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Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)

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Conservative Party of Canada
Parti conservateur du Canada
Former federal party
Founded1867 (1867)
DissolvedDecember 10, 1942 (1942-12-10)
Succeeded byProgressive Conservatives
IdeologyConservatism (Canadian)
Political positionCentre-right
ColoursBlue

The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. Initially known as the "Liberal-Conservative Party", it dropped "Liberal" from its name in 1873, although many of its candidates continued to use this name.

As a result of World War I and the Conscription Crisis of 1917, the party joined with pro-conscription Liberals to become the "Unionist Party", led by Robert Borden from 1917 to 1920, and then the "National Liberal and Conservative Party" until 1922. It then reverted to "Liberal-Conservative Party"[1] until 1938, when it became simply the "National Conservative Party".[2] It ran in the 1940 election as "National Government" even though it was in opposition.

The party was almost always referred to as simply the "Conservative Party" or Tories.

Origins

Liberal-Conservative Party

Main article: Liberal-Conservative Party
Sir John A. Macdonald

The roots of the party are in the pre-Confederation coalition government of 1854 comprising the Parti bleu of George-Étienne Cartier (see also Quebec Conservative Party), along with Ontario Liberals and Conservatives led by Sir John A. Macdonald. It was out of this coalition that the Liberal-Conservative Party (generally known as the Conservative Party) was formed and it was this period that formed the basis for Confederation in 1867.

Confederation

Macdonald became the leader of the Conservative Party and formed the first national government in 1867. The party brought together ultramontane Quebec Catholics, pro-tariff businessmen, United Empire Loyalist Tories and Orangemen. One major accomplishment of Macdonald's first government was the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway which also led to the Pacific Scandal that brought down the government in 1873.[3]

The Conservatives under Macdonald returned to power in 1878 by opposing the Liberal Party's policy of free trade or reciprocity with the United States and promoting, instead, the National Policy which sought to promote business and develop industry with high tariff protectionist measures as well as settle and develop the west.[4]

The principal difference between the Conservatives and the Liberals in this period and well into the twentieth century was that Conservatives were in favour of imperial preference (a protectionist system in which tariffs would be levied against imports from outside the British Empire) and strong political and legal links with Britain while Liberals promoted free trade and continentalism (that is closer ties to the United States) and greater independence from Britain.[5] Macdonald died in 1891 and, without his leadership, the Conservative coalition began to unravel under the pressure of sectarian tensions between Catholic French Canadians and British imperialists who tended to be anti-French and anti-Catholic. The Red River Rebellion (and execution of Louis Riel) and Manitoba Schools Question exacerbated tensions within the Conservative Party and fanned hostility to the Conservatives in Quebec.

Free trade was the major issue of the 1911 election that swept Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Liberals from power. Robert Borden led a new Tory administration that emphasised a revitalised National Policy and links to Britain. Borden had tried to rebuild a base in Quebec by allying with anti-Laurier Quebec nationalists, but, in government, tensions between Quebec nationalists and English Canadian imperialists made any grand coalition untenable.[6]

Sir Robert Borden

Borden and the Conservative revival

World War I created a further strain as most Quebecers were unenthusiastic about Canadian involvement in what they saw as a foreign, and particularly British, conflict, while Borden's English supporters were adamant that Canada must support the war effort and enact a policy of conscription (see Conscription Crisis of 1917).[7]

The Unionist Party, 1917–1922

Further information: Unionist Party (Canada)

National Liberal and Conservative Party

Main article: National Liberal and Conservative Party

The attempt to turn the Conservatives into a hegemonic party by merging with Liberal-Unionists failed as most Liberals either joined the new Progressive Party of Canada or rejoined the Liberals under its new leader William Lyon Mackenzie King. One critical issue in this split was free trade - farmers were particularly hostile to Tory tariff policy and free trade was a key issue in the creation of the Progressives while the Conscription Crisis destroyed any remaining Conservative base in Quebec for generations leaving the Tories with even less support than they had before the Union government.

