Finns

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 81.106.128.119 (talk) at 16:38, 9 May 2008 (→‎Genetics: This was added by someone who totally missed the point here - European genepools were used as reference to verify the 10% Uralic admix in the Finns - therefore they were 100% European). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the European ethnic group. For other uses of "Finns" or "Finn", see Finn.
Finns
File:Finns (ethnic group).jpg
Alvar Aalto • Mikael Agricola • Minna Canth • Tarja Halonen
Tove Jansson • C.G.E. Mannerheim • Karita Mattila • Jean Sibelius
Regions with significant populations
 Finland:       approx. 5,300,000[1]
Other significant population centers:
 United States700,000[2]
 Sweden470,000
 Canada120,000[3]
 Russia34,000[4]
 United Kingdom30,000[5]
 Germany16,000 (in 2002)[6]
 Estonia11,000[7]
 Australia8,619[8]
 Norway5.3 (15,000 -60,000 including Kvens)[9][10][11]
 Spain5000 (in 2001)[12]
Languages
Finnish, Swedish
Languages related to Finnish include Estonian, Karelian, Vepsian, Võro and to a lesser extent,
all Finno-Ugric Languages.
Swedish is a Scandinavian language, closely related to Norwegian, Danish and Icelandic, and to a lesser extent to all Indo-European Languages.
Religion
Indigenously Finnish Paganism, Christianization from the 11th century onwards (the two faiths coexisted for centuries). Today predominantly Protestant (mainly Lutheran);
Orthodox minorities.

The terms Finns and Finnish people (Finnish: suomalaiset, Swedish: finländare) are used in English to mean "a native or inhabitant of Finland". They are also used to refer to the ethnic group historically associated with Finland or Fennoscandia, and they are only used in that sense here.[13][14]

As with most ethnic groups, the definition of Finns may vary. Usually, in every definition, the term includes the Finnish-speaking population of Finland. The group can also be seen to include the Swedish-speaking population of Finland and the Finnish-speaking population of Sweden. Smaller populations that may or may not be seen to fall under the term Finns include the Kvens in Norway, the Tornedalians of Sweden and the Ingrian Finns of Russia. Finns can be divided according to dialect into subgroups sometimes traditionally called heimo, but such divisions have become less important with internal migration.

Linguistically, Finnish, spoken by most Finns, is closest related to the other Baltic-Finnic languages Estonian and Karelian, while Swedish, spoken by Swedish-speaking Finns, is unrelated to the Finnish language and a member of the Indo-European language family. Finnish has loanwords from Swedish, other Germanic and broader Indo-European languages in different chronological layers while Swedish has few loan words from the Baltic-Finnic languages. Genetically, Finns seem to be a fairly homogeneous group with a genetic heritage mostly in common with the other European ethnicities.[15][16]

Definition

The Finnish Population Registry Center maintains information on the place of birth, citizenship and mother tongue of the people living in Finland, but does not specifically categorize any as Finns by ethnicity.[17] Like all ethnicities, Finns are subject to the phenomenon of ethnogenesis. Language—both active and lost—has traditionally been seen as a key element when defining a people or its descendants.

Finnish-speaking Finns

Main article: Finnish language

With regard to language, in addition to most Finnish-speaking inhabitants of mainland Finland, also Kvens (people of Finnish descent in Norway), Tornedalians (people of Finnish descent in northernmost Sweden), and Evangelical Lutheran Ingrian Finns are usually considered Finnish people.

The Finnish speakers form the large majority of Finns.

Swedish-speaking Finns

Main article: Swedish-speaking Finns

The area of modern Finland was part of the Swedish kingdom for several hundred years, and a small population of people having Swedish as their mother tongue exists in the country. The ethnicity of the Swedish-speaking Finns (or Finland-Swedes) is debated with positions emphasizing in one extreme a settler nature and in the other extreme a language-shifting nature of this group.

In Finland, language is typically considered the basic and even the only criterion that distinguishes the Finnish-speakers and the Swedish-speakers from each other.[18] In general, Swedish speaking Finns consider themselves to be just as much Finnish as the Finnish-speaking majority, but they have their own special identity distinct from that of the majority, and they wish to be recognized as such. In a 2005 survey by Svenska Finlands Folkting carried out among the Swedish speakers, when asked about the meaning of their identity, 82% of the respondents answered: "Both to belong to an own culture but also to be Finnish amongst the rest."[19]

On the other hand, the Swedish-speaking Finns can be seen to fulfill some of the four major criteria for a separate ethnic group: self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure, and ancestry.[20] (The last criterion being put in question by loss of genetic differences between the linguistic groups, see below).

