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Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall

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Marshal of the Royal Air Force The Right Honourable
Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall
GCB OM GCMG CBE AM
Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall, photographed c. 1940
6th Governor-General of New Zealand
In office
22 February 1941 – 19 April 1946
MonarchGeorge VI
Preceded byViscount Galway
Succeeded byBernard Freyberg
Personal details
Born15 February 1886
Mussoorie, North-Western
Indian Empire
Died30 November 1963(1963-11-30) (aged 77)
London, England
AwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Order of Merit
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Albert Medal
Military service
Allegiance United Kingdom
Branch/service British Army (1905–1918)
 Royal Air Force (1918–1940)
Years of service1905–1940
RankMarshal of the Royal Air Force
Commands41st Wing RFC
VIII Brigade RAF
Wessex Bombing Area
Middle East Command
Battles/warsWorld War I
World War II

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Cyril Louis Norton Newall, 1st Baron Newall, GCB, OM, GCMG, CBE, AM (15 February 1886 – 30 November 1963) was a senior officer of the British Army and Royal Air Force. He commanded units of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force in the First World War, and served as Chief of the Air Staff during the first years of the Second World War. From 1941 to 1946 he was the Governor-General of New Zealand.

Born to a military family, Newall studied at Sandhurst before taking a commission as a junior officer in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1905. After transferring to the 2nd Gurkha Rifles in the Indian Army, he saw active service on the North West Frontier, but after learning to fly in 1911 turned towards a career in military aviation. During the First World War he rose from a flying instructor to command of No. 41 Wing, the main strategic bombing force, and was awarded the Albert Medal for putting out a fire in an explosives store.

He served in staff positions through the 1920s and was Air Officer Commanding the Middle East Command in the early 1930s before becoming Air Member for Supply and Organisation in 1935. Newall was appointed Chief of the Air Staff in 1937 and, in that role, supported sharp increases in aircraft production, increasing expenditure on the new, heavily-armed, Hurricane and Spitfire fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command. He also distanced himself from traditional bomber philosophy, opposing proposals to force enemy forces to surrender by the use of heavy bombing raids. In 1941 he was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand, holding office until 1946.

Early life

Newall was born to Lieutenant-Colonel William Potter Newall and Edith Gwendoline Caroline Newall (née Norton).[1] After education at Bedford School, he attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.[1] After leaving Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Royal Warwickshire Regiment on 16 August 1905.[2] He was promoted to lieutenant on 18 November 1908,[3] and transferred to the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles on 16 September 1909.[4] He served on the North-West Frontier, where he first encountered his future colleague Hugh Dowding; at an exercise in 1909, Dowding's artillery section ambushed Newall's Gurkhas whilst they were still breakfasting.[5]

Newall began to turn towards a career in aviation in 1911, when he learned to fly in a Bristol Biplane at Larkhill whilst on leave in England.[1] He held certificate No. 144 issued by the Royal Aero Club.[6] He trained at the Central Flying School, Upavon in 1913, then instructed there from 17 November 1913,[7] and had been preparing to set up a training establishment in India when the First World War broke out.[8]

World War I

"On the 3rd January, 1916, at about 3 pm, a fire broke out inside a large bomb store belonging to the Royal Flying Corps, which contained nearly 2,000 high explosive bombs, some of which had very large charges, and a number of incendiary bombs which were burning freely. Major Newall at once took all necessary precautions, and then, assisted by Air Mechanic Simms, poured water into the shed through a hole made by the flames. He sent for the key of the store, and with Corporal Hearne, Harwood and Simms entered the building and succeeded in putting out the flames. The wooden cases containing the bombs were burnt, and some of them were charred to a cinder."

