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Royal jelly

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Royal jelly (disambiguation).
Developing queen larvae surrounded by royal jelly

Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and adult queens.[1] It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees, and fed to all larvae in the colony, regardless of sex or caste.[2]

Queen larva in a cell on a frame with bees

During the process of creating new queens, the workers construct special queen cells. The larvae in these cells are fed with copious amounts of royal jelly. This type of feeding in part triggers the development of queen morphology, including the fully developed ovaries needed to lay eggs.[3] Note however that some newer research shows it is not solely the presence of royal jelly that develops the queen but rather the absence of certain other nutrients fed to worker bees.[4]

Royal jelly is sometimes used in alternative medicine under the category apitherapy. It is often sold as a dietary supplement for humans, but the European Food Safety Authority concluded in 2011 that evidence does not support the claim that consuming royal jelly offers health benefits to humans.[5] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has taken legal action against companies that have marketed royal jelly products using unfounded claims of health benefits.[6][7]

Since the 2011 assessment by the European Food Safety Authority, additional research has examined royal jelly in preclinical models and limited human clinical studies.[8] This body of work has explored potential effects related to wound healing, skin health, antioxidant activity, metabolic markers, and physical performance. However, the overall quality and clinical relevance of the evidence remain limited, and findings are not sufficient to support broad health claims.[9]

Topical application of royal jelly has been studied in wound-healing contexts, including diabetic foot ulcers, where small clinical trials and experimental studies have reported improved wound closure and tissue repair.[10] Proposed mechanisms include antibacterial activity, modulation of inflammation, and effects on keratinocyte and fibroblast migration.[11] More recent research has identified extracellular vesicle fractions of royal jelly that appear to modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance wound closure in diabetic models.[12]

Research into skin health has included small human studies and laboratory investigations suggesting that royal jelly or its components may influence skin hydration, pigmentation, and cellular responses to environmental stress.[13] Most evidence for anti-aging or rejuvenation effects derives from in vitro or animal studies, with relatively few controlled human trials and limited sample sizes.[13] Emerging research has also investigated royal jelly supplementation in athletic and physiological performance contexts, with isolated trials reporting increases in endurance measures and changes in gene expression related to energy metabolism.[14] These findings remain preliminary and require replication in larger trials.

Overall, while research interest in royal jelly has increased, major reviews conclude that existing evidence is insufficient to establish clear therapeutic benefits in humans.[15] Commonly cited limitations include small study populations, short intervention periods, heterogeneous formulations, and reliance on surrogate biomarkers rather than clinically meaningful endpoints.[16] As a result, royal jelly continues to be regarded primarily as a dietary supplement rather than an evidence-based medical treatment.

Production

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Royal jelly is secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands in the heads of nurse worker bees and is fed to all bee larvae during the early stages of development, regardless of whether they are destined to become drones (males), workers (sterile females), or queens (fertile females). After approximately three days, larvae destined to become workers or drones are transitioned to a diet consisting primarily of worker jelly, pollen, and honey, whereas larvae selected to become queens continue to be fed royal jelly exclusively throughout their larval development.[17]

Prolonged feeding of royal jelly plays a critical role in queen differentiation by influencing growth rate, body size, ovarian development, and lifespan. Royal jelly contains a distinct profile of proteins, fatty acids, and other bioactive compounds that affect endocrine signaling and gene expression during larval development. More recent research indicates that queen development is not driven solely by the presence of royal jelly, but also by the absence of certain compounds present in worker diets. Differences in nutritional composition have been shown to regulate epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, which determine caste-specific developmental pathways in honey bees.[18][19]

Composition

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Royal jelly is 67% water, 12.5% protein, 11% simple sugars (monosaccharides), 6% fatty acids and 3.5% 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). It also contains trace minerals, antibacterial and antibiotic components, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and trace amounts of vitamin C,[2] but none of the fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E or K.[20]

Proteins

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Main article: Major royal jelly protein

Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are a family of proteins secreted by honey bees. The family consists of nine proteins, of which MRJP1 (also called royalactin), MRJP2, MRJP3, MRJP4, and MRJP5 are present in the royal jelly secreted by worker bees. MRJP1 is the most abundant, and largest in size. The five proteins constitute 83–90% of the total proteins in royal jelly.[21][22] They are synthesised by a family of nine genes (mrjp genes), which are in turn members of the yellow family of genes such as in the fruitfly (Drosophila) and bacteria. They are involved in differential development of queen larvae and worker larvae, thus establishing division of labour in the bee colony.[21]

