English landscape garden

Rotunda at Stowe Garden (1730-38)

The paintings of Claude Lorrain inspired Stourhead and other English landscape gardens

The English garden or English landscape park (Template:Lang-fr, Template:Lang-it, Template:Lang-de) is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical Garden à la française of the 17th century as the principal gardening style of Europe.. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature, often inspired by paintings of landscapes by Claude Lorraine and Nicolas Poussin. It usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By the end of the eighteenth century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Tsarskoye Selo, the gardens of Catherine the Great. It also had a major influence on the form of the public parks and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.

History of the English Landscape Garden

Castle Howard (1699-1712), a predecessor of the English garden modeled on the gardens of Versailles.

The predecessors of the landscape garden in England were the great parks created by Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726) and Nicholas Hawksmoor at Castle Howard (1699-1712); Blenheim Palace (1705-1722) and the Claremont Landscape Garden at Claremont House (1715-1727). These parks featured vast lawns, woods, and pieces of architecture, such as the classical mausoleum designed by Hawksmoor at Castle Howard. At the center of the composition was the house, behind which were formal and symmetrical gardens in the style of the Garden à la française, with ornate carpets of floral designs and walls of hedges, decorated with statues and fountains. These gardens, modeled after the gardens of Versailles, were designed to impress visitors with their size and grandeur.

William Kent and Charles Bridgeman

The new style that became known as the English garden was invented by landscape designers William Kent and Charles Bridgeman, working for wealthy patrons, including Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, and banker Henry Hoare II; men who had large country estates, were members of the anti-royalist Whig Party, had classical educations, were patrons of the arts, and had taken the Grand tour to Italy, where they had seen the Roman ruins and Italian landscapes they reproduced in their gardens.

William Kent (1685-1738) was an architect, painter and furniture designer who introduced Palladian style architecture to England. Kent's inspiration came from Palladio's buildings in the Veneto and the landscapes and ruins around Rome - he lived in Italy from 1709 to 1719, and brought back many drawings of antique architecture and landscapes. His gardens were designed to compliment the Palladian archicture of the houses he built. .

Charles Bridgeman (1690-1738) was the son of a gardener and an experienced horticulturist, who became the Royal Gardener for Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark, responsible for tending and redesigning the royal gardens at Windsor, Kensington Palace [1], Hampton Court, St. James's Park and Hyde Park. He collaborated with Kent on several major gardens, providing the botanical expertise which allowed Kent to realize his architectural visions.

Chiswick House

Ionic Temple at Chiswick House

Kent created one of the first true English landscape gardens at Chiswick House for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. The first gardens that he laid out between 1724 and 1733 had many formal elements of a Garden à la française, including alleys forming a trident and canals, but they had something new - pictureque recreation of an Ionic temple set in a theater of trees. Between 1733 and 1736, he redesigned the garden again, adding lawns sloping down to the edge of river, and a small cascade. For the first time the form of a garden was inspired not by architecture, but by an idealized version of nature.

Rousham

Garden of Rousham House, by William Kent (1737)

Rousham in Oxfordshire is considered by some as the most accomplished and significant of William Kent's work.. The patron was General Dormer, who commissioned Bridgeman to begin the garden in 1727, then brought in Kent to recreate it in 1737. Bridgeman had built a series of gardens, including a grotto of Venus, on the slope along the river Cherwell, connected by a straight alleys. Kent turned the alleys into winding paths, built a gently turning stream, used the natural landscape features and slopes, and created a series of views and tableaus decorated with allegorical statues of Apollo, a wounded gladiator, a lion attacking a horse, and other subjects. He placed "eye-catchers," pieces of classical architecture, to decorate the landscape, and he made use of the "ha-ha," a trench used to hide a fences so the garden seemed to go into the far distance. Finally, he added cascades modeled on those of the garden of Aldobrandini and Pratolino in Italy, to add movement and drama. ..

