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Draft:Eurypontid dynasty

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The Eurypontid dynasty was one of the two royal families of Sparta, a powerful city-state of Ancient Greece.

History[edit]

According to the legend, Aristodemos, the first king of Sparta, had twins, Eurysthenes and Prokles. Since the Spartans did not know who was born first, they opted for a diarchy, a college of two kings with the same power; Eurysthenes being the first Agiad, Prokles the first Eurypontid.

Modern scholars have long doubted the mythological story of the return of the Heraklids. They instead consider Agis I and Eurypon to be the founders of each dynasty.[1][2] Moreover, the two dynasties were never linked at the start and the Eurypontids reached royal status much later that the Agiads. As a result, in order to balance the two royal lines, several names were inserted in the list of Eurypontid kings, such as Soos (meaning "stability"),[3] Prytanis and Eunomos (said to have ruled at the same time as Lykourgos[disambiguation needed]). Thus, while the Agiads might have ruled from the end of the 10th century, the Eurypontids only received the kingship in the beginning of the 8th century at the earliest.

It is probable that the two dynasties came to rule jointly under the kings Archelaos (Agiad) and Charillos (Eurypontid) in the 8th century, as a result of the synoecism that created the polis of Sparta.[4] The city was composed of five villages (Pitana, Mesoa, Limnai, Kynosoura, Amyklai), the latter of which merged with the other four after the initial synoecism. The Agiads had their burial ground located in Pitana, while the Eurypontids were in Limnai, which suggest that the dual monarchy was created when the four villages merged.[5] Archelaus and Charilaus are the first kings of Sparta that are considered together in ancient sources: following the oracle of Delphi, they destroyed and conquered Aigys, in the northwest of Sparta.[6] The connection of the Spartan kings with Herakles likely dates of the same period, which also witnessed the construction of the Menelaion, a heroon to Menelaus.[7]

The genealogies given by Herodotus and Pausanias remain highly suspect before the 5th century, as it is not conceivably believable to have 16 direct successions (from father to son) from Eurystenes and Prokles. A lot of successions must have been collateral, especially when considering that of the 26 successions that took place after 491, only 14 were from father to son.[8] Moreover, ancient chronologies produce an average length of 40 years per reign, which is far too long and a consequence of the descent from Herakles myth. Paul Cartledge suggest an average length of 30 years per generation, thus giving a regnal date of c. 930–900 for Agis I, founder of the Agiads. These dates relate well with the archaeological evidence.[9]

Eurypontids[edit]

Legend
Red
 King of Sparta
Theopompos
Anaxandridas I
Archidamos I
Anaxilaos
Hippocratidas
AgesilaosAgasicles
MenaresAriston
(1) ?Latychidas II(2) EurydameDamaratos
Zeuxidamus
(2) EupoliaArchidamos II(1) Lampito
Agesilaos II
400–360		KleoraKyniskaAgis IITimaia
Archidamos III
360–338		DeinichaLatychidas
Agis III
338–331		Eudamidas I
331–302		Agesilaus
Archidamos IVArchidamiaEudamidas
Eudamidas IIAgesistrataAgesilaus
Agis IV
244–241		AgiatisHippomedon
Eudamidas III
241–228		Archidamos V

228–227		?Damaratos
2 sonsNabis

Members[edit]

