Jump to content

Bona Malwal

Add links
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bona Malual Madut Ring)

This article is about South Sudanese journalist and politician (born 1928). For Village in India, see Bana Malwala.
Bona Malwal
Born
Bona Malwal Madut Ring

1928 (age 95–96)
Twic State, Bahr El Ghazal, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (now South Sudan)
EducationIndiana University (1963)
Columbia University (BA & MA, 1969)
Occupations
  • Journalist
  • Politician
Organization(s)St Antony's College, Oxford
Columbia University
Political partyJieng Council of Elders
Southern Sudan Democratic Forum
Southern Front
MovementSouth Sudanese self-determination
Opponents
Board member of
  • Sudan Democratic Gazette (1989–2001)
  • The Sudan Times (1986–1989)
  • Sudanow Magazine (1976–1978)
  • Al Sahafa (1974)
  • The Vigilant (1965–1969)
  • Sudan Daily (1961)
SpouseSalwa Gabriel Berberi
FatherMadut Ring
Minister of Culture and Information
In office
May 1973 – July 1978
PresidentGaafar Nimeiry
Prime MinisterRashid Bakr (1976–1977)
Preceded byOmar al-Haj Musa
Succeeded byAli Muhammad Shamo [ar]
Regional Minister of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region
In office
May 1980 – October 1981
PresidentGaafar Nimeiry (Sudan)
Abel Alier (Southern Sudan)
Advisor to the President of Sudan
In office
September 2005 – June 2011
PresidentOmar al-Bashir
Writing career
Language

Bona Malwal Madut Ring (born 1928) is a South Sudanese journalist, politician, and government official known for his advocacy for self-determination and secession for South Sudan. From the Dinka ethnic group, he pursued his education in journalism and economics in the United States, earning degrees from Indiana University and Columbia University. His career transitioned from an early stint as an Information Officer to journalism, including Editor-In-Chief positions at various Sudanese newspapers including the Southern Front's mouthpiece, The Vigilant.

Malwal co-founded the Southern Front, served in the national assembly, and held ministerial positions, advocating for cultural, informational policies, and economic development before and during Gaafar Nimeiry's era. He also notably resigned in protest against the imposition of Sharia law and Arabic as Sudan's official language after the 1977 National Reconciliation, before later joining the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region's government. In the 1990s, he advocated against human right abuses in Sudan while in self-exile.

Malwal played a role in peace negotiations and South Sudan's independence, occasionally aligning with controversial figures like Omar al-Bashir, who is wanted by the International Criminal Court for orchestrating the Darfur genocide.[1] Malwal's advocacy for South Sudanese self-determination alongside his critical stance against both northern and southern leaders has stirred controversies, including accusations of exacerbating ethnic tensions and his involvement in conflicts and divisive statements, including his views on ethnic groups. Malwal's family remains influential in South Sudanese politics and diplomacy.

Early life and education

[edit]

Bona Malwal Madut Ring[2]: 261  was born in 1928[note 1] in Twic Mayardit County, Bahr El Ghazal, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (today in South Sudan).[7] He is from the Dinka ethnic group and is the son of a Gogrial Dinka chief.[8][9] Malwal completed a diploma in journalism from Indiana University in 1963 on a scholarship,[7] followed by a bachelor's degree in economics[note 2] and a Master of Arts in journalism and communications, both from Columbia University in 1969.[11][3]

Journalistic career

[edit]

In his early years, he became an Information Officer in Wau between 1951 and 1961, but then Malwal pursued a career in journalism, joining the government newspaper Sudan Daily's editorial board in 1961.[3]