Arthur Meighen

Borden's successor, Arthur Meighen formally attempted to make the Unionist coalition permanent by creating the "National Liberal and Conservative Party" but most Liberals ended up returning to their old party and some Conservatives balked at what they saw as an attempt to destroy the Conservative Party. John Hampden Burnham, MP for Peterborough West, quit the government caucus to sit as an Independent Conservative and resigned his seat in order to contest it in a by-election on his position.

Meighen's party was defeated by the Liberals in the election of 1921 coming in third behind the Progressives. At March 1922 caucus meeting the party voted to revert to its original name of the Liberal-Conservative Party.

The Liberals were reduced to a minority government in the 1925 election. The Conservatives managed to win a plurality of seats in the House of Commons, but King was able to stay in power with the support of the Progressives and form a minority government. King's government was defeated in a vote in the House of Commons within months and Prime Minister King asked Governor-General Byng to call a new election but Byng refused and asked Meighen to form a government.

Meighen's government was defeated three days after taking office by a vote in the Commons, leaving no choice but a new election. The general election produced a Liberal victory. Wiseman argues that Liberals emphasized Canadian nationalism while Conservatives "exuded British imperialist pride". The "King–Byng Affair" played primarily to Canadian nationalist sentiment because it was felt the Governor General, a British government appointee, had overstepped his bounds and that this was a sign of excessive British influence in Canadian politics. The political impact of the King–Byng Affair therefore favoured the Liberals.[8]

Bennett and the Great Depression

Meighen was replaced as Tory leader by R. B. Bennett, a millionaire Calgary businessman at the 1927 leadership convention, the first time a Tory leader was chosen by this method. Bennett led the Conservatives to power in the 1930 election, largely as a result of the inability of the Liberal government (or any government in the western world) to deal with the Great Depression. Bennett promised to end the economic crisis in three days by implementing the old Conservative policy of high tariffs and imperial preference.

Richard Bedford Bennett

When this policy failed to generate the desired result Bennett's government had no alternative plan. The party's pro-business, pro-bank inclinations provided no relief to the millions of unemployed who were now becoming increasingly desperate and agitated. The Conservatives seemed indecisive and unable to cope and rapidly lost the confidence of Canadians becoming a focus of hatred, ridicule and contempt. Car owners who could no longer afford gasoline reverted to having their vehicles pulled by horses and dubbed them "Bennett buggies".[9][10]

R. B. Bennett faced pressure for radical reforms from within and without the party:

  • The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), formed in 1932, prepared to fight its first election on a socialist program. The Social Credit movement was gaining supporters in the west and shocked the country by winning the Alberta provincial election and forming government in September, 1935. Bennett's own government suffered a defection as his Trade minister, Henry Herbert Stevens, left the Conservatives to form the Reconstruction Party of Canada when Bennett refused to enact Stevens' plans for drastic economic reform and government intervention in the economy to deal with the crisis.[11]

Bennett attempted to prevent social disorder by evacuating the unemployed to relief camps far away from the cities but this only exacerbated social tensions leading to the "On-to-Ottawa Trek" of unemployed protesters who intended to ride the rails from Vancouver to Ottawa (gathering new members along the way) in order to bring their demands for relief to Bennett personally. The trek ended in Regina on July 1, 1935, when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, on orders from the Prime Minister, attacked a public meeting of 3,000 strikers leaving two dead and dozens injured.

Bennett had in desperation attempted to save his government by reversing its laissez-faire policies and, belatedly, implementing "Bennett's New Deal" based on the New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Bennett proposed progressive income taxation, a minimum wage, a maximum for work week hours, unemployment insurance, health insurance, an expanded pension program, and grants to farmers. The Conservatives' conversion to the concept of a welfare state came too late, and the Tories were routed in the October 1935 election, winning only 40 seats to 173 for Mackenzie King's Liberals.[12]

The Bennett years left the Conservatives in the worst shape they had ever been - not only did enmity towards the Tories continue in Quebec as a legacy of the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but they were now reviled in the West for their perceived insensitivity to the needs of farmers in the Dust Bowl and Westerners turned to Social Credit or the CCF making the Tories their fourth choice. The Conservatives would have to wait twenty years before their fortunes in Western Canada revived.[13]

National Government label

Bennett's successor, Robert Manion, was chosen at the 1938 leadership convention which also officially changed the name of the party from the Liberal-Conservative Party to the National Conservative Party.[14] The Tories fought the 1940 election under Manion with a different name, "National Government".