Epigenetic effects

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The honey bee queens and workers represent one of the most striking examples of environmentally controlled phenotypic polymorphism. Even if two larvae had identical DNA, one raised to be a worker, the other a queen, the two adults would be strongly differentiated across a wide range of characteristics including anatomical and physiological differences, longevity, and reproductive capacity.[23] Queens constitute the female sexual caste and have large active ovaries, whereas female workers have only rudimentary, inactive ovaries and are functionally sterile. The queen–worker developmental divide is controlled epigenetically by differential feeding with royal jelly; this appears to be due specifically to the protein royalactin. A female larva destined to become a queen is fed large quantities of royal jelly; this triggers a cascade of molecular events resulting in development of a queen.[3] It has been shown that this phenomenon is mediated by an epigenetic modification of DNA known as CpG methylation.[24] Silencing the expression of an enzyme that methylates DNA in newly hatched larvae led to a royal jelly-like effect on the larval developmental trajectory; the majority of individuals with reduced DNA methylation levels emerged as queens with fully developed ovaries. This finding suggests that DNA methylation in honey bees allows the expression of epigenetic information to be differentially altered by nutritional input.[25]

Research and potential therapeutic effects

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Royal jelly has been investigated for a range of biological effects in humans and in preclinical models, though high-quality clinical evidence remains limited. Some clinical studies and meta-analyses suggest potential benefits in areas such as antioxidant status, wound healing, skin health, metabolic markers, and athletic performance; however, further rigorous trials are required to confirm these findings and determine their clinical relevance.[26]

Wound healing and tissue repair

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Topical application of royal jelly has shown promising effects in wound healing in both preclinical models and early clinical contexts. In diabetic foot ulcers, topical treatment with royal jelly has been associated with improved healing, potentially due to its enzymatic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties.[27] Preclinical and mechanistic studies demonstrate accelerated keratinocyte and fibroblast migration and enhanced collagen formation, processes integral to wound repair.[28] More recent research has identified extracellular vesicle fractions of royal jelly that appear to modulate inflammation and enhance wound closure in diabetic models.[29]

Skin health and aging

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Some clinical and preliminary studies indicate that royal jelly may improve certain aspects of skin health. Oral consumption of royal jelly has been linked to enhanced skin hydration and pigmentation outcomes in human trials, although these studies generally involve small sample sizes and short durations.[30] Topical and in vitro studies suggest that royal jelly extracts can influence dermal cell behavior related to extracellular matrix production and cellular stress resistance, which has led to interest in its potential anti-aging effects. At present, most evidence supporting anti-aging claims is derived from mechanistic or preclinical research rather than large-scale clinical trials.[31]

Antioxidant and metabolic effects

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A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reported that supplemental royal jelly may increase antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress, particularly in non-diabetic individuals with normal body mass index.[26] These effects are consistent with the known presence of bioactive compounds in royal jelly, including peptides, fatty acids, and polyphenols.[32] Additional human studies have explored potential effects on lipid profiles, glycemic control, menopausal symptoms, and other metabolic parameters; however, findings across these studies are mixed and not yet conclusive.

Other clinical areas

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Emerging clinical research has examined royal jelly supplementation in additional contexts, including athletic endurance performance. In a controlled human trial, supplementation was associated with increased time to exhaustion and changes in gene expression related to energy metabolism.[33] Other areas under investigation include immune system markers and recovery from acute conditions, with several randomized controlled trials registered or currently underway.[34]

Use by humans

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Cultivation

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Royal jelly is harvested by stimulating colonies with movable frame hives to produce queen bees. Royal jelly is collected from each individual queen cell (honeycomb) when the queen larvae are about four days old. These are the only cells in which large amounts are deposited. This is because when royal jelly is fed to worker larvae, it is fed directly to them, and they consume it as it is produced, while the cells of queen larvae are "stocked" with royal jelly much faster than the larvae can consume it. Therefore, only in queen cells is the harvest of royal jelly practical.

