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Bear Island (Svalbard)

Coordinates: 74°31′N 19°01′E / 74.517°N 19.017°E / 74.517; 19.017
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This article is about the Norwegian island in Svalbard. For other Bear Islands worldwide, see Bear Island (disambiguation). For other Norwegian Bear Islands, see Bjørnøya.
Bear Island
Map
Geography
LocationBarents Sea
Coordinates74°31′N 19°01′E / 74.517°N 19.017°E / 74.517; 19.017
ArchipelagoSvalbard
Area178 km2 (69 sq mi)
Highest elevation536 m (1759 ft)
Administration
Norway
Demographics
Population9

Bear Island (Template:Lang-no, pronounced [ˈbjøːɳøja]) is the southernmost island of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago. The island is located in the western part of the Barents Sea, approximately halfway between Spitsbergen and the North Cape.

Bear Island was discovered by the Dutch explorers Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerk on 10 June 1596. It was named after a Polar bear that was seen swimming nearby. The island was considered terra nullius until the Spitsbergen Treaty of 1920 placed it under Norwegian sovereignty.

Despite its remote location and barren nature, the island has seen commercial activities in past centuries, such as coal mining, fishing and whaling. However, no settlements have lasted more than a few years, and Bear Island is now uninhabited except for personnel working at the island's meteorological station Herwighamna. Along with the adjacent waters, it was declared a nature reserve in 2002.

History

Remnants of whaling station at Kvalrossbukta, Bear Island

Seafarers of the Viking era may have known Bear Island, but the documented history begins in 1596, when Willem Barents sighted the island on his third expedition.[1] Steven Bennet conducted further exploration in 1603 and 1604 and noted the then rich population of walrus. Starting in the early 17th century, the island was used mainly as a base for the hunting of walrus and other seal species. Eggs of seabirds were harvested from the large bird colonies until 1971.[2]

The Muscovy Company claimed Bear Island for the English Crown in 1609, but abandoned the site when walrus-hunting declined. A Russian settlement existed in the 18th century and its remains were later used as a basis for territorial claims by Imperial Russia in 1899 and again by the Soviet Union in 1947.[3]

Bear Island has never been extensively settled. The remnants of a whaling station from the early 20th century can be seen at Kvalrossbukta ("walrus bay") in the southeast. From 1916 to 1925 coal was mined at a small settlement named Tunheim on the northeastern coast, but mining was given up as unprofitable. Due to the cold and dry climate, the remains of the settlement, including a half-destroyed jetty and a steam locomotive, are relatively well preserved.

The strategic value of Bear Island was recognised in the late 19th century, when Imperial Russia and Imperial Germany demonstrated their interests in the Barents Sea. The German journalist and adventurer Theodor Lerner visited the island in 1898 and 1899 and claimed rights of ownership. In 1899, the German fishery association Deutsche Seefischerei-Verein (DSV) started investigations of whaling and fishery in the Barents Sea. The DSV was secretly in contact with the German naval command and considered the possibility of an occupation of Bear Island. In reaction to these advances, the Russian Navy sent out the protected cruiser Svetlana to investigate, and the Russians hoisted their flag over Bear Island on 21 July 1899. Although Lerner protested the action, no violence occurred and the matter was settled diplomatically with no definitive claims of sovereignty over Bear Island by any nation.[1]

The whole island was privately owned by the coal mining company Bjørnøen AS from 1918 to 1932, when the Norwegian state took over the shares. Bjørnøen AS now exists as a state owned company and is jointly managed with Kings Bay AS, the company that runs the operations of Ny-Ålesund on Spitsbergen.[4] A Norwegian radio station (Bjørnøya Radio, callsign: LJB[5]) was established in Herwighamna on the north coast in 1919. It was later extended to include a meteorological station.

As the shipping routes from the Atlantic Ocean to Murmansk and the ports of the White Sea pass through the Barents Sea, the waters near Bear Island were of great strategic importance in the Second World War as well as the Cold War. Although Svalbard was not occupied by Germany in the Second World War, German forces erected several weather stations there. An automated radio station was deployed on Bjørnøya in 1941. German forces attacked several arctic convoys with military supplies for the Soviet Union in the waters surrounding Bear Island. They inflicted heavy losses upon Convoy PQ-17 in June/July 1942 but were ineffective in the Battle of the Barents Sea on New Year's Eve 1942. The waters southeast of Bear Island were the scene of more naval battles in 1943. In November 1944, the Soviet Union proposed to annul the Svalbard Treaty with the intention of gaining sovereignty over Bear Island. Negotiations with Trygve Lie of the Norwegian government-in-exile had however not led to an agreement by the end of the Second World War and the Soviet proposals were never implemented.[1] The Soviet Union (and later, Russia) maintained their presence on Spitsbergen, however.