The party ran on the platform of forming a wartime coalition National Unity government and Manion proposed to have Liberal and Labour supporters of the coalition concept run as "National Government" candidates nominated through open riding conventions in which members of any party would be allowed to vote. The concept did not pan out and, in practice, the National Government candidates were all Tories. Despite the new name, the party failed to gain any seats, and Manion was personally defeated in his riding.

The idea for running under a "National Government" platform was likely inspired by the Union Government which the Tories formed during World War I in coalition with some dissident Liberals.

Decline and reinvention as Progressive Conservatives

After Manion's defeat, the Tories again turned to Arthur Meighen for leadership. The Senator was appointed the party's leader for the duration of the war in November 1941 by a unanimous vote at a national conference of several hundred party delegates after a motion to hold a leadership convention was defeated. He resigned from the Senate and attempted to enter the House of Commons from a safe Conservative seat but was trounced by the CCF in a February 1942 by-election in York South. His party's agitation for a re-enactment of conscription in World War II only further alienated Quebec from the Conservatives. Meighen resigned as leader following his defeat.

Later that year, the Tories attempted to broaden their base by electing Manitoba Progressive Premier John Bracken as their new leader at the 1942 leadership convention. Bracken agreed to become the party's leader on the condition that it change its name to the "Progressive Conservative Party of Canada".

Conservative leaders (1867–1942)

Name From To Riding as leader Notes
Sir John A. Macdonald July 1, 1867 June 6, 1891 Kingston, ON (1867–18, 1887–91);
Victoria, BC (1878–82);
Carleton, ON (1882–88) 		1st Prime Minister
Sir John Abbott June 16, 1891 November 24, 1892 Senator for Inkerman, QC 3rd Prime Minister
Sir John Sparrow David Thompson December 5, 1892 December 12, 1894 Antigonish, NS 4th Prime Minister
Sir Mackenzie Bowell December 21, 1894 April 27, 1896 Senator for Hastings, ON 5th Prime Minister
Sir Charles Tupper May 1, 1896 February 6, 1901 Cape Breton, NS 6th Prime Minister
Sir Robert Laird Borden February 6, 1901 July 10, 1920 Halifax, NS (1900–04, 1908–17);
Carleton, ON (1905–08);
Kings, NS (1917–21) 		8th Prime Minister
Arthur Meighen July 10, 1920 September 24, 1926 Portage la Prairie, MB (1908–21, 1925–26);
Grenville, ON (1922–25) 		9th Prime Minister
Hugh Guthrie (interim leader) October 11, 1926 October 12, 1927 Wellington South
R. B. Bennett October 12, 1927 July 7, 1938 Calgary West, AB 11th Prime Minister
Robert Manion July 7, 1938 May 14, 1940 London, ON Resigned after lost seat in 1940 election
Richard Hanson (interim leader) May 14, 1940 November 12, 1941 York—Sunbury, NB
Arthur Meighen November 12, 1941 December 9, 1942 Senator for St. Marys, Ontario Resigned after defeat in attempt to enter House of Commons via York South by-election