– Citation for the Albert Medal, published in the London Gazette.[9]

On the outbreak of war, Newall was in England. On 12 September 1914, he was given the temporary rank of captain,[10] and attached to the Royal Flying Corps as a flight commander, to serve with No. 1 Squadron on the Western Front.[1] On 24 March 1915 he was promoted to major and appointed to command No. 12 Squadron, flying BE2c aircraft in France from September onwards.[11] The squadron took part in the Battle of Loos bombing railways and carrying out reconnaissance missions in October 1915.[12]

On taking command of the squadron, he chose to stop flying personally in order to concentrate on administration, a decision which was regarded dismissively by his men.[1] Relations were strained until January 1916, when he demonstrated a remarkable degree of physical courage by walking into a burning bomb store to try to control the fire. He was awarded the Albert Medal for this act[9] on the personal recommendation of General Hugh Trenchard, and in February 1916 was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and given command of Training No. 6 Wing in England.[1] In December 1916 he took command of No. 9 Wing in France, a long-range bomber and reconnaissance formation, and in October 1917 took command of the newly formed No. 41 Wing.[8] This was upgraded as the 8th Brigade in December, with Newall promoted accordingly to the temporary rank of brigadier-general on 28 December 1917.[13] During 1918, it joined the Independent Bombing Force, which was the main strategic bombing arm of the newly formed Royal Air Force.[1] In June 1918 Newall was appointed the Deputy Commander of the Independent Bombing Force, serving under Trenchard.[8]

Newall was awarded the Croix d'Officier of the French Legion of Honour on 10 October 1918,[14] and appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 1 January 1919,[8] a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 3 June 1919[8] and an officer of the Belgian Order of Leopold on 18 April 1921.[15]

Between the wars

Newall was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force as a lieutenant colonel on 1 August 1919[16] and promoted to group captain on 8 August 1919.[17] He became Deputy Director of Personnel at the Air Ministry in August 1919 and then Deputy Commandant of the apprentices' technical training school in August 1922.[8] He married May Weddell in 1922; she died in September 1924, and he remarried the following year to Olive Foster, an American woman. He had three children with Foster, a son and two daughters.[1]

Newall was promoted to air commodore on 1 January 1925,[18] and took command of the newly-formed Auxiliary Air Force in May 1925.[8] He was appointed to a League of Nations disarmament committee in December 1925[8] and then became Deputy Chief of the Air Staff and Director of Operations and Intelligence on 12 April 1926.[19] He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1929 Birthday Honours[20] and, having been promoted to air vice marshal on 1 January 1930,[21] he stood down as Deputy Chief on 6 February 1931.[22] He became Air Officer Commanding Wessex Bombing Area in February 1931 and then Air Officer Commanding Middle East Command in September 1931.[8] He then returned to the Air Ministry, where he became Air Member for Supply and Organisation on 14 January 1935,[23] during the beginnings of the pre-war expansion and rearmament.[1] He was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1935 Birthday Honours[24] and promoted to air marshal on 1 July 1935.[25] He attended the funeral of King George V in January 1936.[26]

Philosophically, Newall remained a close follower of Trenchard during the interwar period; his time in the Independent Bombing Force had left him convinced that strategic bombing was an exceptionally powerful weapon, and one that could not effectively be defended against. In this, he was a supporter of the standard doctrine of the day, which suggested that the destructive power of a bomber force was sufficiently great that it could cripple an industrial economy in short order, and that so merely its presence could potentially serve as an effective deterrent.[1][27] He was promoted to air chief marshal on 1 April 1937.[28]

Chief of the Air Staff

On 1 September 1937, Newall was appointed as Chief of the Air Staff, the military head of the RAF, in succession to Sir Edward Ellington.[29] The promotion was unexpected; of the prospective candidates mooted for the job, Newall has been widely seen by historians as the least gifted.[1] The most prominent candidate was Hugh Dowding, the head of RAF Fighter Command and senior in rank to Newall by three months, who had been informally told by Ellington in 1936 that he was expected to be appointed as the new Chief of the Air Staff. The decision was taken by the Air Minister, Viscount Swinton, without consulting Ellington;[30] it has been suggested that he was heavily influenced by the views of the still-influential Trenchard, who had a long-standing personal dislike of Dowding, and who objected to Dowding's opposition to the strategic bombing doctrine in favour of fighter defence.[31]

During 1936 and 1937, the Air Staff had been fighting with the Cabinet over the rearmament plans; the Air Staff wanted a substantial bomber force and only minor increases in fighters, whilst the Minister for Defence Co-ordination, Sir Thomas Inskip, successfully pushed for a greater role for the fighter force.[32] Newall was promoted during the middle of this debate, and proved perhaps more flexible than might have been expected. In 1938 he supported sharp increases in aircraft production, including double-shift working and duplication of factories, and pushed for the creation of a dedicated organisation to repair and refit damaged aircraft. He supported expenditure on the new, heavily-armed, Hurricane and Spitfire fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command.[1] He even began to distance himself from traditional bomber philosophy, noting to the Minister for Air that "no one can say with absolute certainty that a nation can be knocked out from the air, because no-one has yet attempted it".[33] Discussing plans for reacting to a war with Italy, in early 1939, he opposed a French proposal to force Italy's surrender by the use of heavy bombing raids against the north, arguing that it would be unlikely to force the country out of the war without the need for ground combat.[34]