Malwal became the editor-in-chief of the Southern Front's mouthpiece, The Vigilant, an English-language newspaper in Sudan.[12][13] The journal was founded on 23 March 1965.[12] Publication of The Vigilant was interrupted between July 1965 and January 1966,[12] following the publishing of articles about the massacres in Juba and Wau.[14][15] The Vigilant was closed in May 1969 following Gaafar Nimeiry's 1969 Sudanese coup d'état.[16] In March 1974, he became an editorial board member of Al Sahafa newspaper.[3] He later founded and became the editor-in-chief for Sudanow Magazine (1976–1978),[3] The Sudan Times (1986–1989),[17] and Sudan Democratic Gazette (1989–2001).[18][19]

Malwal also worked as a senior research fellow at Columbia University[20] (1978–1979),[3] and senior research fellow[21] and visiting academic at St. Antony's College, University of Oxford as part of the Sudanese Programme.[22] The Sudanese Programme was co-founded in 2002 by Malwal and Ahmed Al-Shahi within the Middle East Centre and the African Studies Centre at St Antony's College.[23]

Among many books, Malwal authored "Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two," published in 2015,[24] which is regarded as his political memoir and provides insights into the history and challenges of the two nations. The book reflects his strong advocacy for self-determination and secession for South Sudan.[25]

Political career

[edit]

Malwal co-founded and served as the secretary-general of the Southern Front (SF), a political organisation, in 1965. He was elected to the National Assembly in April 1968, but was later dismissed after a coup by General Nimeiry in 1969.[11][26]: 46–47 

Nimeiry era

[edit]

Following the 1972 peace agreement that ended the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) in southern Sudan, Malwal served as the undersecretary of the Minister of Culture and Information starting in July 1972. He became the minister in May 1973 and served until July 1978.[11] He was also involved in the government's foreign affairs,[11][26]: 46  being appointed at the Political Bureau of the ruling and the only legal political party, the Sudanese Socialist Union.[7] He was a member of the National Assembly between 1974 and 1978.[3][19]

In March 1976, Malwal arranged for the release of Ibrahim El-Salahi, who was due to be executed.[27] El-Salahi was Malwal's undersecretary at the Ministry of Culture and Information until his arrest in September 1975 following an anti-government coup.[28]

In July 1976, a force of one thousand insurgents under Sadiq al Mahdi, armed and trained by Libya, crossed the border from Ma'tan as-Sarra. After passing through Darfur and Kordofan, the insurgents engaged in three days of house-to-house fighting in Khartoum and Omdurman that killed some 3000 people.[29] Malwal and Abel Alier continued to broadcast the news from Juba instead of Omdurman. During that time, President Gaafar Nimeiry was able to rally the nation via Radio Juba, and his government was saved after a column of army tanks entered the city to end the coup attempt.[30] Some 3,000 were killed during the coup.[31] 98 people were officially implicated in the plot, including Muhammad Nour Saad, and they were executed.[32][33][34]

In 1977, a National Reconciliation took place in Port Sudan between Sadiq al Mahdi and Nimeiry, which saw the return of Hassan al-Turabi, an Islamist leader who had been imprisoned and then exiled after the May Revolution, as the Justice Minister and Attorney General in 1978.[35] Relations between Khartoum and the South Sudan leadership worsened after the National Reconciliation. Malwal publicly opposed the National Reconciliation.[3][36] In 1978, he resigned in protest against the shift to Sharia law,[37]: 167 [26]: 196 [38] and Arabic becoming the country's official language.[39] Afterwards he left for the US.[7]

In 1980, Malwal returned to Sudan and became the Regional Minister of Industry and Mining in Abel Alier government for the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region. Later, in August 1981, he was moved to the Regional Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning after a disagreement with the (national) Minister of Industry and Mining, Sherif El-Tohamy,[3] for his decision to place an oil refinery in Kosti instead of Bentiu.[40] During his tenure, the World Bank funded a rice project in Aweil, which initially faced opposition from the local Dinka community but was eventually accepted and implemented. The project, covering a million acres, aimed to make Sudan self-sufficient in rice. But once the Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) started, it reduced the project productivity and disrupted transportation, affecting marketability.[41] Malwal also leveraged his contacts for a 9 million USD for the southern region development.[26]: 46 