  • Procles, legendary founder of the Eurypontids son of Aristodemus and twin brother of Eurysthenes.
  • Soos, son of Procles. Soos is a fictional king, invented in the 4th century BC in order to synchronise the Agiad and Eurypontid dynasties.[10][11]
  • Eurypon, eponymous founder of the dynasty.
  • Prytanis, son of Eurypon. His name meaning "president" suggests he was invented at a later date in order to extent the ancestry of the Eurypontids and make them equals to the Agiads.[12]
  • Eunomus, son of Prytanis. His name meaning "harmony" suggests he was invented at a later date in order to extent the ancestry of the Eurypontids and make them equals to the Agiads.[12] His invention and that of Prytanis predate that of Soos, as they are both already found in Herodotos, who wrote in the 5th century.[13]
  • Polydectes, Herodotus has Polydectes first and Eunomos second, while Pausanias gives the reverse order.
  • Charilaus, the first historical king of Sparta, ruling with the Agiad Archelaos.
  • Nicander,
  • Theopompus,
  • Anaxandridas I,
  • Archidamus I,
  • Anaxilaus,
  • Leotychidas I, king of Sparta from c.625 to c.600.[14] He is omitted in Pausanias' kings list.[15][16]
  • Hippocratidas, king of Sparta from c.600 to c.575. He is omitted in Pausanias' kings list.[15][16]
  • Agasicles, king of Sparta from c.575 to c.560.[17][18] He is omitted in Herodotus' kings list.[19][20]
  • Ariston,
  • Damaratus, son of Ariston.
  • Agesilaus, cadet son of Hippocratidas, father of Menares.[21]
  • Menares, son of Agesilaus and father of Leotichydas II.[22]
  • Leotychidas II, son of Menares. He was put on the Eurypontid throne by Cleomenes II.
  • Eurydame,
  • Zeuxidamus, son of Leotychidas II. He is sometimes called Cyniscus/Kyniskos. He was already dead by 476, when his son Archidamus II became king.[23]
  • Archidamus II,
  • Lampito, daughter of Leotychidas II and Eurydame. She married her nephew Archidamus II.[24][25][26]
  • Eupolia, second wife of Archidamus II.[27]
  • Agis II, first son of Archidamus II from his first wife Lampito, king from 427 to 400.
  • Timaia,
  • Leotychidas, son of Agis II and Timaia. His claim on the throne was successfully contested by Agesilaus II in 400, because he argued that Leotychidas was the son of Alcibiades the Athenian.
  • Agesilaus II, second son of Archidamus II from his second wife Eupolia. He is considered the most important king of Sparta, because of his longevity and the influence he had on Spartan affairs. He died in Egypt while serving as mercenary for Nectanebo II.
  • Cleora,
  • Cynisca, daughter of Archidamus II. She was the first woman to win at the Olympic Games in 396 and 392. Her mother was possibly Eupolia.[28]
  • Archidamus III, son of Agesilaus II and Cleora. He died in battle near Tarentum in 338.
  • Deinicha, wife of Archidamus III.[29] She was probably the daughter of a Eudamidas and niece of Phoebidas.[30]
  • Agis III, first son of Archidamus III. He died in the battle of Megalopolis against the Macedonian general Antipater in 331.
  • Eudamidas I, son of Archidamus III. King from 331 to c. 300. He is known for his peculiar interest in philosophy.[31]
  • Agesilaus, son of Archidamus III. He might have died at Megalopolis alongside Agis III.[32]
  • Archidamus IV, son of Eudamidas. He is only known for his defeat against the Macedonian king Demetrius Poliorketes at Mantinea in 294.
  • Archidamia, daughter of Eudamidas I, she married her cousin Eudamidas, son of Agesilaus.
  • Eudamidas, son of Agesilaus, he married Archidamia.
  • Eudamidas II, son of Archidamus IV. He is the most obscure king of Sparta and his dates of reign are entirely hypothetical.[33]
  • Agesistrata, wife of Eudamidas II, daughter of Archidamia and Eudamidas, mother of Agis IV. She was murdered with her son in 241.[34]
  • Agesilaus, brother of Agesistrata and maternal uncle of Agis IV, possibly regent during the king's minority. He was also ephor in 242 and supported Agis IV's reforms. He had to go into exile with the return of Leonidas II.[35]
  • Agis IV, son of Eudamidas II and Agesistrata, king from c.244 to 241. He is famous for his social reforms, which were however opposed by his co-king Leonidas II. As a result, he forced him into exile and placed Leonidas' son-in-law Cleombrotus II on the Agiad throne instead. He was finally murdered in 241 by his opponents.
  • Agiatis, wife of Agis IV, she remarried with the Agiad Cleomenes III after Agis' death in 241. She had one son (Eudamidas III) from Agis and at least two sons from Cleomenes.[36]
  • Hippomedon, son of Agesilaus the ephor.
  • Eudamidas III, son of Agis IV and Agiatis, king from c.241 to c.227. Still a child when Agis IV died, his guardian was the Agiad Cleomenes III, also his father-in-law. Cleomenes reputedly murdered him.[37]
  • Archidamus V, second son of Eudamidas II and brother of Agis IV. In exile in Messenia, he was recalled by Cleomenes III in 227 in order to become his co-king following the death of Eudamidas. Cleomenes however murdered by him soon after his return.[38] He married to daughter of Hippomedon and had two sons with her.[29]
  • Lycurgus,
  • Pelops,
  • Nabis, usually described as tyrant and not king.
  • Armenas, son of Nabis, he was taken hostage to Rome after the defeat of his father against Flamininus in 195.[39]
  • Laconicus (?), perhaps a son of Lycurgus, he was raised with Nabis' sons. In 192 he was designated king by the Spartans after the assassination of Nabis, but he could not reign as Sparta was soon conquered by the Achaean League.[40][41][42]