A well-managed hive during a season of 5–6 months can produce approximately 500 g (18 oz) of royal jelly.[35] Since the product is perishable, producers must have immediate access to proper cold storage (e.g., a household refrigerator or freezer) in which the royal jelly is stored until it is sold or conveyed to a collection center. Sometimes honey or beeswax is added to the royal jelly, which is thought to aid its preservation.[35]

The Vegetarian Society considers royal jelly to be non-vegan.[36]

Adverse effects

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Royal jelly may cause allergic reactions in humans, ranging from hives or asthma (or both), to even fatal anaphylaxis.[37][38][39][40][41][42] The incidence of allergic side effects in people who consume royal jelly is unknown. The risk of having an allergy to royal jelly is higher in people who have other allergies.[37]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). "Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene". Z Bienenforsch. 8: 296–322.
  2. ^ a b Graham, J. (ed.) (1992) The Hive and the Honey Bee (Revised Edition). Dadant & Sons.[page needed]
  3. ^ a b Maleszka, Ryszard (27 October 2014). "Epigenetic integration of environmental and genomic signals in honey bees: the critical interplay of nutritional, brain and reproductive networks". Epigenetics. 3 (4): 188–192. doi:10.4161/epi.3.4.6697. PMID 18719401.
  4. ^ Pearson, Gwen (2015-07-02). "Royal Jelly Isn't What Makes a Queen Bee a Queen Bee". WIRED. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  5. ^ "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins (ID 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791); sodium alginate and ulva (ID 1873); vitamins, minerals, trace elements and standardised ginseng G115 extract (ID". EFSA Journal. 9 (4): 2083. April 2011. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2083.
  6. ^ "Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products". Food and Drug Administration. Apr 5, 2010. Archived from the original on April 7, 2010.
  7. ^ "Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations: Beehive Botanicals, Inc". Food and Drug Administration. March 2, 2007. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference meta2025 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference review2025 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference dfu2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference wound2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference vesicles2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference skin2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference endurance2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference review20252 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference meta20252 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference RJoverview was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kucharski2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Maleszka2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ "Value-added products from beekeeping. Chapter 6".
  21. ^ a b Buttstedt, Anja; Moritz, Robin F. A.; Erler, Silvio (May 2014). "Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of the yellow gene family". Biological Reviews. 89 (2): 255–269. doi:10.1111/brv.12052. PMID 23855350. S2CID 29361726.
  22. ^ Albert, Stefan; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Klaudiny, Jaroslav; Schmitzová, Jana; Simúth, Jozef (August 1999). "The Family of Major Royal Jelly Proteins and Its Evolution". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (2): 290–297. Bibcode:1999JMolE..49..290A. doi:10.1007/pl00006551. PMID 10441680. S2CID 27316541.
  23. ^ Winston, M, The Biology of the Honey Bee, 1987, Harvard University Press[page needed]
  24. ^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, J.; Foret, S.; Maleszka, R. (13 March 2008). "Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation". Science. 319 (5871): 1827–1830. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1827K. doi:10.1126/science.1153069. PMID 18339900. S2CID 955740.
  25. ^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, J.; Foret, S.; Maleszka, R. (2008). "Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation". Science. 319 (5871): 1827–1830. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1827K. doi:10.1126/science.1153069. PMID 18339900. S2CID 955740.
  26. ^ a b Taheri, Shaghayegh; Bahari, Hossein; Mirzavi, Farshad; Rahbarinejad, Pegah; Sajadi Hezaveh, Zohreh; Doostparast, Armin; Zarban, Asghar; Nattagh-Eshtivani, Elyas (2025). "Effects of royal jelly consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 15 (4): 1264–1278. doi:10.22038/ajp.2024.25139. ISSN 2228-7930. PMC 12244952. PMID 40656618.