Newall was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1938 Birthday Honours.[35] He was still Chief of the Air Staff at the outbreak of the Second World War on 1 September 1939; his main contribution to the war effort was his successful resistance to the transfer of fighter squadrons to aid the collapsing French thus preserving a large portion of the fighter forces that would become crucial during the Battle of Britain.[1] He was promoted to Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 4 October 1940[8] and retired from the RAF later that month.[8] He was awarded the Order of Merit on 29 October,[36] and made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George on 21 November.[37]

New Zealand and later life

Newall (shown centre) as Governor-General of New Zealand.

In February 1941 Newall was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand, a post he would hold for the remainder of the war. His time there was mostly quiet – described by one biographer as "a nice long rest"[1] - and he toured the country extensively, referring to the war "in every public address".[38] Newall and his wife, who also carried out an extensive program of engagements, were broadly popular, but there were occasional tensions; shortly after his arrival, it was widely (but mistakenly) rumoured that he had slighted the "men" of the Army in favour of the "gentlemen" of the RNZAF in a speech.[38] A Freemason, Newall became Grand Master of New Zealand's Grand Lodge while Governor-General.[39]

Politically, he had a lukewarm relationship with the Prime Minister, Peter Fraser - "I can't persuade myself that he is all he quite appears to be",[40] Newall noted in a private report - but the two worked together effectively. Small problems occasionally flared up, such as that in October 1942, when Fraser was reprimanded for not personally informing Newall of the resignation of four ministers.[40] However, only one developed into a direct confrontation, when Newall became the last Governor-General to refuse to follow the advice of his cabinet.[41]

Newall was presented with a government recommendation to remit four prisoners sentenced to be flogged, but refused to do so. He argued that if the government was opposed to flogging, it should repeal the legislation rather than simply remitting the sentences, and that it was constitutionally improper for the government to retain the law while ignoring it. Fraser, and his deputy Walter Nash, refused to accept this response, and the impasse stretched out for several days; in the end, a compromise was reached where Newall remitted the sentences but the government undertook to repeal the legislation.[42]

A second conflict emerged just before the end of his term, when in 1945, the Labour government sought to abolish the country quota, a system that gave additional electoral seats in rural areas. Farming groups - predominantly National-supporting - strongly opposed the move, and argued that such a major change could only be made after gaining approval in a general election. Newall sympathised, and advised Fraser to wait until after the election, but did not feel it was appropriate to intervene; he assented to the bill.[43]

Following his return from New Zealand in 1946, Newall was raised to the peerage as Baron Newall, of Clifton upon Dunsmoor, in the county of Warwick.[44] He spoke in the House of Lords rarely, making five speeches between 1946 and 1948 and one in 1959, mostly addressing defence issues.[45] Newall died at his home at Welbeck Street in London on 30 November 1963, at which time his son Francis inherited his title.[1]

Arms

Coat of arms of Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall
Notes
The arms of Cyril Newall Arms consist of:
Crest
Issuant from an astral crown Or an eagle, wings elevated Sable breathing flames proper.
Escutcheon
Per pale Azure and Gules two lions passant guardant in pale Or on a chief Ermine a rose of the second barbed and seeded between a lotus flower and a sprig of New Zealand fern all Proper.
Supporters
On either side a pegasus Argent gorged with an astral crown Or.
Motto
Deo juvante