Malwal was later dismissed from Alier's regional government due to his vocal opposition to Nimeiry's Islamist stance. He was detained in Kobar Prison in October 1981 until 1984.[3] After he was released, he fled to the UK and later the US.[42] He returned after the April 1985 revolution as a journalist, establishing The Sudan Times (1986–1989)[17] with Mahjoub Mohamed Salih,[43] and opposing Sadiq al Mahdi's new government that came after the 1985 coup d'état.[42] During that time, he documented how the north's policies, during the Second Sudanese Civil War, led to the 1988 famine in Bahr El Ghazal,[44][45] which killed approximately 250,000[46] to 500,000[47] people. Malwal also later testified in front of the US Congress in 1987 about Slavery in Sudan.[42]

Malwal left for the UK again following the 1989 Sudanese coup d'état led by Brigadier Omar al-Bashir and supported by Hassan al-Turabi, the leader of the National Islamic Front.[3][19]

Al-Bashir era

[edit]

Malwal and his family was granted Leave to remain in the UK in 1989.[18] While in self-exile in the UK up to April 2001,[48] Malwal was a visiting academic at St. Antony's College, University of Oxford,[7] established the Sudan Democratic Gazette (1989–2001),[18][19] published "Crisis in the Sudan: Re-Thinking the Future" in 1994 with Peter Nyot Kok,[49] and co-founding the Sudanese Programme in 2002.[50] With other exiled southern Sudanese politicians, Malwal launched the South Sudan Democratic Forum (SSDF).[7] In 1989 and 1991, Malwal shared his opinion about the "Democratic Revolution in Africa"[51] and his personal experience in "Surviving Dictatorship"[52] in seminars sponsored by the National Endowment for Democracy, US. In 1993, he appeared on the Charlie Rose talk show with Paul Simon, Judith Ann Mayotte, and Suzan Mazur to discuss the ongoing civil war in Sudan.[53] In the UK, in 1998, he testified to the Parliament of the United Kingdom about the famine in Sudan in 1998,[18] which mostly affected Bahr el Ghazal region in southwestern Sudan, killing more than 70,000.[54]

In 2004, Malwal returned to Sudan to supported the ongoing negotiations for a peace agreement between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and the Government of Sudan.[55] In September 2005, after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War and set up a timeline for a Southern Sudanese independence referendum, Malwal became an adviser to President Omar al-Bashir.[56][57] In March 2008, Malwal called for the creation of a reconciliation body in South Sudan stating that

It is necessary for the Government of Southern Sudan, therefore, led by the SPLM/SPLA that was largely responsible for the war atrocities within Southern Sudan, to now establish a truth and reconciliation commission, to lay to rest the ghosts of war and to enable the society to reconcile and to move on

— Bona Malwa, during the 15th anniversary commemoration of the death of Joseph Oduhow[58]

In October 2008, Malwal voiced concerns about the potential arrest warrant for al-Bashir by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He dismissed the ICC's move as a politically motivated and defended al-Bashir, claiming that indicting him would target Sudan as a sovereign nation and could negatively impact existing peace agreements. He emphasises that al-Bashir, as a leader, could not be able to order the extermination of any group.[56] On 4 March 2009, al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the ICC, for directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur.[59][1]

Malwal was the co-director for the al-Bashir campaign for April 2010 Sudanese general election which al-Bashir won.[19] Malwal accompanied al-Bashir during his South Sudan campaign visit to Juba, Yambio, Rumbek, Tonj, and Kuacjok.[60] Malwal also stood for election for National Legislature in Warrap but later withdrew his candidacy citing "detention and harassment" by the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA),[61] which the SPLA denies.[62] Malwal facilitated the reconciliation between 23 southern political parties and armed factions, and the SPLA.[7][11]