  27. ^ Siavash, Mansour; Shokri, Saeideh; Haghighi, Sepehr; Shahtalebi, Mohammad Ali; Farajzadehgan, Ziba (April 2015). "The efficacy of topical royal jelly on healing of diabetic foot ulcers: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial". International Wound Journal. 12 (2): 137–142. doi:10.1111/iwj.12063. ISSN 1742-481X. PMC 7950674. PMID 23566071.
  28. ^ Lin, Yan; Zhang, Meng; Wang, Luying; Lin, Tianxing; Wang, Guanggao; Peng, Jianhua; Su, Songkun (2020-11-23). "The in vitro and in vivo wound-healing effects of royal jelly derived from Apis mellifera L. during blossom seasons of Castanea mollissima Bl. and Brassica napus L. in South China exhibited distinct patterns". BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 20 (1): 357. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03138-5. ISSN 2662-7671. PMC 7682067. PMID 33225942.
  29. ^ Tsai, Yen-Yu; Chang, Long-Sen; Lan, Chun-Wen; Chen, Ying-Jung; Yang, Jen-Hao (2025-10-22). "Royal Jelly Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Diabetic Wound Healing via Inflammation Modulation, Fibroblast Migration, and Angiogenesis". International Journal of Nanomedicine. 20: 12767–12781. doi:10.2147/IJN.S541042.
  30. ^ Okumura, Nobuaki; Ito, Takashi; Degawa, Tomomi; Moriyama, Mariko; Moriyama, Hiroyuki (2021-11-30). "Royal Jelly Protects against Epidermal Stress through Upregulation of the NQO1 Expression". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (23) 12973. doi:10.3390/ijms222312973. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8657709. PMID 34884772.
  31. ^ Okumura, Nobuaki; Ito, Takashi; Degawa, Tomomi; Moriyama, Mariko; Moriyama, Hiroyuki (2021-11-30). "Royal Jelly Protects against Epidermal Stress through Upregulation of the NQO1 Expression". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (23) 12973. doi:10.3390/ijms222312973. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8657709. PMID 34884772.
  32. ^ Sönmez, Emine (2025-11-01). "Royal Jelly in modern biomedicine: A review of its bioactive constituents and health benefits". Journal of Functional Foods. 134 107062. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2025.107062. ISSN 1756-4646.
  33. ^ Pasdar, Yahya; Tadibi, Vahid; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Najafi, Farid; Abbaspour, Mohammadreza; Saber, Amir; Ghorbani, Zahra; Sharifi, Shima; Miryan, Mahsa (July 2025). "Royal Jelly Supplementation Improves Endurance and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Athletes: A Crossover Trial". Food Science & Nutrition. 13 (7) e70497. doi:10.1002/fsn3.70497. ISSN 2048-7177. PMC 12267883. PMID 40678328.
  34. ^ BAYLAN, Muhammet Ali Behesti (2024-05-04). Investigation of the Effect of Oral Use of Lyophilised Royal Jelly (Apis Mellifera) on Cognitive Functions and Inflammation-Related Immune System Cytokine Levels in Elderly Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Report). clinicaltrials.gov.
  35. ^ a b "Value-added products from beekeeping. Chapter 6". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
  36. ^ "Trademark Criteria".
  37. ^ a b Leung, R; Ho, A; Chan, J; Choy, D; Lai, CK (March 1997). "Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 27 (3): 333–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x. PMID 9088660. S2CID 19626487.
  38. ^ Takahama H, Shimazu T (2006). "Food-induced anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of royal jelly". J. Dermatol. 33 (6): 424–426. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00100.x. PMID 16700835. S2CID 37561982.
  39. ^ Lombardi C, Senna GE, Gatti B, Feligioni M, Riva G, Bonadonna P, Dama AR, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G (1998). "Allergic reactions to honey and royal jelly and their relationship with sensitization to compositae". Allergol. Immunopathol. 26 (6): 288–290. PMID 9934408.
  40. ^ Thien FC, Leung R, Baldo BA, Weiner JA, Plomley R, Czarny D (1996). "Asthma and anaphylaxis induced by royal jelly". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 26 (2): 216–222. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00082.x. PMID 8835130. S2CID 12422547.
  41. ^ Leung R, Thien FC, Baldo B, Czarny D (1995). "Royal jelly-induced asthma and anaphylaxis: clinical characteristics and immunologic correlations". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 96 (6 Pt 1): 1004–1007. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70242-3. PMID 8543734.
  42. ^ Bullock RJ, Rohan A, Straatmans JA (1994). "Fatal royal jelly-induced asthma". Med. J. Aust. 160 (1): 44. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb138207.x. PMID 8271989. S2CID 37201999.

References

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[edit]
  • Media related to Royal jelly at Wikimedia Commons
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