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Bees in mythology

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Gold plaques embossed with winged bee goddesses, perhaps the Thriai, found at Camiros Rhodes, dated to 7th century BCE (British Museum)

The bee, found in Ancient Near East and Aegean cultures, was believed to be the sacred insect that bridged the natural world to the underworld.

Motifs of a bee god, Ah-Muzen-Cab, are seen in Maya civilization.

Worship

The bee was an emblem of Potnia, the Minoan-Mycenaean "Mistress", also referred to as "The Pure Mother Bee".[1] Her priestesses received the name of "Melissa" ("bee").[2] In addition, priestesses worshipping Artemis and Demeter were called "Bees".[3] Appearing in tomb decorations, Mycenaean tholos tombs were shaped as beehives. The Delphic priestess is often referred to as a bee, and Pindar notes that she remained "the Delphic bee" long after Apollo had usurped the ancient oracle and shrine. "The Delphic priestess in historical times chewed a laurel leaf," Harrison noted, "but when she was a Bee surely she must have sought her inspiration in the honeycomb."[4][5][6]

Myth

The Homeric Hymn to Apollo acknowledges that Apollo's gift of prophecy first came to him from three bee maidens, usually but doubtfully identified with the Thriae, a trinity of pre-Hellenic Aegean bee goddesses.[7] A series of identical embossed gold plaques were recovered at Camiros in Rhodes;[8] they date from the archaic period of Greek art in the seventh century, but the winged bee goddesses they depict must be far older.[5]

The Kalahari Desert's San people tell of a bee that carried a mantis across a river. The exhausted bee left the mantis on a floating flower but planted a seed in the mantis's body before it died. The seed grew to become the first human.

In Egyptian mythology, bees grew from the tears of the sun god Ra when they landed on the desert sand. The bowstring on Hindu love god Kamadeva's bow is made of honeybees.

Mok Chi', patron deity of beekeepers, on a codex-style Maya vessel.

The Baganda people of Uganda hold the legend of Kintu, the first man on earth. Save for his cow, Kintu lived alone. One day he asked permission from Ggulu, who lived in heaven, to marry his daughter Nambi. Ggulu set Kintu on a trial of five tests to pass before he would agree. For his final test Kintu was told to pick Ggulu's own cow from a stretch of cattle. Nambi aided Kintu in the final test by transforming herself into a bee, whispering into his ear to choose the one whose horn she landed upon.[9][10][11]

In Greek Mythology, Aristaeus was the god of bee-keeping. After inevitably causing the death of Eurydice, who stepped upon a snake while fleeing him, her nymph sisters punished him by killing every one of his bees. Witnessing the empty hives where his bees had dwelt, Aristaeus wept and consulted Proteus who then proceeded to advise Aristaeus to give honor in memory of Eurydice by sacrificing four bulls and four cows. Upon doing so, he let them rot and from their corpses rose bees to fill his empty hives.[12][13]

According to Hittite mythology, the god of agriculture, Telipinu, went on a rampage and refused to allow anything to grow and animals would not produce offspring. The gods went in search of Telipinu only to fail. Then the goddess Hannahannah sent forth a bee to bring him back. The bee finds Telipinu, stings him and smears wax upon him. The god grew even angrier and it wasn't until the goddess Kamrusepa (or a mortal priest according to some references) uses a ritual to send his anger to the Underworld.

As per Hindu mythology, Parvati was summoned by the Gods to kill the demon Arunasura in the form of Bhramari Devi, who took over the heavens and the three worlds. To kill him, she stings him numerous times with the help of innumerable black bees emerging from her body. The Gods were finally able to take control and the heavens and the celestial worlds again.

Language

Both the Atharva Veda[14] and the ancient Greeks associated lips anointed with honey with the gift of eloquence: Achilles[15] and Pythagoras, it was said, had been fed on honey as infants, and the lips of Plato, Pindar,[16][17] and Ambrose of Milan were anointed with it.[18] The name "Merope" seems to mean "honey-faced" in Greek, thus "eloquent" in Classical times. Honey, "the gift of heaven" according to Virgil (Georgics, IV), even conveyed prescience: the priestess at Delphi was the "Delphic Bee", and in 1 Samuel 14 "Jonathan... put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in a honey comb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened."

Beekeeping was a Minoan craft,[19] and the fermented honey-drink, mead, was made in Crete before wine was first used.[20][21] The proto-Greek invaders, by contrast, did not bring the art of beekeeping with them. Homer saw bees as wild, never tame, as when the Achaeans issued forth from their ship encampment "like buzzing swarms of bees that come out in relays from a hollow rock" (Iliad, book II). The bee is seen in a number of Aegean and Near Eastern names. The Jewish historian Josephus noted that the name of the poet and prophet Deborah meant "bee". The same root, dbr, gives "word", "indicating the bee's mission to give the Divine Word, Truth", observes Toussaint-Samat.[22] The Greek name Melissa, honeybee, derives from meli, honey.