List of kings[edit]

Agiads[edit]

Name Reign Succession Life details
Eurysthenes 1069/8–1027/6[43] First son of Aristodemos
Agis I 1027/6–1026/5[43] c.930–c.900[44]
Echestratus (Echestratos) 1026/5–996/5[43] c.900–c.870[44]
Labotas (Leobotes) 996/5–958/7[43] c.870–c.840[44]
Doryssus (Doryssos) 958/7–929/8[43] c.840–c.815[44]
Agesilaus I (Agesilaos I) 929/8–885/4[43] c.815–c.785[44][45]
Archelaus (Archelaos) 885/4–825/4[43] c.785–c.760[44]
Teleclus (Teleklos) 825/4–785/4[43] c.760–c.740[44] c.730–c.705[46]
Alcamenes (Alkamenes) 785/4–747/6[43] c.740–c.700[44] c.705–c.680[46]
Polydoros (Polydoros) c.700–c.665[44] c.680–c.653[47]
Eurycrates (Eurykrates) c.665–c.640[44] c.653–c.626[47]
Anaxander (Anaxandros) c.640–c.615[44] c.626–c.599[47]
Eurycratides (Eurycrates II) c.615–c.590[44]
Leon c.590/575–c.560[48][49]
Anaxandridas II c.560/550–524[50][51]
Cleomenes I (Kleomenes I) 524/523–490[52]
Leonidas I 490–480[44] Son of Anaxandridas II, half-brother of Cleomenes II. Killed in the battle of Thermopylae
Pleistarchus 480–459[44] Son of Leonidas I. His uncle Cleombrotus (until 479), then his cousin Pausanias (Cleombrotus' son) ruled as regent.
Pleistoanax 459–409[44] Son of the regent Pausanias. In exile between 445 and 427.
Pausanias 445–426; 409–395[53] Son of Pleistoanax. Died in exile.
Agesipolis I 395–380[44] Son of Pausanias.
Cleombrotus I 380–371[44] Son of Pausanias. Killed at the battle of Leuctra.
Agesipolis II 371–370[54] Son of Cleombrotus I.
Cleomenes II (Kleomenes II) 370–309[54] Son of Cleombrotus I.
Areus I 309–265[54] Grandson of Cleomenes II, son of Acrotatus who died before him. His uncle Cleonymus contested his claim, then became his regent. Killed in battle near Corinth.
Acrotatus (Akrotatos) 265–c.262[54] Son of Areus I. Killed in battle near Megalopolis.
Areus II c.262–254[54] Son of Acrotatus, died in infancy.
Leonidas II c.254–236[54] Grandson of Cleomenes II, son of Cleonymus the regent; regent of Areus II before his accession. Forced into exile by the Eurypontid king Agis IV between 243 and 241.
Cleombrotus II (Kleombrotos II) 243–241[54] Put on the throne by the Eurypontid Agis IV.
Cleomenes III (Kleomenes III) 236–222[54] Son of Leonidas II.
Eucleidas (Eukleidas) 227–222[54] Usurper of the Eurypontid throne, brother of Cleomenes III Killed in the battle of Selasia
Interregnum 222–219 No king for three years after the occupation of Sparta by Macedonia.[55]
Agesipolis III 219–215[54] Grandson of Cleombrotus II