In June 2011, after South Sudan was declared and recognised following the 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum, Malwal announced that he was retiring from politics.[3] In his retirement statement, Malwal warned against "tribal politics", and, reflecting on his time working with al-Bashir, he praised al-Bashir saying that "I commend his [al-Bashir] wisdom, fortitude, perseverance and statesmanship and applaud him and thank him for this."[63]

Political views

[edit]

Malwal has been known for his strong political stances, which have sparked controversies as evidenced by his disagreement with Hassan al-Turabi[37]: 167 [64] and Sadiq al-Mahdi[19] for their role in imposing Islam and Arabic language on the south. Following the National Reconciliation in 1977 which brought al-Mahdi and al-Turabi back to politics, Malwal criticised the Arab countries, saying that they talk about Arab-Muslim Sudan as if the south were without people. He also stated that "the Arabs are biased towards the north, and call for the unity of Sudanese soil without regard for the southerners," noting that "the timing of the Arab contribution to development in the south raises doubts about their intentions." Regarding the situation of southerners in Sudan, he said, "During the colonial era, we were second-class citizens, but now we are fourth-class citizens."[65]

Since the inception of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) was founded in 1983,[66] Malwal has had long held sharp opinions against the group and its leader John Garang. Malwal accused the northern government and John Garang's movement of not being serious about achieving peace in South Sudan.[58][65] In letters shared by the two that later became public, Malwal also urged Garang's deputy, Salva Kiir Mayardit, to oppose Garang.[7] In 2001, Malwal filled a defamation lawsuit and an injunction to restrain against Garang and Michael George Garang Deng.[67] Leaked diplomatic cables described him as a sworn enemy of Garang.[68] Following Garang death in 2005, in an official press release from the Chairman of Dinka Caucus of Mainstream Democratic Forum in the US, they alleged that Malwal attended Garang's funeral "to laugh at his dead body".[69] However, Malwal later reconciled with Garang's widow in 2019.[66]

Malwal has advocated for self-determination and secession of South Sudan.[25][70] Malwal has faced criticism from political analysts and individuals who questioned his intentions and divisive politics.[71] These criticisms highlight concerns about the impact of his divisive political rhetoric and actions in fuelling conflicts.[72][73][74][71][75] For example, he has been accused of spreading hate messages against certain ethnic groups, such as the Nuer people.[76] In an article published in the Sudan Tribune in 2007, the Dinka members of the South Sudan Democratic Forum (SSDF) voiced their strong disapproval of Malwal, a prominent figure in the SSDF. They attributed the split within the party to Malwal's actions. The Dinka members accuse him of potentially jeopardising the party's electoral chances due to his association with a controversial government and making statements that could alienate Southerners. They further condemn Malwal for his past "racist" and "tribalistic" views towards other ethnic groups, particularly the Nuer and Equatorians.[69]

Malwal is also a member of the Jieng Council of Elders,[74] which is accused of widening the division between the Dinka and Nuer,[77][78][79][80][81] and undermining the United Nations Mission in South Sudan.[82]

Furthermore, a report suggested that Malwal and Francis Deng fuelled the Abyei conflict, between the Twic Mayardit Dinka of Warrap state and the Ngok Dinka, through their publications.[83][84] In December 2017, Malwal stated in a press conference in Khartoum that Abyei, a region claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, is part of Sudan.[85] The statement angered South Sudanese politicians.[74][86][87][88]

Personal life

[edit]

Malwal is Catholic.[19][7] He is married to Salwa Gabriel Berberi,[89] an international law expert[90] and diplomat in the South Sudanese government.[7] His son, Akuei, is a South Sudanese diplomat[19] and served as the Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the United Nations from 2016[91] to 2023.[92] His other son, Makol, is a trustee of the Sudanese Programme.[93][94] His daughter, Sandra, is the Secretary General of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-Democratic Change Party (Lam Akol faction).[95] His other daughter, Natalina, is an Executive Board Member and President of the Southern Sudanese Community in Montgomery County, Maryland, US.[96]

