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Canine influenza

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Influenza (flu)
H1N1 virus
Types
Vaccines
Treatment
Pandemics
Outbreaks
See also

Canine influenza (dog flu) is influenza occurring in canine animals. Canine influenza is caused by varieties of influenzavirus A, such as equine influenza virus H3N8, which in 2004 was discovered to cause disease in dogs. Because of the lack of previous exposure to this virus, dogs have no natural immunity to it. Therefore, the disease is rapidly transmitted between individual dogs. Canine influenza may be endemic in some regional dog populations of the United States. It is a disease with a high morbidity (incidence of symptoms) but a low incidence of death.[1]

A newer form was identified in Asia during the 2000s and has since caused outbreaks in the US as well. It is a mutation of H3N2 that adapted from its avian influenza origins. Vaccines have been developed for both strains.

History

The highly contagious equine influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was found to have been the cause of Greyhound race dog fatalities from a respiratory illness at a Florida racetrack in January 2004. The exposure and transfer apparently occurred at horse-racing tracks, where dog racing had also occurred. This was the first evidence of an influenza A virus causing disease in dogs. However, serum collected from racing Greyhounds between 1984 and 2004 and tested for canine influenza virus (CIV) in 2007 had positive tests going as far back as 1999. CIV possibly caused some of the respiratory disease outbreaks at tracks between 1999 and 2003.[2]

H3N8 was also responsible for a major dog-flu outbreak in New York state in all breeds of dogs. From January to May 2005, outbreaks occurred at 20 racetracks in 10 states (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Texas, and West Virginia).[3] As of August 2006, dog flu has been confirmed in 22 U.S. states, including pet dogs in Wyoming, California, Connecticut, Delaware, and Hawaii.[4] Three areas in the United States may now be considered endemic for CIV due to continuous waves of cases: New York, southern Florida, and northern Colorado/southern Wyoming.[5] No evidence shows the virus can be transferred to people, cats, or other species.[6]

H5N1 (avian influenza) was also shown to cause death in one dog in Thailand, following ingestion of an infected duck.[7]

The virus

Influenza A viruses are enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses.[8] Genome analysis has shown that H3N8 was transferred from horses to dogs and then adapted to dogs through point mutations in the genes.[9] The incubation period is two to five days, and viral shedding may occur for seven to ten days following the onset of symptoms.[10] It does not induce a persistent carrier state.

Symptoms

About 80% of infected dogs with H3N8 show symptoms, usually mild (the other 20% have subclinical infections), and the fatality rate for Greyhounds in early outbreaks was 5 to 8%,[11] although the overall fatality rate in the general pet and shelter population is probably less than 1%.[12] Symptoms of the mild form include a cough that lasts for 10 to 30 days and possibly a greenish nasal discharge. Dogs with the more severe form may have a high fever and pneumonia.[13] Pneumonia in these dogs is not caused by the influenza virus, but by secondary bacterial infections. The fatality rate of dogs that develop pneumonia secondary to canine influenza can reach 50% if not given proper treatment.[14] Necropsies in dogs that die from the disease have revealed severe hemorrhagic pneumonia and evidence of vasculitis.[15]

Diagnosis

The presence of an upper respiratory tract infection in a dog that has been vaccinated for the other major causes of kennel cough increases suspicion of infection with canine influenza, especially in areas where the disease has been documented. A serum sample from a dog suspected of having canine influenza can be submitted to a laboratory that performs PCR tests for this virus.[12]

Vaccine

In June 2009, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) approved the first canine influenza vaccine.[16][17][18][19] This vaccine must be given twice initially with a two-week break, then annually thereafter.[20]

H3N2 version

A second form of canine influenza was first identified during 2006 in South Korea and southern China. The virus is an H3N2 variant that adapted from its avian influenza origins.[21] An outbreak in the US was first reported in the Chicago area during 2015.[22] Outbreaks were reported in several US states during the spring and summer of 2015[22] and had been reported in 25 states by late 2015.[23]

As of April 2015, the question of whether vaccination against the earlier strain offered protection had not been resolved.[24] The US Department of Agriculture granted conditional approval for a canine H3N2-protective vaccine in December 2015.[23][20][25][26]