Eurypontids[edit]

The list of Eurypontid kings carries major discrepancies between Herodotus and Pausanias, probably because they used genealogies (list of direct ancestors) and not necessarily lists of kings. Both of them give names not present in the other's work.

Name Reign Succession Life details
Procles (Prokles) 1069/8–1028/7[43] Second son of Aristodemos Fictitious
Soos (Soös) Only found in Pausanias. Inserted in the Eurypontid list of kings for symmetry with the Agiad list.[56] Fictitious
Eurypon (Euryphon)[57] 1028/7–977/6[43] Fictitious
Prytanis 977/6–928/7[43] Fictitious
Polydectes (Polydektes) Fictitious
Eunomos 928/7–883/2[43] Herodotus has Polydectes first and Eunomos second, while Pausanias gives the reverse order. Fictitious
Charilaus (Charillos/Charilaos)[58] 883/2–823/2[43] c.750–c.725[46] c.775–c.750[44] First historical Eurypontid king[59]
Nikandros or Nicander 823/2–785/4[43] c.725–c.700[46] c.750–c.720[44]
Theopompos 785/4–738/7[43] c.720–c.675[60] c.700–669[47] Perhaps died in the Battle of Hysiae[61]
Name Reign Succession Life details
Herodotus' list
Anaxandridas I c.675–c.660[44] c.669–c.658[47] Only in Herodotus
Archidamus I (Archidamos I) c.660–c.645[62] c.658–c.647[47]
Anaxilaus (Anaxilaos) c.645–c.625[44] c.647–c.635[47] Only in Herodotus
Leotychidas I (Latichidas) c.625–c.600[44] c.635–c.590[47] Only in Herodotus
Hippocratidas (Hippokratidas) c.600–c.575[44] Only in Herodotus
Agesilaus Only in Herodotus, grandfather of Leotychidas II and did not reign.
Menares Only in Herodotus, father of Leotychidas II and did not reign.
Pausanias' list
Zeuxidamus (Zeuxidamos) Only in Pausanias
Anaxidamus Only in Pausanias
Archidamus I c.660–c.645[59]
Agasicles (Agasikles) c.575–c.560/c.550[63][64] Only in Pausanias
Ariston c.550–c.515[44] Only in Pausanias
Name Reign Succession Life details
Damaratos c.515–491[44] Son of Ariston Deposed by the Agiad king Kleomenes I
Latychidas II or Leotychides 491–469[44] Second cousin of Damaratos, appointed thanks to Cleomenes I
Archidamus II (Archidamos II) 469–427[44] Son of Zeuxidamos, grandson of Latychidas II
Agis II 427–399[44] Son of Archidamos II
Agesilaus II (Agesilaos II) 399–360[44] Son of Archidamos II, half-brother of Agis II, successfully contested the claim of Leotychidas (Agis II's son)
Archidamos III 360–338[44] Son of Agesilaos II Killed in a battle near Taras
Agis III 338–331[54] Son of Archidamos III Killed in the battle of Megalopolis
Eudamidas I 331–c.305[54] Son of Archidamos III
Archidamus IV (Archidamos IV) c.305–c.275[54] Son of Eudamidas I
Eudamidas II c.275–c.244[54] Son of Archidamos IV
Agis IV c.244–c.241[54] Son of Eudamidas II
Eudamidas III c.241–228[54] Son of Agis IV
Archidamus V (Archidamos V) 228–227[54] Son of Eudamidas II, uncle of Eudamidas III. Murdered by the Agiad Cleomenes III
No king 227–222[54] The Agiad Cleomenes III made his brother Eukleidas co-king, therefore removing the Eurypontids from power.
Interregnum 222–219 No king for three years after the occupation of Sparta by Macedonia.[55]
Lycurgus (Lykourgos) 219–c.212 Appointed by the ephors, perhaps an Eurypontid.[65][66] Deposed the Agiad Agesipolis III in 215 and ruled alone.[67] Had to go into exile twice in 218.[68]
Pelops c.212–207 Son of Lykourgos. Machanidas possibly ruled as regent until his death in the battle of Mantinea.[69][70]
Nabis 207–192 Long descendant of Damaratos, perhaps initially ruled as regent to Pelops.[71] Murdered by Aitolians
Laconicus? 192 A boy of possible royal descent raised with Nabis' sons.[40][42] He might have been a son of Lykourgos.[41] Never reigned.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 89.
  2. ^ N. G. L. Hammond, "The Peloponnese", in Boardman et al., Cambridge Ancient History, vol. III, part 1, p. 734, is a notable exception as he writes "the Spartan account is infinitely more probable".
  3. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 296. Soos was likely added in the 4th century.
  4. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 90.
  5. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, pp. 90, 91.
  6. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 92.
  7. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 295.
  8. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, pp. 296, 297.
  9. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, pp. 297, 298.
  10. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 90, writes "The Eurypontid Soos is almost certainly a ‘spurinym’ and is omitted from the most reliable Eurypontid king-list"; see also p. 296.
  11. ^ Kõiv, "The Origins", p. 244.
  12. ^ a b Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 23.
  13. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 296; Agesilaos, pp. 22, 23.
  14. ^ Parker, "Some Dates", p. 59, gives c.635–c.590.