According to Malwal, his sister, who was a nurse, was captured into slavery.[97]

In the memory of the British anthropologist Godfrey Lienhardt (1921–1993), who extensively studied and wrote about the Dinka in southern Sudan, Malwal translated three Dinka songs about Lienhardt into English.[98]

Books

[edit]
Scholia has a profile for Bona Malwal (Q56821763).
  • Malwal, Bona (1975). The Sudan: A Link Between Arab and Non-Arab Africa. Culture & Inf. Ministry, Translation & Publication Department.
  • Malwal, Bona (1981). People & Power in Sudan: The Struggle for National Stability. Ithaca. ISBN 978-0-903729-78-9.
  • Malwal, Bona (1985). The Sudan, a Second Challenge to Nationhood. Thornton Books. ISBN 978-0-936508-13-9.
  • Malwal, Bona; Kok, Peter N. (1995). Crisis in the Sudan: Re-Thinking the Future. Lilian Barber Press. ISBN 978-0-936508-34-4.
  • Malwal, Bona (2005). Sudan's Latest Peace Agreement: An Accord that is Neither Fair Nor Comprehensive. Abdel-Karim Mirghani cultural center.
  • Malwal, B. (2015). Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-349-49376-0.
  • Bol, Fabian Agamlong Guem; Malwal, Bona (2016). Memoirs of a Village-Born General. Bourchier. ISBN 978-0-9934692-0-6.
  • Malwal, Bona (2017). Abyei of the Ngok Dinka: Not Yet South Sudan. Bourchier. ISBN 978-0-9934692-6-8.
  • Malwal, Bona (2022). No Future Without The Past. Bourchier. ISBN 978-1-9161197-2-7.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 1938,[3] 1937,[4] and 1935[5][6] were also mentioned as Malwal year of birth.
  2. ^ Other sources mention that Malwal did his bachelor's at St. John's University (New York City)[10][4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Al Bashir Case". ICC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  2. ^ Harir, Sharif; Tvedt, Terje (1994). Short-cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan. Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN 978-91-7106-346-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (4 September 2015). South Sudan: The Notable Firsts. AuthorHouse. pp. 1258–1263. ISBN 978-1-5049-4346-8.
  4. ^ a b "Ministry of Information". وزارة الإعلام. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  5. ^ Anders, Breidlid (20 October 2014). A Concise History of South Sudan: New and Revised Edition. Fountain Publishers. p. 271. ISBN 978-9970-25-337-1.
  6. ^ Publications, Publitec (22 December 2011). Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008. Walter de Gruyter. p. 673. ISBN 978-3-11-093004-7.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j leriche, john; matthew, leriche (1 January 2011), "Bona, Malwal", Dictionary of African Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5, retrieved 10 July 2023
  8. ^ Ryle, John (12 October 1999). "Ranald Boyle". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  9. ^ Deng, Francis Mading (2022). A Personal Perspective on the Ngok-Twic Conflict in Abyei (Report). Sudd Institute.
  10. ^ AF Press Clips. Bureau of African Affairs, Department of State, U.S.A. 28 February 1977. p. 22.
  11. ^ a b c d e Congress, The Library of. "Malwal, Bona - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  12. ^ a b c University of Durham. UKIRA - The vigilant Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Publications, Publitec (22 December 2011). Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008. Walter de Gruyter. p. 673. ISBN 978-3-11-093004-7.
  14. ^ Collins, Robert O. The Southern Sudan in Historical Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4128-3484-1.
  15. ^ O'Ballance, Edgar (1977). The Secret War in the Sudan, 1955-1972. Archon Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-208-01692-8.
  16. ^ Eprile, Cecil (1974). War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955-1972. David & Charles. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7153-6221-1.
  17. ^ a b Perlez, Jane; Times, Special To the New York (26 April 1990). "Islamic Militants Dominating Sudan, Exiles Assert". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d "Memorandum from Mr Bona Malwal, Editor and Publisher of Sudan Democratic Gazette". Parliament UK. 11 August 1998. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Jr, Professor Henry Louis Gates (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  20. ^ Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign (1985). Foreign assistance legislation for fiscal years 1986-87: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  21. ^ Pumphrey, Carolyn Wilson; Schwartz-Barcott, Rye (2003). Armed Conflict in Africa. Scarecrow Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-8108-4742-2.