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Orange (2004)
  2. ^ "No. 27827". The London Gazette. 15 August 1905.
  3. ^ "No. 28209". The London Gazette. 29 December 1908.
  4. ^ "No. 28338". The London Gazette. 11 February 1910.
  5. ^ Wright, p. 25
  6. ^ "Aviators' Certificates". 1911. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  7. ^ "No. 28839". The London Gazette. 12 June 1914.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Newall". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  9. ^ a b "No. 29588". The London Gazette. 19 May 1916.
  10. ^ "No. 28910". The London Gazette. 22 September 1914.
  11. ^ "No. 29120". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 6 April 1915.
  12. ^ Probert, p. 15
  13. ^ "No. 30526". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 12 February 1918.
  14. ^ "No. 30945". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 8 October 1918.
  15. ^ "No. 32292". The London Gazette. 15 April 1921.
  16. ^ "No. 31486". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 1 August 1919.
  17. ^ "No. 31495". The London Gazette. 8 August 1919.
  18. ^ "No. 33007". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 30 December 1924.
  19. ^ "No. 33152". The London Gazette. 20 April 1926.
  20. ^ "No. 33501". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 May 1929.
  21. ^ "No. 33566". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 December 1929.
  22. ^ "No. 33688". The London Gazette. 10 February 1931.
  23. ^ "No. 34124". The London Gazette. 15 January 1935.
  24. ^ "No. 34166". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 May 1935.
  25. ^ "No. 34176". The London Gazette. 2 July 1935.
  26. ^ "No. 34279". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 29 April 1936.
  27. ^ Allen, pp. 24–26
  28. ^ "No. 34385". The London Gazette. 2 April 1937.
  29. ^ "No. 34432". The London Gazette. 3 September 1937.
  30. ^ Wright, pp. 60–63
  31. ^ Allen, p. 50
  32. ^ Allen, pp. 65–66
  33. ^ Allen, p. 66
  34. ^ Salerno, p. 91
  35. ^ "No. 34518". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 7 June 1938.
  36. ^ "No. 34984". The London Gazette. 1 November 1940.
  37. ^ "No. 35065". The London Gazette. 4 February 1941.
  38. ^ a b McLean (2006), p. 239
  39. ^ "Vice Regal Grand Masters: Who and Why?". Kent Henderson. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  40. ^ a b McLean (2006), p. 245
  41. ^ "Splendid ornamentals – the Governor-General". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  42. ^ McLean (2006), pp. 245-6; Quentin-Baxter (1979), p. 312; "The Trials of Eric Mareo". University of Wellington. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  43. ^ McLean (2006), p. 246
  44. ^ "No. 37658". The London Gazette. 19 July 1946.
  45. ^ Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Lord Newall

Sources

  • Allen, H. R. (1976). Who won the Battle of Britain?. Panther. ISBN 0-586-04281-4.
  • McLean, Gavin (2006). The governors : New Zealand's governors and governors-general. Dunedin: Otago University Press. ISBN 1877372250.
  • Orange, Vincent (2004). "Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35208. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  • Probert, Henry (1991). High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. HMSO. ISBN 0-11-772635-4.
  • Quentin-Baxter, R. Q. (1979). "The Governor-General's Constitutional Discretions: An Essay towards a Re-Definition". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review. 10: 289.
  • Salerno, Reynolds M. (1997). "The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937-9". The English Historical Review. 112 (445): 66–104. JSTOR 578508. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Wright, Robert (1970). Dowding and the Battle of Britain. Corgi. ISBN 0-552-08511-1.

Further reading

  • Danchev, Alex (1987). "'Dilly-Dally', or Having the Last Word: Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Prime Minister Winston Churchill". Journal of Contemporary History. 22 (1): 21–44. JSTOR 260373. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • "Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall". The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 1966.
  • Ritchie, Sebastian (1998). "A Political Intrigue Against the Chief of the Air Staff: The Downfall of Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall". War & Society: 83–104. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |Number= ignored (|number= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Volume= ignored (|volume= suggested) (help)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall.
Military offices
New title
Wing established
 Officer Commanding 41st Wing RFC
11 October – 28 December 1917 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Director of Personnel
1919–1922 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Chief of the Air Staff
and Director of Operations and Intelligence
12 April 1926 – 6 February 1931 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Air Officer Commanding Wessex Bombing Area
1931 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Air Officer Commanding Middle East Command
1931–1934 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Hugh Dowding
As Air Member for Supply and Research
 Air Member for Supply and Organisation
1935–1937 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief of the Air Staff
1937–1940 		Succeeded by
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Cover of Time Magazine
23 October 1939 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Governor-General of New Zealand
1941–1946 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
New Creation
 Baron Newall
1946–1963 		Succeeded by

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