In March 2016, researchers at the University of Wisconsin reported findings that this strain had infected cats and suggested that it may be transmitted between them.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Media Briefing on Canine Influenza". CDC. September 26, 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-04-10. Retrieved 2007-04-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Rosenthal, Marie (July 2007). "CIV may have started circulating earlier than originally thought". Veterinary Forum. 24 (7). Veterinary Learning Systems: 12.
  3. ^ Article 31284, Medical News Today referencing September 26 issue of Science Express (Vol. 309, No. 5743).
  4. ^ Tremayne, Jessica (August 2006). "Canine flu confirmed in 22 states". DVM: 1, 66–67.
  5. ^ Yin, Sophia (September 2007). "Managing canine influenza virus". Veterinary Forum. 24 (9). Veterinary Learning Systems: 40–41.
  6. ^ Crawford, C; Dubovi EJ; Donis RO; Castleman WL; Gibbs EPJ; Hill RC; Katz JM; Ferro P; Anderson TC (2006). "Canine Influenza Virus Infection". Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
  7. ^ Songserm T, Amonsin A, Jam-on R, Sae-Heng N, Pariyothorn N, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Chutinimitkul S, Thanawongnuwech R, Poovorawan Y (2006). "Fatal avian influenza A H5N1 in a dog". Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (11): 1744–7. doi:10.3201/eid1211.060542. PMC 3372347. PMID 17283627.
  8. ^ ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.046.0.01. Influenzavirus A. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA [1]
  9. ^ Buonavoglia C, Martella V (2007). "Canine respiratory viruses". Vet. Res. 38 (2): 355–73. doi:10.1051/vetres:2006058. PMID 17296161.
  10. ^ "Canine Influenza Virus (Canine Flu)". UF College of Veterinary Medicine Public Relations Office. 2005-08-12. Archived from the original on 2006-07-17. Retrieved 2006-08-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Carter, G.R.; Flores, E.F.; Wise, D.J. (2006). "Orthomyxoviridae". A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
  12. ^ a b de Morais, Helio Autran (November 2006). "Canine influenza: Risks, management, and prevention". Veterinary Medicine. 101 (11). Advanstar Communications: 714.
  13. ^ "Control of Canine Influenza in Dogs — Questions, Answers, and Interim Guidelines". AVMA. 2005-12-01. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
  14. ^ Rosenthal, Marie (February 2007). "Include new virus in the diagnosis of dogs with kennel cough". Veterinary Forum. 24 (2). Veterinary Learning Systems: 12–14.
  15. ^ Yoon K, Cooper V, Schwartz K, Harmon K, Kim W, Janke B, Strohbehn J, Butts D, Troutman J (2005). "Influenza virus infection in racing greyhounds". Emerging Infect. Dis. 11 (12): 1974–6. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050810. PMC 3367648. PMID 16485496.
  16. ^ "Aphis Issues Conditional License For Canine Influenza Virus Vaccine" (PDF) (Press release). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). 23 June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2009-11-11. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "New Vaccine from Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health". Schering-Plough. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on April 4, 2010. Retrieved 2009-11-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) Backgrounder" (PDF). Schering-Plough. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2009-11-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ McNeil Jr., Donald G. (June 29, 2009). "New Flu Vaccine Approved -- for Dogs". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  20. ^ a b "Dog Flu Vaccination Products". Canine Influenza Vaccines. DogInfluenza.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  21. ^ "FAQ about the H3N2 strain of canine influenza" (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  22. ^ a b "Canine Influenza Virus Monitoring Effort" (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  23. ^ a b Jan Hoffman (2015-12-15). "Dog Owners Wondering if Fido Needs a Flu Shot". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  24. ^ "Key Facts about Canine Influenza (Dog Flu)". Centers for Disease Control. April 22, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  25. ^ "Merck Animal Health Pioneers H3N2 Canine Influenza Vaccine". Merck Animal Health. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  26. ^ "Canine Influenza Vaccine, H3N2, Killed Virus". Zoetis. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  27. ^ "Canine Influenza". American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 2016-06-11.

Further reading

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