  22. ^ "Sudanese Programme". St Antony's College. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  23. ^ "About | The Sudanese Programme". sudanese-programme. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  24. ^ Malwal, Bona (2015). "Sudan and South Sudan" (PDF). SpringerLink. doi:10.1057/9781137437143. ISBN 978-1-349-49376-0.
  25. ^ a b de Waal, Alex de Waal (20 April 2015). "Bona Malwal's Truths". African Arguments. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  26. ^ a b c d Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2003). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars. International African Institute. ISBN 978-0-85255-392-3.
  27. ^ ابراهيم, يقول عيسى (31 May 2018). "الصلحي "للتغيير(5)": بونا ملوال أنقذني من حبل المشنقة" [El-Salahi "For Change (5)": Bona Malwal saved me]. صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  28. ^ Hudson, Mark (3 July 2013). "Ibrahim el-Salahi: from Sudanese prison to Tate Modern show". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  29. ^ Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, ISBN 1-55876-405-4, p. 111
  30. ^ Dennis Hevesi (11 June 2009). "Gaafar al-Nimeiry, a Sudan Leader With Shifting Politics, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  31. ^ Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, ISBN 1-55876-405-4, p. 111
  32. ^ Dennis Hevesi (11 June 2009). "Gaafar al-Nimeiry, a Sudan Leader With Shifting Politics, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  33. ^ "تاريخ الانقلابات في السودان.. 35 انقلابًا في 63 سنة | تايم لاين في دقائق" [The history of coups in Sudan.. 35 coups in 63 years | Timeline in minutes]. دقائق.نت. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  34. ^ "Sudan Executes 17 More in Coup Attempt". New York Times. 6 August 1976. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  35. ^ "Sudan - National Reconciliation". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  36. ^ El-Affendi, Abdelwahab (1990). "'Discovering the South': Sudanese Dilemmas for Islam in Africa". African Affairs. 89 (356): 371–389. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098304. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 722373. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  37. ^ a b Warburg, Gabriel (2003). Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-588-6.
  38. ^ Inbar, Efraim; Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (11 January 2013). Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle East. Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-136-31214-4.
  39. ^ Warburg, Gabriel R. (1990). "The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989". Middle East Journal. 44 (4): 624–637. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4328194. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  40. ^ محمد, قلندر، محمود (2004). جنوب السودان: مراحل انهيار الثقة بينه وبين الشمال، ١٩٥٥-١٩٨٣ : قراءة تاريخية للمشكلة من منظور الاتصال الاجتماعي (in Arabic). دار الفكر،. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-59239-271-1.
  41. ^ Deng, Francis M. (1998). "The Cow and the Thing Called "What": Dinka Cultural Perspectives on Wealth and Poverty". Journal of International Affairs. 52 (1): 101–129. ISSN 0022-197X. JSTOR 24357816. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  42. ^ a b c Jok, Jok Madut (3 August 2010). War and Slavery in Sudan. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-8122-0058-4.
  43. ^ Jordaan, Lucinda (15 February 2024). "Tributes pour in for 'Dean of Sudanese press' and Golden Pen Laureate Mahjoub Mohammed Saleh Tributes pour in for 'Dean of Sudanese press' and Golden Pen Laureate Mahjoub Mohammed Saleh". WAN-IFRA. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  44. ^ de Waal, Alex (April 2013). "Sudan's elusive democratisation: civic mobilisation, provincial rebellion and chameleon dictatorships". Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 31 (2): 213–234. doi:10.1080/02589001.2013.786901. ISSN 0258-9001. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  45. ^ DeWaal, Alex (12 March 2019). "Starvation as a Weapon of War in Southern Sudan, Thirty Years On". Reinventing Peace. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  46. ^ "The Famine In Sudan, And The Human Rights Abuses That Caused It". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  47. ^ Keen, David (1 November 1995). "The benefits of famine: a political economy of famine in southern Sudan". The Ecologist. 25 (6): 214–221.