In 2002 a nature reserve was established that covers all of the island, except 1.2 square kilometres (0.46 sq mi) around the meteorological station; the reserve also includes the adjacent waters to four nautical miles (7.4 kilometres (4.6 mi)) from the coast.[6] In 2008 the decision was made to expand the reserve to 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the coast covering 177 square kilometres (68 sq mi) on land and 2,805 square kilometres (1,083 sq mi) of sea area.[7] Today, the island's only inhabitants are the nine[8] person staff of the Norwegian meteorological and radio station at Herwighamna. The station conducts meteorological observations and provides logistic and telecommunication services. It also maintains a landing place for use by helicopters of the Norwegian Coast Guard. The Norwegian Polar Institute conducts annual expeditions to Bear Island, mostly concerned with ornithological research. Several other research projects, mostly pertaining to geography and climatology, are carried out less regularly. There are very few opportunities for individual travel to Bjørnøya. A few yachts make landfall, usually en route between the Norwegian mainland and Spitsbergen. A small number of cruising ships have visited the island, but tourism is otherwise almost nonexistent.

Hydrography, geography and climate

Stappen bird cliff at Bear Island
Urd, at 536 m the highest point of the island, is in Miseryfjellet, the mountainous eastern part of Bear Island.

Agencies of the Norwegian government have conducted Hydrographic surveys of the waters of Svalbard throughout the 20th century, namely "Norges Svalbard- og Ishavsundersøkelser" since 1928, its successor, the Norwegian Polar Institute since 1948, and the Norwegian Hydrographic Service since 1984.[9] Land surveying and mapping are the responsibilities of the Polar Institute.

Bear Island lies 235 kilometres (146 mi) south of mainland Spitsbergen and 397 kilometres (247 mi) NNW of Ingøy in mainland Norway. In the westernmost part of the Barents Sea on Spitsbergen Bank, which extends southward from Spitsbergen and Edgeøya, forming a part of the continental shelf. Water depths near the island and to the north and east do not much exceed 100 metres (328 ft), but become much greater to the south, and especially some thirty nautical miles to the west, where the continental shelf slopes into the deep water of the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea.

The island's outline is an irregular triangle pointing south with a greatest north-south extension of 20 kilometres (12 mi) and a greatest east-west extension of 15.5 kilometres (9.6 mi); its surface area is 178 square kilometres (69 sq mi). The southern part of Bjørnøya is mountainous, the highest top being Miseryfjellet on the southeast coast at about 536 metres (1,759 ft) above sea level. Other notable mountains are Antarcticfjellet in the southeast, and Fuglefjellet, Hambergfjellet, and Alfredfjellet in the southwest. The northern part of the island forms a lowland plain that comprises some two thirds of the surface area. The lowland is strewn with shallow freshwater lakes which cover some 19 square kilometres (7.3 sq mi) in all. Several streams flow into the sea, often as waterfalls in the steeper parts of the coast. There are no glaciers on Bear Island.

Apart from a few sandy beaches, the coast is mostly steep, with high cliffs and notable signs of erosion such as caverns and isolated rock pillars. A number of anchorages and landing points exist, as well as a small harbor at Herwighamna on the north coast. However, none of these are safe in all weather conditions and a ship mooring anywhere on Bear Island must therefore be prepared to weigh anchor at any time.

A branch of the North Atlantic current carries warm water to Svalbard, creating a climate much warmer than that of other regions at similar latitude. Bear Island's climate is maritime-polar with relatively mild temperatures during the winter. January is the coldest month, with a mean temperature of −8.1°C (17.4°F) (base period 1961–1990). July and August are the warmest months, with mean temperatures of 4.4°C (39.9°F). There is not much precipitation, with an average of 371 mm (68.7 in) per year in the northern lowland area. The weather can be quite stable during the summer months, although foggy conditions are common, occurring during 20% of all days in July. Fog develops when warm air of Atlantic origin passes over cold water.

Because Bear Island lies on a boundary between cold water of polar origin and warmer Atlantic water, water temperatures within a few dozen nautical miles of the island are quite variable, sometimes reaching 10°C (50°F) in summer. During the winter fast ice develops on the coast, but it is rare on the open sea around Bear Island. The Barents Sea carries pack ice to Bjørnøya every winter, sometimes as early as October, but a significant amount of ice is not common before February.

The polar night lasts from 8 November to 3 February, and the period of midnight sun from 2 May until 11 August.

Flora and fauna

Purple Saxifrage is well-suited to Bjørnøya's climate.