Stowe House

Palladian Bridge at Stowe (1730-38)

Temple of Ancient Virtue at Stowe (William Kent, 1737)

Stowe, in Buckinghamshire, (1730-1738), was an even more radical departure from the formal French garden. In the early 1700s, Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, had commissioned Charles Bridgeman to design a formal garden, with architectural decorations by John Vanbrugh. Bridgeman's design included an octagonal lake and a Rotondo (1720-21) designed by Vanbrugh.

In the 1730s, William Kent and James Gibbs were appointed to work with Bridgeman, who died in 1738. Kent remade the lake in a more natural shape, and created a new kind of garden, which took visitors on a tour of picturesque landscapes. It eventually included a Palladian bridge (1738); a Temple of Venus (1731), in the form of a Palladian villa; A Temple of Ancient Virtues (1737), with statues of famous Greeks and Romans; a Temple of British Worthies (1734-1735), with statues of British heroes; , and a Temple of Modern Virtues, which was deliberately left in ruins, which contained a headless statue of Robert Walpole, Cobham's political rival.

The garden attracted visitors from all over Europe, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau. It became the inspiration for landscape gardens in Britain and on the Continent. (See French landscape garden.)

Stourhead

Stourhead (1741-80)

Stourhead, in Wiltshire (1741-80), created by banker Henry Hoare II, was one of first 'picturesque' gardens, inspired to resemble the paintings of Claude Lorrain. Hoare had traveled to Italy on the Grand Tour and had returned with a painting by Claude Lorrain. Hoare dammed a stream on his estate, created a lake, and surrounded the lake with lanscapes and architectural constructions representing the different steps of the journey of Aeneas in the Aeneid by Virgil. .

The Great Age of the English Garden - Capability Brown

Blenheim Palace Park, by Capability Brown

garden of Chatsworth House, by Capability Brown

The most influential figure in the later development of the English landscape garden was Lancelot "Capability" Brown (1716-1783) who began his career in 1740 as a gardener at Stowe under Charles Bridgeman, then succeeded William Kent in 1748.

Brown's contribution was to simplify the garden by eliminating geometric structures, alleys, and parterres near the house and replacing them with rolling lawns and extensive views out to isolated groups of trees, making the landscape seem even larger. "He sought to create an ideal landscape out of the English countryside.". He created artificial lakes and used dams and canals to transform streams or springs into the illusion that a river flowed through the garden.

He compared his own role as a garden designer to that of a poet or composer. "Here I put a comma, there, when it's necessary to cut the view, I put a parenthesis; there I end it with a period and start on another theme.".

Brown designed 170 gardens. The most important were:

• Petworth (West Sussex) in 1752;
• Chatsworth (Derbyshire) in 1761;
• Bowood (Wiltshire) in 1763;
• Blenheim Palace (Oxfordshire) in 1764.

The Anglo-Chinese Garden

The Kew Gardens Pagoda at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, London

A Chinese house was built in the garden at Stowe House as early as 1838, starting a fashion for exotic architecture in gardens. Chinese architectural features gained in popularity thanks largely to William Chambers (1723-1796), who lived in China from 1745 to 1747, and wrote a book, The Drawings, buildings, furniture, habits, machines and untensils of the Chinese, published in 1757. In the same year, he built a garden with a pagoda and a Chinese house in Kew, London. The garden including garden architecture symbolizing all parts of the world and all historical periods. The Anglo-Chinese Garden style became popular in the late 18th century, and Chinese pavillions appeared in English gardens all across Europe. .

The Gothic Revival Influence on English Gardens

In the 1750s, classical architecture and Chinese architecture were joined by gothic revival ruins in English gardens. This was largely the result of poet Horace Walpole, who introduced gothic revival features into his house and garden at Strawberry Hill in Twickenham.

At Stowe, Capability Brown followed the new fashion between 1740 and 1753 by adding a new section to the park, called Hawkwelle Hill or the gothic promenade, with a gothic revival building.

The English Garden Spreads to the Continent

The English Grounds of Wörlitz were one of the largest English parks in 18th-century Europe.

Descriptions of English gardens were first brought to France by the Abbé Le Blanc, who published accounts of his voyage in 1745 and 1751. A treatise on the English garden, Observations on Modern Gardening, written by Thomas Whately and published in London in 1770, was translated into French in 1771. After the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, French noblemen were able to voyage to England and see the gardens for themselves, and the style began to be adapted in French gardens. The new style also had the advantage of requiring fewer gardeners, and was easier to maintain, than the French garden.