  15. ^ a b Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21.
  16. ^ a b Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 296.
  17. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 103, suggests a date of c.560 for his death.
  18. ^ Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21, places his death in 550.
  19. ^ Poralla & Bradford, Prosopographie, p. 5.
  20. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, pp. 103, 118, 294.
  21. ^ Poralla & Bradford, Prosopographie, pp. 8, 9.
  22. ^ Poralla & Bradford, Prosopographie, p. 93.
  23. ^ Poralla & Bradford, Prosopographie, p. 61.
  24. ^ Poralla & Bradford, Prosopographie, p. 82.
  25. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 21.
  26. ^ Shipley, Commentary on Agesilaos, p. 58, spells her Lampido.
  27. ^ Shipley, Commentary on Agesilaos, p. 58, translates her name as "well-foaled".
  28. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 21, writes that her mother is uncertain.
  29. ^ a b McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", p. 181.
  30. ^ Cawkwell, "Agesilaus and Sparta", p. 78 (note 59).
  31. ^ McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", pp. 164, 165, 181.
  32. ^ McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", p. 164, suggests that he was the second son of Archidamus III.
  33. ^ McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", p. 167.
  34. ^ McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", pp. 176, 181.
  35. ^ McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", pp. 176, 181.
  36. ^ Bradford, Prosopography, p. 15.
  37. ^ Bradford, Prosopography, p. 178, who calls him Eurydamidas.
  38. ^ Bradford, Prosopography, p. 75, is not sure he actually became king before his murder.
  39. ^ Cartledge & Spawforth, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, p. 70.
  40. ^ a b Briscoe, Commentary on Livy 34–37, p. 199, rejects the name, saying that it comes from a mistake from Livy, who misreads Polybius writing "a Laconian boy" (Laconicus in Latin). The name is otherwise not known in Sparta.
  41. ^ a b Poralla & Bradford, Prosopographie, p. 257, accepts the name Laconicus, but also mentions the possibility that he was a Leonidas, known from other deeds later, p. 262.
  42. ^ a b Cartledge, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, pp. 71, 232 (note 30), is hesitant on the name.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Huxley, "Problems", p. 187. These fictional dates come from the Chronicle of Eusebius, who took them from Diodorus of Sicily. The lists of kings in the Chronicle end with the reigns of Alkamenes and Theopompos.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21.
  45. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 22.
  46. ^ a b c d Parker, "Some Dates", p. 56.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h Parker, "Some Dates", p. 59.
  48. ^ Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21, dates his accession from c.590.
  49. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 103, dates his accession to c.575.
  50. ^ Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21, dates his accession from c.560.
  51. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 123, dates his accession from c.550.
  52. ^ Harvey, "The Length of the Reigns of Kleomenes", pp. 356, 357.
  53. ^ Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21, does not count him as king during his father's exile.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 22.
  55. ^ a b Cartledge, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, pp. 56, 57.
  56. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 296; Agesilaos, pp. 22, 23.
  57. ^ The spelling Euryphon is given by Herodotos.
  58. ^ The spelling Charillos is given by Pausanias.
  59. ^ a b Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 23.
  60. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 109. Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21.
  61. ^ Parker, "Some Dates", p. 59 (note 102).
  62. ^ Cartledge, Agesilaos, p. 23. Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21.
  63. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 103, suggests a date of c.560 for his death.
  64. ^ Forrest, History of Sparta, p. 21, favours c.550.
  65. ^ Cartledge, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, p. 57.
  66. ^ Shipley, Hellenistic Peloponnese, p. 76, "he was perhaps from a non- royal Heraclid family [...] but nevertheless related to the Eurypontid line".
  67. ^ Shipley, Hellenistic Peloponnese, p. 80.
  68. ^ Shipley, Hellenistic Peloponnese, pp. 76, 78.
  69. ^ Cartledge, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, pp. 60, 61.
  70. ^ Shipley, Hellenistic Peloponnese, pp. 80, 81.
  71. ^ Shipley, Hellenistic Peloponnese, p. 82 (note 217).