  48. ^ Prunier, Gérard (2 January 2016). "Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two , by Bona Malwal: London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 232 pp. $110.00 cloth". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. 7 (1): 101–104. doi:10.1080/21520844.2016.1147923. ISSN 2152-0844.
  49. ^ Malwal, Bona; Kok, Peter N. (December 1994). Crisis in the Sudan: Re-Thinking the Future. Lilian Barber Press. ISBN 978-0-936508-35-1.
  50. ^ "The Sudanese Programme | Conferences on Sudan & South Sudan". sudanese-programme. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  51. ^ "Surviving Dictatorship | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  52. ^ "Democratic Revolution in Africa | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  53. ^ The Plight of Sudan - Charlie Rose, archived from the original on 7 December 2023, retrieved 17 March 2024
  54. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009), Famine: a short history, Princeton University Press, p. 24, ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
  55. ^ SudanTribune (19 April 2004). "Bona Malwal expresses support for peace, unity". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  56. ^ a b SudanTribune (27 October 2008). "Bona Malwal warns against arrest warrant for Sudan president". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  57. ^ SudanTribune (25 September 2005). "Sudan new govt - Three presidential advisers sworn in". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  58. ^ a b SudanTribune (7 April 2008). "Bona Malwal urges establishment of reconciliation body in South Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  59. ^ "Genocide in Darfur". United Human Rights Council. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  60. ^ SudanTribune (11 March 2010). "Omer Al Bashir campaigns in Rumbek". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  61. ^ "خطاب سحب ترشيح بونا ملوال من الانتخابات البرلمانية بالجنوب". سودارس. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  62. ^ SudanTribune (14 April 2010). "SPLA: Bona Malwal's withdrawal had nothing to do with harassment". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  63. ^ SudanTribune (24 June 2011). "Bona Malwal: Tribal politics will divide independent South Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  64. ^ Warburg, Gabriel (1992). Historical Discord in the Nile Valley. Hurst. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-85065-140-6. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  65. ^ a b "ونا ملوال وزير الإعلام السوداني السابق: العرب منحازون للشمال كأنما الجنوب بلا بشر" [Bona Malwal, former Sudanese Minister of Information: Arabs are biased toward the North, as if the South had no human beings]. Middle East. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  66. ^ a b "مصالحة تاريخية في الجنوب بين بونا ملوال وأرملة قرنق - النيلين" [Historic reconciliation in the south between Bona Malwal and Garang's widow] (in Arabic). 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  67. ^ "Sudan: Rebel Leader Sued for Defamation". 21 August 2001.
  68. ^ Wël, PaanLuel (5 September 2011). "Wikileak on Bona Malwal". PaanLuel Wël Media Ltd - South Sudan. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  69. ^ a b SudanTribune (21 June 2007). "Dinka caucus of Democratic Forum condemn Bona Malwal". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  70. ^ زكي, بحيري، (2010). مشكلة جنوب السودان: بين التراث التاريخي والتطورات السياسية، 1955-2011 (in Arabic). ركائز المعرفة للدراسات والبحوث ؛. p. 184. ISBN 978-977-200-621-2. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  71. ^ a b SudanTribune (16 November 2005). "A moral case against Bona Malwal". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  72. ^ SudanTribune (13 July 2007). "South Sudan: Bona Malwal takes over the SPLA". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  73. ^ "THE ARCHITECT OF A DIVIDED SOUTH SUDAN,BONA MALWAL, SPEW FIRES IN THE USA". southsudanliberty.