Sweden Finns

Main article: Sweden Finns

These include recent immigrants from Finland and (at least originally) Finnish-speaking people that have lived in Sweden for centuries. An estimated 450,000 first- or second-generation Finns live in Sweden, of which approximately half speak Finnish. The majority moved from Finland to Sweden following the Second World War, with a peak in 1970 and declining thereafter. There are also historical Finnish-speaking minorities in Sweden, for example the Tornedalingar (Torne Valley Finns) and the Finns of Dalecarlia. As a result, the Finnish language has an official status as one of five minority languages in Sweden.[21]

Other groups

In some texts in the past, the term 'Finns' may have also been employed generally for other Finnic peoples, including Izhorians in Ingria, Karelians and Veps.

Terminology

The Finnish term for Finns is suomalaiset (sing. suomalainen).

The Finnish and Swedish terms for the Swedish-speaking population of Finland are the expressions suomenruotsalaiset and finlandssvenskar respectively, which translate literally with regard to each other. In Finland Swedish usage and mindset the following distinctions are usually made: The nation (people) consists of Finnish speakers (Finland Swedish: finnar) and Swedish speakers (Finland Swedish: finlandssvenskar) who together with smaller minorities constitute the people of Finland (Finland Swedish: finländare). In Swedish spoken outside of Finland, in particular in Sweden, the term finländare is less known, and these distinctions are not always made.

Translating this terminology accurately into foreign languages, including Sweden's Swedish, is a tricky matter because the terminology closely reflects the nation's entire language issue, which played an intricate part in the process of the crystallisation of the nation's self-perception and in the interpretation of its history, and because it still affects these. Indeed, one of the very first domestic matters addressed during the process of national awakening in the 19th century was the language question.

It is therefore debatable which English terms best match the Finnish and (Finland-)Swedish terms suomalaiset (finländare, finnar) and finlandssvenskar (suomenruotsalaiset). Nevertheless, Swedish-speaking Finns seems to be the English term most commonly used today for[22] and by[23] the Swedish-speaking population of Finland, although the term Finland Swedes is in wide use too, at least in English written by non-native speakers in Scandinavia.

Similarly debatable is how to best designate the people living in Sweden who are current Finnish speakers or have Finnish or Finnish-speaking ancestors. The terms used include the traditional Sweden Finns and the more modern Finnish Swedes, instead of which it may be preferable to differentiate between (recent) Finnish immigrants and the indigenous Finnish ethnic minority in Sweden.[24]

As the meanings of these terms have changed in time, these terms may well be used with other meanings than those given above, particularly in foreign and older works.

Etymology

Historical references relating to Europe's north are scarce and the names given to its peoples obscure, and so the etymologies of the names of these peoples and geographic regions remain rather sketchy. Such names as Fenni, Phinnoi, Finnum, and Skrithfinni / Scridefinnum were used in a few written texts for almost two millennia in association with a people located in a northern part of Europe, but the real meaning of these terms is debatable. The earliest mentions of this kind are usually interpreted to have meant Fennoscandian hunter-gatherers whose closest successors in modern terms would be the Sami people.[25] It has been suggested that this non-Uralic ethnonym is of Germanic language origin and related to such words as finthan (Old High German) 'find', 'notice'; fanthian (Old High German) 'check', 'try'; and fendo (Old High German) and vende (Old Middle German) 'pedestrian', 'wanderer'.[26]. Another etymological interpretation associates this ethnonym with fen in a more toponymical approach. Yet another theory postulates that the words finn and kven are cognates. In the Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas (dating from about the 11th to 14th centuries), some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, words like finnr and finnas are not used consistently. Most of the time, however, they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style, i.e. the Sami.

Interestingly, an etymological link between the Sami and the Finns exists also in modern Finno-Ugric languages. It has been proposed that e.g. the toponyms Sapmi (Sami for Lapland), Suomi (Finnish for Finland), and Häme (Finnish for Tavastia) are of the same origin,[27] the source of which might be related to the proto-Baltic word *zeme meaning 'land'.[28] How, why, and when these designations started to mean specifically people in Southwestern Finland (Finland Proper, Varsinais-Suomi) and later the whole area of modern Finland is unknown.