Bibliography[edit]

  • David Asheri, Alan Lloyd, Aldo Corcella, A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 9780198149569
  • John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond, L. Sollberger, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. III, part 1, The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 0521224969
  • W. den Boer, "Political Propaganda in Greek Chronology", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 5, H. 2 (Jun., 1956), pp. 162–177.
  • Alfred S. Bradford, A Prosopography of Lacedaemonians from the Death of Alexander the Great, 323 B. C., to the Sack of Sparta by Alaric, A. D. 396, Munich, Beck, 1977. ISBN 3406047971
  • John Briscoe, A Commentary on Livy: Books 34 - 37, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1981. ISBN 9780198144557
  • Paul Cartledge, Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0715630327
  • ——, Sparta and Lakonia, A Regional History 1300–362 BC, London, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1979). ISBN 0-415-26276-3
  • —— & Antony Spawforth, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, A tale of two cities, London and New York, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1989). ISBN 0-415-26277-1
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  • G. L. Huxley, "Problems in the "Chronography" of Eusebius", Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature, 1982, Vol. 82C, pp. 183–196.
  • E. I. McQueen, "The Eurypontid House in Hellenistic Sparta", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 39, H. 2 (1990), pp. 163–181.
  • Victor Parker, "Some Dates In Early Spartan History", Klio, 75, 1993, pp. 45–60.
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  • M. L. West, "Alcmanica", The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Nov., 1965), pp. 188–202.
  • Mary E. White, "Some Agiad Dates: Pausanias and His Sons", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 84 (1964), pp. 140–152.

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