ "No. 28180". The London Gazette. 25 September 1908. p. 6940.
  6. ^ Townshend, "Easter 1916" p.181.
  7. ^ Timothy Bowman, 'The Ulster Volunteer Force, 1910–1920: New Perspectives', in Boyce and O'Day (eds.), Ulster Crisis, pp.256–8.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Times, 20 August 1973
  9. ^ Ryan, Alan (1999). The Reader's Companion to Ireland. Harvest Books. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-15-600559-3.
  10. ^ Coogan, Tim Pat (2004). Ireland in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-1-4039-6397-0.
  11. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPYhv7qrCTk
  12. ^ "NORTHERN IRELAND GETS NEW PREMIER". The New York Times. 2 May 1943. Retrieved 23 January 2015. resigned after criticism from his own Unionist party with regard to the government's unemployment policy.
  13. ^ MacDonald, Michael, Children of Wrath, Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1986, p. 71
  14. ^ Graham Walker, p.149
  15. ^ Smith, William Beattie (4 July 2018). "The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis, 1969-73: From Violence to Power-sharing". US Institute of Peace Press – via Google Books.
  16. ^ probate, 5 December 1975, CGPLA NIre. • £42,793 in England and Wales: probate, 7 November 1973, CGPLA Eng. & Wales
  17. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  18. ^ Beyond the Banners:The Story of the Orange Order, 92
  19. ^ Lundy, Darryl. "thepeerage.com". The Peerage.[unreliable source]
  20. ^ "No. 29608". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1916. pp. 5570–5571.
  21. ^ "No. 29608". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1916. p. 5563.
  22. ^ "No. 30945". The London Gazette. 8 October 1918. pp. 3213–11944.

Further reading

  • Brian Barton, Brookeborough: the making of a Prime Minister, The Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University, Belfast, 1988.
Political offices
Preceded by Assistant Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Finance
1929–1933 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Agriculture
1933–1941 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Commerce
1941–1943 		Succeeded by
Himself
as Minister of Commerce and Production
Preceded by
Himself
as Minister of Commerce 		Minister of Commerce and Production
1943–1945 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
1943–1963 		Succeeded by
Parliament of Northern Ireland
New constituency Member of Parliament for Lisnaskea
1929–1968 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Unionist Assistant Whip
1929–1933 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the Unionist Party
1946–1963 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Lord Lieutenant of Fermanagh
1963–1969 		Vacant
Title next held by
Thomas Patrick David Scott
Preceded by Father of the House
1965–1968 		Succeeded by
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Brooke Baronets
1907–1973 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Viscount Brookeborough
1952–1973 		Succeeded by
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