Among the first written documents possibly designating western Finland as the land of Finns are two rune stones. One of these is in Söderby, Sweden, with the inscription finlont (U 582 †), and the other is in Gotland, a Swedish island in the Baltic Sea, with the inscription finlandi (G 319 M) dating from the 11th century.[29]

History

A peasant girl and a woman in traditional dress from Ruokolahti, eastern Finland, as depicted by Severin Falkman in 1882

See also: History of Finland

With regard to the ancestry of the Finnish people, the modern view emphasises the overall continuity in Finland's archeological finds [30] and (earlier more obvious) linguistic surroundings. Archaeological data suggest the spreading of at least cultural influences from many sources ranging from the south-east to the south-west following gradual developments rather than clear-cut migrations.

The possible mediators and the timelines for the development of the Uralic majority language of the Finns are equally uncertain. On the basis of comparative linguistics, it has been postulated that the separation of the Baltic-Finnic and the Sami languages took place during the 2nd millennium BC, the proto-Uralic roots of the entire language group dating perhaps from about the 6th to the 8th millennium BC. When the Uralic or Finno-Ugric languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland is a matter of debate but the current opinion is leaning towards the Stone Age.[31]

Because the Finnish language itself reached a written form only in the 16th century, not much primary data remains of early Finnish life. For example, the origins of such cultural icons as the sauna, the kantele (a harplike instrument), and the Kalevala (national epic) have remained rather obscure.

Finland's Swedish speakers descend from peasants and fishermen who settled coastal Finland ca. 1000–1250,[32] from the subsequent immigration during Swedish sovereignty over Finland,[33] and from Finns and immigrants who adopted the Swedish language.[34]

Subdivisions

See also: Finnish language § Dialects

Finns are traditionally assumed to originate from two different populations speaking different dialects of Proto-Finnish (kantasuomi). Thus, a division into West Finnish and East Finnish is made. Further, there are subgroups, traditionally called heimo,[35][36] according to dialects and local culture. Although ostensibly based on late Iron Age settlement patterns, the heimos have been constructed according to dialect during the rise of nationalism in the 19th century. A comparable concept is the Twelve Tribes of Israel.

  • Western[37]
    • Häme: Tavastians or Häme people (hämäläiset)
    • Ostrobothnia: Ostrobothnians (pohjalaiset); Southern Ostrobothnians (eteläpohjalaiset) have a particularly distinct identity and dialect
    • Southwestern Finland: varsinaissuomalaiset
    • Västerbotten, Sweden: speakers of Meänkieli, a Far Northern dialect of Finnish
  • Emigrants
    • Forest Finns (Metsäsuomalaiset) of Sweden
    • Finnish immigrants to Sweden (ruotsinsuomalaiset)
    • Kvens (kveenit) of Finnmark, Norway
    • Other emigrant Finns (ulkosuomalaiset)
  • Swedish-speakers also have several dialectal subdivisions.

The historical provinces of Finland and Sweden can be seen to approximate some of these divisions. The regions of Finland, another remnant of a past governing system, can be seen to reflect a further manifestation of a local identity.

Today's (urbanized) Finns are not usually aware of the concept of 'heimo' nor do they typically identify with one, although the use of dialects has experienced a recent revival. Urbanized Finns do not necessarily know a particular dialect and tend to use standard Finnish or city slang but they may switch to a dialect when visiting their native area.

Genetics

File:Genomap01.jpg

Recently, mitochondrial (female lineage) and Y-chromosomal (male lineage) DNA-markers have been started to use in tracing back the history of human populations. As for the paternal and maternal genetic lineages of Finnish people and other peoples, see, e.g., the National Geographic Genographic Project and the Suomi DNA-projekti.

In essence, the types of mtDNA markers of Finnish people do not differ from those of other European ethnicities.[38] Haplogroup U5, for example, estimated to be the oldest mtDNA haplogroup in Europe and found in the whole of Europe at a low frequency, seems to be found in significantly higher levels among Finns, Estonians and the Sami.[39]

With regard to the Y-chromosome, besides the markers found in other European populations, the haplotype N3 appears in Finland at clearly higher frequencies than in most other European populations. Haplotype N3 is a subgroup of the haplogroup N (Y-DNA) distributed across northern Eurasia and estimated in a recent study to be 10,000–20,000 years old and suggested to have entered Europe about 12,000–14,000 years ago from Asia.[40]

According to an earlier study conducted by four scientists, including Cavalli-Sforza LL:

Principal coordinate analysis shows that Lapps/Sami are almost exactly intermediate between people located geographically near the Ural mountains and speaking Uralic languages, and central and northern Europeans. Hungarians and Finns are definitely closer to Europeans. An analysis of genetic admixture between Uralic and European ancestors shows that Lapps/Sami are slightly more than 50% European, Hungarians are 87% European, and Finns are 90% European. There is basic agreement between these conclusions and historical data on Hungary. Less is known about Finns and very little about Lapps/Sami.[41]

According to recent autosomal (genomewide, 10,000 markers instead of few looked at Y-DNA and MtDNA-studies) give distinct picture of Finnish genes. Finns are a genetic isolate. It could be said that all other Europeans have Finnish genes but Finns don't have all the genes found in other Europeans. Finns show very little if any Mediterranean and African genes but on the other hand almost 10% Finnish genes seem to be shared with some Siberian populations. Nevertheless more than 80% of Finnish genes are from single ancient North-European population, while most Europeans are admixture of 3 or more principal components.[42]

Genetics of the Swedish-speaking Finns

A few studies have shown that Swedish-speaking Finns, as a whole, today share affinities in their genetic make up more with other Finns and less with Swedes.[43][44] Previously, it was thought that existence of the haplogroup I1a on both sides of the Gulf of Bothnia reflected a direct spread of this marker from one side to the other but a recent study shows that the I1a on the western side of the Gulf of Bothnia and that on the eastern side have different histories. The same paper reports "a lack of association between the Western Finns and Swedes in SAMOVA analysis" and states that "the presence of the haplogroup in Finland and Karelia is not merely due to Swedish influence."[45] Even today, there are, however, some people who believe that Swedish-speaking Finns as a whole are genetically or culturally more similar to Swedes than to Finns, and these views were widespread in the 19th century when scientists confused the concepts of language and genetics (called "race" at the time).[46]

Theories of the origin of Finns

In the 19th century, the Finnish researcher Matthias Castrén prevailed with the theory that "the original home of Finns" was in west-central Siberia.[47] Later, the theory of an ancient homeland of all Finno-Ugric speaking peoples situated in a region between the Volga and Kama rivers in the European part of Russia appeared more credible. Until the 1970s, most linguists believed Finns to have arrived in Finland as late as the first centuries AD. Accumulating archaeological data, however, suggested that the area of contemporary Finland had been inhabited continuously from the ice-age onwards contrary to the earlier idea that the area had experienced long uninhabited intervals. One conclusion was that the ancestors of the Finns arrived in their present territory thousands of years ago, perhaps in many successive waves of immigration. During this immigration, the possible linguistic and cultural ancestors of the hunting-gathering Sami were pushed into the more remote northern regions.[48]