One of the first English gardens on the continent was at Ermenonville, in France, built by marquis René Louis de Girardin from 1763 to 1776 and based on the ideals of Jean Jacques Rousseau, who was buried within the park. Rousseau and the garden's founder had visited Stowe a few years earlier. Other early examples were the Désert de Retz, Yvelines (1774-1782); the Gardens of the Château de Bagatelle, in the Bois de Boulogne, west of Paris (1777-1784); The Folie Saint James, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, (1777-1780); and the Château de Méréville, in the Essonne department, (1784-1786). Even at Versailles, the home of the most classical of all French gardens, a small English landscape park with a roman temple was built by the Petit Trianon and a mock village, the Hameau de la reine, Versailles (1783-1789), was created for Marie Antoinette. (See the French landscape garden).

The new style also spread to Germany. The central Wörlitzer Park, adjacent to the small town of Wörlitz, was laid out between 1769 and 1773 by the Duke Leopold III, based on the models of Claremont, Stourhead and Stowe Landscape Garden. Another notable example was The Englischer Garten in Munich, Germany, created in 1789 by Sir Benjamin Thompson (1753-1814).

The style also spread rapidly to Russia, where in 1774 Catherine the Great adapted the new style in the park of her palace at Tsarskoe Selo, complete with a mock Chinese village and a Palladian bridge, modeled after that at Wilton House.

Characteristics of the English Garden

The European "English garden" is characteristically on a smaller scale and more filled with "eye-catchers" than most English landscape gardens: grottoes, temples, tea-houses, belvederes, pavilions, sham ruins, bridges and statues, though the main ingredients of the English garden in England are sweeps of gently rolling ground and water, against a woodland background with clumps of trees and outlier groves.The name— not used in the United Kingdom, where "landscape garden" serves— differentiates it from the formal baroque design of the Garden à la française . One of the best-known English gardens in Europe is the Englischer Garten in Munich.

The dominant style was revised in the early nineteenth century to include more "gardenesque" features, including shrubberies with gravelled walks, tree plantations to satisfy botanical curiosity, and, most notably, the return of flowers, in skirts of sweeping planted beds. This is the version of the landscape garden most imitated in Europe in the nineteenth century. The outer areas of the "home park" of English country houses retain their naturalistic shaping. English gardening since the 1840s has been on a more restricted scale, closer and more allied to the residence.

The canonical European English park contains a number of Romantic elements. Always present is a pond or small lake with a pier or bridge. Overlooking the pond is a round or hexagonal pavilion, often in the shape of a monopteros, a Roman temple. Sometimes the park also has a "Chinese" pavilion. Other elements include a grotto and imitation ruins.

Notable designers of the English prototypes of the Englischer Garten include John Vanbrugh (1664-1726). Stephen Switzer (1682-1745), the poet Alexander Pope (1688-1744), Charles Bridgeman (1690-1738), William Kent (1685-1748).

A second style of English garden, which became popular during the twentieth century in France and northern Europe, is the late nineteenth-century English cottage garden.

Gallery

• 
  Claremont Belvedere
• 
  Bowood House Gardens, by Capability Brown
• 
  Grotto at Bowood House, by Capability Brown
• 
  Petworth House Garden, by Capability Brown
• 
  The Monopteros in the Englischer Garten in Munich
• 
  Ruins and a grotto in Dessau-Wörlitz
• 
  The pond in Sheffield Park Garden
• 
  The Chinese Tower in the Englischer Garten

See also

• List of landscape gardens
• French landscape garden

Bibliography

• The English Garden, Phaidon Press, London, 2008.
• Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe, Citadelle at Mazenot, Paris, 2006
• Lucia Impelluso, Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes', Mondatori Electra, Milan
• Philippe Prévôt, Histoires des jardins, Éditions Sud Ouest, Bordeaux 2008

External links

• The English Garden Magazine website
• The English Landscape Garden (1600-1818)