Election results 1867–1940

Election Party name # of candidates nominated # of seats won +/– Election Outcome # of total votes % of popular vote Position
1867 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 112
100 / 180
 Increase100 Increase1st 92,656 34.53% Majority
1872 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives, one Conservative Labour 140
100 / 200
 Steady Steady 1st 123,100 38.66% Minority
1874 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives, one Conservative Labour 104
65 / 206
 Decrease 35 Decrease 2nd 99,440 30.58% Opposition
1878 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 161
129 / 206
 Increase 64 Increase 1st 229,191 42.06% Majority
1882 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 168
136 / 215
 Increase 7 Steady 1st 208,544 40.39% Majority
1887 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 203
111 / 215
 Decrease 25 Steady 1st 343,805 47.41% Majority
1891 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 212
117 / 215
 Increase 6 Steady 1st 376,518 48.58% Majority
1896 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 207
98 / 213
 Decrease 19 Decrease 2nd 467,415 48.17% Opposition
1900 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 204
79 / 213
 Decrease 9 Steady 2nd 438,330 46.1% Opposition
1904 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 205
75 / 214
 Decrease 4 Steady 2nd 470,430 45.94% Opposition
1908 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives 211
85 / 221
 Increase 10 Steady 2nd 539,374 46.21% Opposition
1911 Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives and Nationalist Conservatives 212
132 / 221
 Increase 48 Increase 1st 636,938 48.90% Majority
1917 Unionist Party 211
152 / 235
 Increase 20 Steady 1st 1,070,694 56.93% Majority
1921 National Liberal and Conservative Party 204
49 / 235
 Decrease 103 Decrease 3rd 935,651 29.95% Third Party
1925 Conservatives 232
114 / 245
 Increase 65 Increase 1st 1,454,253 46.13% Minority - initially formed Opposition; became government upon invitation of Governor-General following non-confidence vote
1926 Conservatives 232
91 / 245
 Decrease 23 Decrease 2nd 1,476,834 45.34% Opposition
1930 Conservatives 229
135 / 245
 Increase 44 Increase 1st 1,836,115 47.79% Majority
1935 Conservatives 228
39 / 245
 Decrease 94 Decrease 2nd 1,290,671 29.84% Opposition
1940 National Government 207
39 / 245
 Steady Steady 2nd 1,402,059 30.41% Opposition

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "MEIGHEN, ARTHUR". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. University of Toronto/Université Laval.
  2. ^ "1938 CONSERVATIVE LEADERSHIP CONVENTION". CPAC. Cable Public Access Channel.
  3. ^ Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain. Vol. 2 (1955).
  4. ^ Donald V. Smiley, "Canada and the Quest for a National Policy." Canadian Journal of Political Science 8#1 (1975): 40–62.
  5. ^ Lowell C. Clark, "The Conservative Party in the 1890's" Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association / Rapports annuels de la Société historique du Canada, (1961) 40#1 pp. 58–74. online
  6. ^ R.C. Brown and Ramsay Cook, Canada, 1896–1921 A Nation Transformed (1974).
  7. ^ Robert Craig Brown, Robert Laird Borden: 1914–1937 (1980).
  8. ^ Nelson Wiseman (2011). In Search of Canadian Political Culture. UBC Press. pp. 80–.
  9. ^ Larry A. Glassford, Reaction and Reform: The Politics of the Conservative Party under R.B. Bennett, 1927–1938 (1992).
  10. ^ John H. Thompson, and Allan Seager, Canada 1922–1939 (1985).
  11. ^ Thompson and Seager, Canada 1922–1939 (1985).
  12. ^ John H. Thompson, and Allan Seager, Canada 1922–1939 (1985).
  13. ^ Thompson and Seager, Canada 1922–1939 (1985).
  14. ^ "1938 CONSERVATIVE LEADERSHIP CONVENTION". CPAC. Cable Public Access Channel. Retrieved February 3, 2016.

Further reading

  • Bothwell, Robert; Ian Drummond. Canada since 1945 (2nd ed. 1989)
  • Creighton, Donald. John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain. Vol. 2 (1955)
  • English, John. The Decline of Politics: The Conservatives and the Party System, 1901–20 (1977)
  • Glassford, Larry A. Reaction and Reform: The Politics of the Conservative Party under R. B. Bennett, 1927–1938 (1992).
  • Heintzman, Ralph. "The political culture of Quebec, 1840–1960." Canadian Journal of Political Science 16#1 (1983): 3–60.
  • Lower, A. R. M. A History of Canada: Colony to Nation (1964)
  • McInnis, Edgar. Canada: a Political and Social History (1969)
  • Neatby, H. Blair. The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties (1972)
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