Form factor (mobile phones)

The form factor of a mobile phone is its size, shape, and style, as well as the layout and position of its major components. There are three major form factors – bar phones, flip phones, and sliders – as well as sub-categories of these forms and some atypical forms.

Bar

A bar (also known as a slab, block, candybar) phone takes the shape of a cuboid, usually with rounded corners and/or edges. The name is derived from the rough resemblance to a chocolate bar in size and shape. This form factor is widely used by a variety of manufacturers, such as Nokia and Sony Ericsson. Bar type mobile phones commonly have the screen and keypad on a single face. The Samsung SPH-M620 has a unique bar style, offering different devices on either side of the bar: a phone on one side, and a digital audio player on the other. Sony Ericsson also had a well-known 'MarsBar' phone model CM-H333.

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  A Nokia E51, a typical bar phone

Brick

"Brick" is a slang term almost always used to refer to large, outdated bar-type phones, typically early mobile phones with large batteries and electronics. However, "brick" has more recently been applied to older phone models in general, including non-bar form factors (flip, slider, swivel, etc.), and even early touchscreen phones as well, due to their size and relative lack of functionality to newer models. Such early mobile phones, such as the Motorola DynaTAC, have been displaced by newer smaller models which offer greater portability thanks to smaller antennas and slimmer battery packs.

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  A DynaTAC 8000X, a brick phone from 1984
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  A Mobira Cityman 450, a brick phone from 1985

Touchscreen/slate

A touchscreen or slate phone is a subset of the bar form that, like a tablet computer, has few physical buttons, instead relying upon a touchscreen and an onscreen QWERTY keyboard. The first commercially available touchscreen phone was the IBM Simon Personal Communicator, released in 1994.

Since mid-2010s almost all smartphones come in "touchscreen" slate form.

Phablet

The phablet or smartlet is a subset of the touchscreen/slate, which in turn is a subset of the bar form. A portmanteau of the words phone and tablet, phablets are a class of mobile device designed to combine or straddle the functions of a smartphone and tablet. Phablets typically have screens that measure (diagonally) between 5.5 and 7.9 inches, and are considerably larger than most high-end/flagship touchscreen/slate smartphones of the time (i.e. the Samsung Galaxy Note II smartlet versus the Samsung Galaxy SIII smartphone), though significantly smaller than tablet computers such that they can still fit in one's clothing pockets.

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  IBM Simon, a touchscreen mobile phone
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  Nexus 5, a touchscreen Android smartphone
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  Nokia Lumia 1520, a touchscreen Windows Phone phablet

Flip

Main article: Flip

A flip or clamshell phone consists of two or more sections that are connected by hinges, allowing the phone to flip open then fold closed in order to become more compact. When flipped open, the phone's speaker and microphone are placed closer to the operator's ear and mouth, improving usability. When flipped shut, the phone becomes much smaller and more portable than when it is opened for use.

Motorola was once owner of a trademark for the term flip phone, but the term flip phone has become genericized and used more frequently than clamshell in colloquial speech. Motorola was the manufacturer of the famed StarTAC flip phone.

In 2010, Motorola introduced a different kind of flip phone with its Backflip smartphone. When closed, one side is the screen and the other is a physical QWERTY keyboard. The hinge is on a long edge of the phone instead of a short edge, and when flipped out the screen is above the keyboard.

Clamshell came to be used as generic for this form factor. Flip phone referred to phones that opened on the vertical axis. As clamshells disappeared from the market, the terms again became disambiguated. The flip design is best for accommodating basic mobile phones ("dumbphones") with the 12-digit keypad but less so for full QWERTY keyboards which became more common as cell phones became more complex (i.e. smartphones).

By the mid-2000s, "flip" designs reached the peak of their availability and declined afterwards, being replaced by sliders which in turn were completely replaced by bars (particularly slate/touchscreen bars).

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  The Motorola StarTAC, a flip phone
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  The Sony Ericsson W350, last unusual compact flip phone
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  The Motorola Ming, another flip phone

Slider

A slider or slide phone is composed of usually two, but sometimes more, sections that slide past each other on rails. Most slider phones have a display segment which houses the speaker used for calls and for the phone's screen, while another segment contains the keypad or keyboard and slides out for use. The goal of a sliding form factor is to allow the operator to take advantage of full physical keyboards or keypads, without sacrificing portability, by retracting them into the phone when they are not in use. Many different companies have developed phones that slide. Samsung has the Corby and BlackBerry has the Torch.

The Siemens SL10 was one of the first sliding mobile phones in 1999. Some phones have an automatic slider built in that deploys the keypad. Many phones pop out their keypad segments as soon as the user begins to slide the phone apart. Unique models are the 2-way slider where sliding up or down provides distinct functions; such as the Nokia N85 or Nokia N95.

A version of the slider form factor, the side slider or QWERTY slider, uses vertical access of the keyboard on the bottom segment. The side slider form factor is primarily used to facilitate faster access to the keyboard with both thumbs. The Motorola Photon Q, Danger Hiptop, Sony Mylo, and HTC Touch Pro are four primary examples.

Sliders supplanted the flip form, since they allowed manufacturers to pack more keypad buttons and features (especially the side slider or QWERTY slider, particularly suited to smartphones of the time) into the same form factor, while touchscreen interfaces were still in their infancy. By the late-2000s, "slider" designs reached the peak of their popularity and declined afterwards, being completely replaced by slate/touchscreen bars form factors with well-developed touch interfaces. In 2015, BlackBerry Limited (previously RIM) released the BlackBerry Priv, the first mainstream slider phone in several years (based on Android, not the Blackberry operating system they sold so far).

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  BlackBerry Torch 9800, a tall slider
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  Nokia N95, a dual slider phone
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  Motorola Droid, a wide QWERTY slider
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  Xperia Play, a slider handheld game console smartphone

Unusual form factors

Below are some unusual form factors which were short-lived (except for Watch) in the mobile phone market.

Swivel

A swivel phone is composed of multiple, usually two, segments, which swivel past each other about a central axis. Use of the swiveling form factor has similar goals to that of the slider, but this form factor is less widely used. Samples are Amoi 2560, Danger Hiptop, LG U900 + 960 + V9000, Motorola Flipout + V70 + V80, Nokia 7370, Philips 968, Siemens SK65, Sharp SX862 and Sony Ericsson S700i + W600.

Taco

The Nokia N-Gage, released in 2003, is widely known as the plastic taco for its approximately taco-shaped form factor, and the placement of microphones on the side of the device, which required talking into the side of the device, giving the appearance of eating a taco. Other models include Nokia 3300 and Nokia 5510.

Watch

A wristwatch with full 4 band GSM and Bluetooth support giving the user the ability to make phone calls is typically referred to as a smartwatch or watch phone.

Mixed

Some phone models, such as the Nokia N90 or Panasonic FOMA P900iV, use both a swivel and a flip axis.

Multi-screen

Typical multi-screen phone factor is slate with two touchscreens on both sides of the phone. Examples of this are Yotaphone and Siam 7X. They have normal touchscreen on the front but on the backside is e-ink screen which enables use cases like reading books with low power consumption. Another multi-screen form factor is LG V10 which has small separate screen above the main screen.

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  The Motorola Flipout, a swivel phone
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  N-Gage QD
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  The Z1 Android Watch-Phone, a watch that doubles as a phone
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  Nokia N93, a mixed phone

External links

• Many illustrations of standard and mixed form factors
• HTC Wallaby specification

SmartLet=Note2