There is little plant growth, consisting mostly of moss and some scurvy grass, but no trees. The only indigenous land mammals are a few arctic foxes. Despite its name, Bear Island is not a permanent residence of polar bears, although many arrive with the expanding pack ice in the winter. Occasionally, a bear will stay behind when the ice retreats in spring and remain through the summer months.[10] Moreover, the sub-population of Ursus maritimus polar bears found here is a genetically distinct set of Polar Bears associated with the Barents Sea region.[11] Ringed Seal and Bearded Seal, prey of the Polar bear, live in the waters near Bjørnøya, but the formerly common walrus has nowadays become a rare guest. The only land birds are the snow bunting and ptarmigan, but the island is very rich in guillemot, puffin, fulmar, Black-legged Kittiwake, glaucous gull and other seabirds that inhabit the vast cliffs in the south. The pink-footed goose and other species visit the island during their seasonal migration between Svalbard's northern islands and mainland Europe. Bear Island's freshwater lakes are home to a population of arctic char.

Bear Island was the site of a pioneering ecological study by Victor Summerhayes and Charles Elton in the early 1920s, which produced one of the first food web diagrams.

Environmental problems

Although there are currently no industrial activities on Bjørnøya or in its immediate vicinity, pollution by toxic and radioactive substances remains a threat to the island's virtually untouched nature. Exploration in the Barents sea and the recent development of the Snøhvit gas field off the northern coast of Norway shows that the ecologically sensitive polar and subpolar sea areas of the Norwegian and Barents Sea have come into the focus of the petrol and gas industry.[12] The environmental organisation Bellona has criticised[13] the Norwegian government for licensing these activities without sufficient studies of their ecological impact. Organic toxins, specifically PCBs, have been found in high concentrations in biological samples from Bear Island, especially in Arctic char of the freshwater lake Ellasjøen.[14] The Soviet nuclear submarine Komsomolets sank on 7 April 1989 some 100 nautical miles (190 km) southwest of Bear Island.[15] Leakage of radioactive material from the reactor and nuclear warheads currently poses a problem, and severe pollution of the surrounding waters remains possible.[16]

Culture

Bear island has a club for nude dippers ("Bjørnøya nakenbadeforening"), with a little over 2,000 members. To qualify for membership one has to take a naked dip (head under water) and the event must be witnessed by someone of the opposite sex. Among the members are Knut Storberget (Norwegian minister of justice) and Kristin Krohn Devold (previous Norwegian minister of defence). The sea temperature is around 4°C (39°F).[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Arlov, Thor B. (2003). Svalbards historie (in Norwegian). Trondheim: Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 82-519-1851-0.
  2. ^ Circumpolar Seabird Working Group (2001). "Seabird harvest regimes in the circumpolar nations" (PDF). Retrieved December 20, 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); External link in |authorlink= (help)
  3. ^ Meissner, Hans Otto (1963). Unknown Europe. trans. Florence and Isabel McHugh. London and Glasgow: Blackie & Sons. pp. 158–170.
  4. ^ Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry (2005). "The State's Ownership Report 2004" (PDF). Retrieved February 27, 2006.
  5. ^ "List of coastal radio stations" (PDF). World Meteorological Organisation. 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
  6. ^ Sysselmannen på Svalbard (The Governor of Svalbard) (2005). "Forvaltningsplan for Bjørnøya 2005-2010 ("Administrative plan for Bjørnøya 2005-2010")" (PDF). Retrieved November 24, 2005.
  7. ^ "Enlarged nature reserve around Bear Island". Svalbardposten. The Norway Post. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ a b "Badet naken på Bjørnøya ("Swam naked on Bear island")". 2008.
  9. ^ Anon. (1990). Den Norske Los - Farvannsbeskrivelse - Sailing Directions, Vol.7: "Arctic Pilot" (in Norwegian/English). Norwegian Polar Research Institute and the Norwegian Hydrographic Service. ISBN 82-90653-06-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ Årsæther, Jan (27 July 2004). "Isbjørnfamilie fanget på Bjørnøya ("Polar bear family trapped on Bear Island")". TV2 (Norway).
  11. ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
  12. ^ Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (2005). "Barents Sea exploration celebrates 25 years". Retrieved March 1, 2006.
  13. ^ Buch, Cato (2002). "Snøhvit: Reasons for Bellona's opposition". Retrieved October 18, 2005.
  14. ^ Herzke, D.; Evenset A.; et al. (2004). "Polybrominated diphenylethers in biota from Bjørnøya (Bear Island)" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Montgomery, George (1995). "The Komsomolets Disaster". Center for the Studies of Intelligence. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Gwynn, J.P.; Dowdall, M.; Lind, B. (2004). "The Radiological Environment of Svalbard" (PDF). Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bjørnøya.

Publications of administrative and general interest are issued by the Governor of Svalbard [1]. Maps, research reports, and scholarly works about Svalbard-related subjects are available from the Norwegian Polar Institute [2].

Books

General information

Time Zone

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