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  74. ^ a b c SudanTribune (6 January 2018). "Sayed Bona Malwal: A Sudanese Desperately Dreaming of Re-annexing South Sudan to Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  75. ^ Allen, Tim (1989). "Full Circle?: An Overview of Sudan's 'Southern Problem' Since Independence". Northeast African Studies. 11 (2): 41–66. ISSN 0740-9133. JSTOR 43660274. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  76. ^ southsudannews (26 March 2015). "The Architect of a Divided South Sudan, Bona Malwal". South Sudan News Agency. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  77. ^ "South Sudan experiencing ethnic cleansing, UN report says". Star Tribune. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  78. ^ Post, Sudans (22 February 2021). "FULL-TEXT: Jieng Council of Elders statement on South Sudan crisis". Sudans Post. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  79. ^ "[southsudankob] Jieng Council of Elders reject IGAD proposal on S. Sudan". www.mail-archive.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  80. ^ Thiong, Daniel Akech (22 July 2016). "Politics of fear in South Sudan". open Democracy.
  81. ^ "Dinka council of elders welcomes Kiir's decision firing ministers allied to Machar". Radio Tamazuj. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  82. ^ "Letter dated 19 September 2016 from the Panel of Experts on South Sudan established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2206 (2015) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. 19 September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  83. ^ Chang, Koang (23 May 2022). "Report: Bona Malwal, Dr. Francis Deng fuelled Twic-Ngok conflict". Eye Radio. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  84. ^ "A year of agreements dishonoured". Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  85. ^ SudanTribune (9 December 2017). "South Sudan's Bona Malwal maintains Abyei part of Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  86. ^ SudanTribune (11 December 2017). "Response to Bona Malual statements on Abyei". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  87. ^ says, Gordon Buay (10 December 2017). "Abyei and Bona Malwal: Are South Sudanese Sacrificing the Abyei Dinka to Khartoum?". PaanLuel Wël Media Ltd - South Sudan. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  88. ^ الهامش, صوت (2 February 2018). "سيد بونا ملوال: السوداني الذى يحلم بإعادة ضم جنوب السودان للسودان(3-3)" [Sayed Bona Malwal: The Sudanese who dreams of re-annexing southern Sudan to Sudan]. صوت الهامش (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  89. ^ SudanTribune (15 April 2011). "S. Sudan: Why the regional cooperatio?n undersecre?tary was axed". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  90. ^ Post, Sudans (15 July 2022). "Makuei clashes with experts during closing session of public consultation". Sudans Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  91. ^ "United Nations Photo - H.E. Mr. Akuei Bona Malwal, PR, Republic of South Sudan". dam.media.un.org. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  92. ^ "New Permanent Representative of South Sudan Presents Credentials to the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva | UN GENEVA". www.ungeneva.org. 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  93. ^ "News". sudanese-programme. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  94. ^ "THE SUDANESE PROGRAMME - Charity 1177019". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  95. ^ SudanTribune (19 September 2011). "Three leading members resign from the opposition SPLM-DC". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  96. ^ Wël, PaanLuel (7 September 2011). "Natalina Malwal awarded Pan African Diaspora Community Award". PaanLuel Wël Media Ltd - South Sudan. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  97. ^ Bombay, Cal (13 April 2011). Let My People Go: A True Account of Present-Day Terrorism in Sudan. Crown Publishing Group. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-307-77822-2.
  98. ^ Firth, Raymond (1999). "Special Issue of JASO in Memory of Godfrey Lienhardt". Anthropology Today. 15 (3): 14. ISSN 0268-540X. JSTOR 2678277. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bona_Malwal&oldid=1235651454"