Symbolism

Napoléon III's imperial standard

In ancient Egypt, the bee was an insignia of kingship associated particularly with Lower Egypt, where there may even have been a Bee King in pre-dynastic times.[23] After the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, this symbol was incorporated in the title usually preceding the throne name of pharaoh and expressing the unity of the two realms, "He of the Sedge and of the Bee".[citation needed]

Honey bees, signifying immortality and resurrection, were royal emblems of the Merovingians, revived by Napoleon.[24] When his nephew, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte later became emperor at the head of the Second French Empire, he too adopted the bee as part of the design of his own Imperial Standard. The bee is also the heraldic emblem of the Barberini. In heraldry, the bee symbolizes diligence and indefatigable effort.[citation needed]

A community of honey bees has often been employed by political theorists as a model of human society. This metaphor occurs in Aristotle and Plato;[citation needed] in Virgil[25] and Seneca; in Erasmus[citation needed] and Shakespeare[citation needed] and in Bernard Mandeville's Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices made Public Benefits, which influenced Montesquieu and Marx.[citation needed] Tolstoy similarly compares human society to a community of bees in War and Peace.[citation needed] Jean-Baptiste Simon titled his work of apiculture Le gouvernement admirable, ou, la république des abeilles (Paris, 1740).

Bee deities

Notes

  1. ^ G.W. Elderkin (1939) "The Bee of Artemis"The American Journal of Philology 60 pp. 203-213
  2. ^ Neustadt, Ernst 1906. De Jove cretico, (dissertation, Berlin). Chapter III "de Melissa dea" discusses bee-goddesses and bee-priestesses in Crete.
  3. ^ Harrison 1922:442.
  4. ^ Harrison 1922:442.
  5. ^ a b Cook, Arthur Bernard. "The bee in Greek mythology" 1895 Journal of the Hellenic Society 15 pages 1-24
  6. ^ Melissa Delphis, according to Pindar's Fourth Pythian Ode, 60.
  7. ^ Scheinberg, Susan 1979. "The Bee Maidens of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 83(1979), pp. 1–28.
  8. ^ One was illustrated in a line drawing in Harrison 1922:443, fig 135
  9. ^ McLeish, Kenneth (1996). Bloomsbury Dictionary of Myth. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-2502-8.
  10. ^ "Kintu the Person vs Kintu the Legend". Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  11. ^ "Kintu - The First Human in Buganda". Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  12. ^ McLeish, Kenneth (1996). Bloomsbury Dictionary of Myth. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-2502-8.
  13. ^ "Aristaeus". Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  14. ^ "O Asvins, lords of brightness, anoint me with the honey of the bee, that I may speak forceful speech among men! (Atharva Veda 91-258, quoted in Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat (Anthea Bell, tr.) The History of Food, 2nd ed. 2009:14.
  15. ^ Chiron fed honeycomb to the young Achilles, according to Philostratus, Imagines ii.2.
  16. ^ Philostratus, ii.12.
  17. ^ Philostratus, Imagines ii. 12
  18. ^ Toussaint-Samat 2009:16, 19.
  19. ^ Haralampos V. Harissis, Anastasios V. Harissis. Apiculture in the Prehistoric Aegean. Minoan and Mycenaean Symbols Revisited. BAR S1958, 2009 ISBN 978-1-4073-0454-0 https://www.academia.edu/1259037/Apiculture_in_the_Prehistoric_Aegean._Minoan_and_Mycenaean_Symbols_Revisited
  20. ^ Zeus made Cronus intoxicated with honey, "for wine was not", Nonnus wrote in Dionysiaca XIII.258.
  21. ^ Kerenyi, Karl 1976. Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life (Princeton: Bollingen Press)
  22. ^ Toussaint-Samat 2009:18
  23. ^ Rice, Michael, Egypt's Making: The Origins of Ancient Egypt 5000-2000 BC, 2nd ed., 2003, p 104.
  24. ^ Eagle and the bee on the Napoleonic coat of arms
  25. ^ Virgil, Georgics, book IV.

References

  • Harrison, Jane Ellen, (1903) 1922. Prolegomena to the Study of Greek religion, third edition, pp 91 and 442f.
  • Engels, David/Nicolaye, Carla (eds.), 2008, "Ille operum custos. Kulturgeschichtliche Beiträge zur antiken Bienensymbolik und ihrer Rezeption", Hildesheim (Georg Olms-press, series Spudasmata 118).
  • James W. Johnson, "That Neo-Classical Bee" Journal of the History of Ideas 22.2 (April 1961), pp. 262–266.
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