Kalevi Wiik, a professor emeritus of phonetics at the University of Turku, postulated a controversial theory in the 1990s. According to Wiik, the ancestors of the Finns lived during the Ice Age in one of three habitable areas of southern Europe, so-called refugia, the two other habitable areas being the homes of the Indo-European and Basque languages. According to this theory, Finno-Ugric speakers spread to the north as the ice melted. They populated central and northern Europe, while Basque speakers populated western Europe. As agriculture spread from the south-west into Europe, the Indo-European languages spread among the hunter-gatherers. In this process, both the hunter-gatherers speaking Finno-Ugric and those speaking Basque learned how to cultivate land and became Indo-Europeanized. According to Wiik, this is how the Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, and Baltic languages were formed. Due to their isolated location, the linguistic ancestors of modern Finns did not switch their language.[49] Wiik's theory, the main supporters of which are Ago Künnap, Kyösti Julku and Angela Marcanio, has attrated strong criticism from other scholars. Especially Raimo Anttila, Petri Kallio and brothers Ante and Aslak Aikio have renounced Wiik's theory with strong words, even hinting on right-wing tendencies among Wiik's supporters.[50][48] The most heated debate took place in the Finnish journal Kaltio during autumn 2002. Since then, the debate has calmed, each side retaining their positions.[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ Finnish Population Registry Center 31.12.2006. The figure consists of inhabitants, citizens or not, of Finland living in Finland that have Finnish or Swedish as their mother tongue, born in Finland or abroad.
  2. ^ | Ancestry 2000 By Angela Brittingham and G. Patricia de la Cruz
  3. ^ Finland at a glance virtual.finland.fi
  4. ^ Template:Ru icon Population of Russia
  5. ^ EMBASSY OF FINLAND, London
  6. ^ [http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/db/stat/fin/art.php?artid=56 Euroopassa asuneet Suomen kansalaiset maittain 1971-2002. Retrieved 11-21-2007.
  7. ^ Population Statistics, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Estonia, 2007
  8. ^ Siirtolaisuusinstituutti
  9. ^ Koivukangas K (2005). Finland – A Land of Emigrants, Virtual Finland, Institute of Migration, Finland
  10. ^ St.meld. nr. 15 (2000-2001) " http://odin.dep.no/krd/norsk/dok/regpubl/stmeld/016001-040003/hov005-bn.html Om nasjonale minoriteter i Norge
  11. ^ Saressalo, L. (1996), Kveenit. Tutkimus erään pohjoisnorjalaisen vähemmistön identiteetistä. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia, 638. Helsinki.
  12. ^ [http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/db/stat/fin/art.php?artid=56 Euroopassa asuneet Suomen kansalaiset maittain 1971-2002. Retrieved 11-21-2007.
  13. ^ "Finn noun" The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition). Ed. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Tampere University of Technology. 3 August 2007 [1]
  14. ^ Perspectives to Finnish Identity, by Anne Ollila: Scandinavian Journal of History, Volume 23, Numbers 3-4, 1 September 1998, pp. 127-137(11). Retrieved 6 October 2006.
  15. ^ "Since the (two) population (groups') genetic, ecological and socioeconomic circumstances are equal, Swedish speakers’ longer active life is difficult to explain by conventional health-related risk factors." Markku T. Hyyppä and Juhani Mäki: Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital
  16. ^ Rootsi, S., Zhivotovsky, L. A., et al. (2006). A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. [2] (PDF).
  17. ^ Annual population statistics of Finland.
  18. ^ Horn F, Niemi H. "National minorities of Finland, the Swedish speaking Finns", Virtual Finland, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 2004.
  19. ^ (Swedish: Både att höra till en egen kultur, men också att vara en finländare bland alla andra. Finnish: Kuulumista omaan kulttuuriin, mutta myös suomalaisena olemista muiden joukossa.) See Template:Sv iconTemplate:Fi icon"Folktingets undersökning om finlandssvenskarnas identitet – Identitet och framtid", Folktinget, 2005.
  20. ^ Finland has generally been regarded as an example of a monocultural and egalitarian society. However, Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and ancestry (Allardt and Starck, 1981; Bhopal, 1997). Markku T. Hyyppä and Juhani Mäki: Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital
  21. ^ Sverigefinnar
  22. ^ National Minorities of Finland, The Swedish-speaking Finns — Virtual Finland
  23. ^ http://www.folktinget.fi/pdf/publikationer/SwedishInF.pdf
  24. ^ "Traditionally, immigrants were described in English and most other languages by an adjective indicating the new country of residence and a noun indicating their country of origin or their ethnic group. The term "Sweden Finns" corresponds to this naming method. Immigrants to the USA have however always been designated the "other way around" by an adjective indicating the ethnic or national origin and a noun indicating the new country of residence, for example "Finnish Americans" (never "American Finns"). The term "Finnish Swedes" corresponds to this more modern naming method that is increasingly used in most countries and languages because it emphasises the status as full and equal citizens of the new country while providing information about cultural roots. (For more information about these different naming methods see Swedish-speaking Finns.) Other possible modern terms are "Finnish ethnic minority in Sweden" and "Finnish immigrants". These may be preferable because they make a clear distinction between these two very different population groups for which use of a single term is questionable and because "Finnish Swedes" is often used like "Finland Swedes" to mean "Swedish-speaking Finns". It should perhaps also be pointed out that many Finnish and Swedish speakers are unaware that the English word "Finn" elsewhere than in this article usually means "a native or inhabitant of Finland" ([3], [4], [5]) and only sometimes also has the meaning "a member of a people speaking Finnish or a Finnic language" or has this as its primary but not exclusive meaning.[6]
