Ewa Kłobukowska
Personal information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nationality | Polish | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | 1 October 1946 Warsaw, Poland | (age 77)||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Weight | 60 kg (130 lb) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sport | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sport | Athletics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Event | Sprint | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Club | Skra Warszawa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Achievements and titles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal best(s) | 100 m – 11.1 (1965) 200 m – 22.9 (1967)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medal record
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Ewa Kłobukowska (born 1 October 1946) is a former Polish sprinter. She competed at the 1964 Olympics in the 4×100 m relay and 100 m sprint and won a gold and a bronze medal, respectively.[2] She also won two gold and one silver medal at the 1966 European Championships. Kłobukowska set three world records, one in the 100 m (11.1 s, 9 July 1965 in Prague) and two in the 4 × 100 m relay (44.2 s, 13 September 1964, Lodz and 43.6 s, 21 October 1964, Tokyo). They were annulled by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) after she failed a gender identification test in 1967, though the test procedures were later found to be inadequate.[3][4]
Personal life
Kłobukowska was born in a family of intellectuals. In 1965 she graduated from a Technical School of Economics No. 6 and in 1972 from the Warsaw School of Economics.[3]
Gender
Kłobukowska failed a traditional gender test for European Cup women's track and field competition in Kiev in 1967 and was subsequently banned from competing in professional sports.[5] According to the IAAF she had "one chromosome too many." Medical publications revealed that Klobukowska is a genetic mosaic of XX/XXY. If she had been tested one year later at the Mexico Olympics she would have been eligible on the grounds that she was Barr Body positive. Klobukowska has a Barr Body in all of her cells. Athletes without such a Barr Body (inactive X-chromosome) were suspended from competition by 1968 in Mexico City. She gave birth to her son in 1968, and thus must have had a genetic abnormality.[6] Her humiliation led to a change in the gender verification policies by the International Olympic Committee, which from then on kept test results secret.[7]
IAAF erased the three world records set by Kłobukowska, including the two team records in the 4×100 m relay.[3][8]
See also
References
- ^ Ewa Klobukowska. trackfield.brinkster.net
- ^ Ewa Kłobukowska. sports-reference.com
- ^ a b c Kłobukowska Ewa. Polish Olympic Committee
- ^ Ritchie, R.; Reynard, J.; Lewis, T. (2008). "Intersex and the Olympic Games". JRSM. 101 (8): 395. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.080086.
- ^ Ferguson-Smith, M A; Ferris, E A (1991). "Gender verification in sport: The need for change?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 25 (1): 17–20. doi:10.1136/bjsm.25.1.17. PMC 1478807. PMID 1817477.
- ^ Adams, Guy. (1 August 2012) Tarnished gold: Some of the 'great' Olympics cheats. The Independent.
- ^ Schultz, Jaime (2012). "Disciplining Sex: 'Gender Verification' Policies and Women's Sports". In Helen Jefferson Lenskyj (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies. Stephen Wagg. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 443–60. ISBN 9780230367463. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- ^ Athletics at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games: Women's 4 × 100 metres Relay. sports-reference.com
- Use dmy dates from July 2013
- 1946 births
- Living people
- Intersex sportspeople
- Polish female sprinters
- Olympic athletes of Poland
- Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
- Olympic gold medalists for Poland
- Olympic bronze medalists for Poland
- Sportspeople from Warsaw
- Gender verification in sports
- European Athletics Championships medalists
- Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
- Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
- Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
- Polish athletics biography stubs