  25. ^ Prehistory — Virtual Finland
  26. ^ Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
  27. ^ Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
  28. ^ Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
  29. ^ http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/fmu/tiedot?b_id=10&language=fin
  30. ^ Prehistory — Virtual Finland
  31. ^ Prehistory — Virtual Finland
  32. ^ http://www.folktinget.fi/pdf/publikationer/SwedishInF.pdf
  33. ^ Swedish in Finland — Virtual Finland
  34. ^ http://www.folktinget.fi/pdf/publikationer/SwedishInF.pdf
  35. ^ Heimo is often mistranslated as "tribe", but a heimo is a dialectal and cultural kinship rather than a genetic kinship, and represents a much larger and disassociated group of people. Suomalaiset heimot. From the book Hänninen, K. Kansakoulun maantieto ja kotiseutuoppi yksiopettajaisia kouluja varten. Osakeyhtiö Valistus, Raittiuskansan Kirjapaino Oy, Helsinki 1929, neljäs painos. The excerpt from a 1929 school book shows the generalized concept. Retrieved 1-13-2008.
  36. ^ Sedergren, J (2002) Evakko – elokuva ja romaani karjalaispakolaisista. Ennen & nyt 3/2002. Retrieved 1-13-2008. The reference is a movie review, which however discusses the cultural phenomenon of the evacuation of Finnish Karelia using and analyzing the heimo concept rather generally.
  37. ^ Topelius, Z. (1876) Maamme kirja. Lukukirja alimmaisille oppilaitoksille Suomessa. Toinen jakso. Suom. Johannes Bäckvall. Retrieved 13-1-2008. Pp. 187 onwards shows the stereotypical generalizations of the heimos listed here.
  38. ^ Recent mitochondrial genetic research, which can discover facts concerning tens of thousands of years ago, "supports the assumption of a Western genotype for the Finns".[7] Dead link
  39. ^ The Genographic Project at National Geographic
  40. ^ [8] and [9]
  41. ^ Uralic genes in Europe by Guglielmino CR, Piazza A, Menozzi P, Cavalli-Sforza LL [10]
  42. ^ [11] Dead link
  43. ^ The frequency of haplogroup N3 is higher in the Swedish-speaking population of Ostrobothnia than e.g. the Finnish-speaking population of Southern Ostrobothnia; however, there is also an affinitiy with Swedes according to the study: "The most evident link to the Scandinavia region is the high frequency of haplogroup I1a only in Scandinavia (Rootsi et al., 2004) and Western Finland, where this haplogroup reaches its highest reported frequency of 40%. This suggests a major Swedish influence in the western parts of Finland." [12]
  44. ^ "Since the (two) population (groups') genetic, ecological and socioeconomic circumstances are equal, Swedish speakers’ longer active life is difficult to explain by conventional health-related risk factors." Markku T. Hyyppä and Juhani Mäki: Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital
  45. ^ "The surprisingly high diversities of I1a among the eastern Finnish and Baltic populations, and the lack of association between the Western Finns and the Swedes in SAMOVA analysis suggest that I1a has been involved in bifurcating migrations both via Sweden and the Baltic states, and that the presence of the haplogroup in Finland and Karelia is not merely due to Swedish influence." [13]
  46. ^ "During the past period of language disputes, language was often equated with nationality and race, and racist views have also not been rare in the history of Finland's national languages. Contemporary research however rejects most of the race doctrines presented in the name of science in the past. Swedish-speaking Finns, the so-called Finland Swedes, are also genetically close to other Finns, not just Swedes." Official document of a committee of experts appointed by the Finnish Ministry of Justice (Translated from p.5 beginning at "Menneiden kieliriitojen aikana...")
  47. ^ [http://www.kotikielenseura.fi/virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/1986_178.pdf Lehikoinen, L. (1986) D.E.D Europaeus kirjasuomen kehittäjänä ja tutkijana. Virittäjä, 1986, 178–202. , with German abstract. Retrieved 1-8-2008.
  48. ^ a b [http://cc.oulu.fi/~anaikio/Heimovaelluksista_jatkuvuuteen.pdf Aikio, A & Aikio, A. (2001). Heimovaelluksista jatkuvuuteen – suomalaisen väestöhistorian tutkimuksen pirstoutuminen. Muinaistutkija 4/2001. Retrieved 1-7-2008
  49. ^ [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?53 Julku, K. (2002) Suomalaisten kaukaiset juuret. Kaltio 3/2002. . Retrieved 8-1-2008. The article presents a very good outline on the Wiik's theory.
  50. ^ [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?384 Anttila, R., Kallio, P. (2002) Suur-Suomen tiede harhapoluilla. Kaltio 4/2002. Retrieved 1-7-2008. The article name Suur-Suomen tiede harhapoluilla translates as "The scholarship of Greater Finland on erraneous paths". The term Suur-Suomi, "Greater Finland" was used in nationalist propaganda in interbellum era to mean a political construct involving Finland, Eastern Karelia, Ingria, Estonia, Kola peninsula, and Northern parts of Sweden and Norway.
  51. ^ The debate (in Finnish) is accessible in Kaltio's website. Retrieved 1-7-2008

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finns&oldid=211286348"