Green bean galaxy
Green bean galaxies (GBGs) are very rare astronomical objects that are thought to be quasar ionization echos.[1][2][3] They were discovered by Mischa Schirmer and colleagues R. Diaz, K. Holhjem, N.A. Levenson, and C. Winge.[1] The authors report the discovery of a sample of Seyfert-2 galaxies with ultra-luminous galaxy-wide narrow-line regions (NLRs) at redshifts z=0.2-0.6.[1]
While examining survey images taken with the 3.6 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) atop 4200-m Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Schirmer noticed a galaxy with unusual colors—strongly peaking in the r filter, suggesting a spectral line.[1][4] In fact, the color is quite similar to the Green Pea galaxies (GPs), which are compact star-forming galaxies. However, the object which became known as a GBG is much larger.[1][5]
These galaxies are so rare that there is on average only one in a cube about 1.3 billion light-years across.[1] They were nicknamed GBGs because of their color and because they are superficially similar to, but larger than, GPs.[1] The interstellar gas in most GPs is ionized by UV-light from intense star formation, whereas the gas in GBGs is ionized by hard x-rays from an active galactic nucleus (AGN). The scarcity of GBGs indicates that this phenomenon is very rare, and/or very short-lived.[1]
GBGs are likely related to the object known as Hanny's Voorwerp, another possible quasar ionization echo.[6] GBGs are substantially different, though, as their luminosities, sizes and gas masses are 10-100 times higher than in other quasar ionisation clouds, for instance the 154 studied in Keel et al. 2012 (nicknamed 'voorwerpjes').[7] These 'voorwerpjes' are estimated to have bright phases that last between ~20,000 and 200,000 years.[7]
Possible formation mechanisms are currently under investigation. Likely, the giant gas outflows have been produced during the last stages in the life of super-luminous quasars, which subsequently experienced a rapid shut-down, e.g. due to a process known as AGN feedback.[8] The escaping X-rays from the former very active quasar state still ionize the gas, causing the ionization echo.
Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) identifications
| Number | SDSS id | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 001 | 1237679077517557845 | GALEX All Sky Catalog (ASC) J002016.43-053127.1 |
| 002 | 1237676441460474246 | GALEX ASC J002434.84+325842.5 |
| 003 | 1237666091128914338 | GALEX ASC J011136.63+225357.5 |
| 004 | 1237666340800364769 | 8 previous references listed in NED. |
| 005 | 1237680284389015833 | GALEX ASC J015930.73+270303.4 |
| 006 | 1237650371555229774 | 2 previous references listed in NED, including CHANDRA 2010. |
| 007 | 1237661386529374363 | GALEX ASC J134709.11+545311.0 |
| 008 | 1237662236402647262 | GALEX ASC J135155.51+081608.7 |
| 009 | 1237665442062663827 | NVSS J144110+251702 |
| 010 | 1237655742407835791 | 1 previous reference in NED as part of a compact group (similar to HCGs). |
| 011 | 1237662306730639531 | GALEX ASC J150420.75+343958.6 |
| 012 | 1237667968032637115 | NVSS J150517+194450 |
| 013 | 1237669699436675933 | NVSS J205057+055014 |
| 014 | 1237680191506678389 | NVSS J213542-031432 |
| 015 | 1237680306395415794 | GALEX ASC J220216.57+230904.8 |
| 016 | 1237656538051248311 | Prototype GBG J2240-0927, GALEX ASC J224024.09-092748.5 |
| 017 | 1237680503434445439 | SDSS J230829.37+330310.4 |
VLT/XSHOOTER spectrum of Green Bean Galaxy J2240-0927
On the left is the spectrum of the astronomical object J224024.1-092748 (hereafter: J2240).[1] It was acquired using the Very Large Telescope and XSHOOTER, a multi wavelength (300-2500 nm) medium resolution spectrograph. The J2240 spectrum shows 3 bandwidths: UVB (Ultraviolet B which are medium UV wavelengths between 315 – 280 nm), VIS (the visible spectrum) and NIR (Near Infrared, which have wavelengths of 0.75–1.4 µm).
In the spectrum of J2240, the black line represents the galaxy center, integrated to within ±4.5 kpc (kilo-parsec) of the nucleus, while the blue line has been integrated over 7.6 kpc, centered on the ionized cloud. Note the great similarity between the two spectra.[1] For visualization purposes, data has been filtered with a 0.7 nm-wide median kernel. Thus the actual resolution is 48 (UVB/VIS) and 12 (NIR) times higher than shown for the UVB/VIS and (NIR) channels respectively.[1]
Unravelling the emission signature of a quasar ionization echo
In May 2015, a study was accepted for publication in MNRAS titled: "The "Green Bean" Galaxy SDSS J224024.1--092748: Unravelling the emission signature of a quasar ionization echo."[9]
The abstract states: "'Green Bean' galaxies (GBs) are the most [O III]-luminous type-2 active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z ˜ 0.3. However, their infrared luminosities reveal AGN in very low activity states, indicating that their gas reservoirs must be ionized by photons from a recent high activity episode - we are observing quasar ionization echoes. We use integral field spectroscopy from the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph to analyse the 3D kinematics, ionization state, temperature and density of ionized gas in the GB SDSS J224024.1-092748. We model the emission-line spectrum of each spaxel as a superposition of up to three Gaussian components and analyse the physical properties of each component individually. Two narrow components, tracing the velocity fields of the disc and an ionized gas cloud, are superimposed over the majority of the galaxy. Fast shocks produce hot (Te >= 20 000 K), dense (ne >= 100 cm- 3), turbulent (sigma >= 600 km s- 1), [O III]-bright regions with enhanced [N II]/Halpha and [S II]/Halpha ratios. The most prominent such spot is consistent with a radio jet shock-heating the interstellar medium. However, the AGN is still responsible for ≳ 82 per cent of the galaxy's total [O III] luminosity, strengthening the case for previous quasar activity. The ionized gas cloud has a strong kinematic link to the central AGN and is corotating with the main body of the galaxy, suggesting that it may be the remnant of a quasar-driven outflow. Our analysis of J224024.1-092748 indicates that GBs provide a unique fossil record of the transformation from the most luminous quasars to weak AGN."[9]
AGN ionization echoes, thermal echoes, and ionization deficits
In July 2016, a study was accepted for publication in MNRAS titled: "About AGN ionization echoes, thermal echoes, and ionization deficits in low redshift Lyman-alpha blobs".[10] GBGs are thought to be low redshift examples of 'Lyman alpha blobs' (LABs).[10]
The abstract states: "We report the discovery of 14 Lyman-alpha blobs (LABs) at z~0.3, existing at least 4-7 billion years later in the Universe than all other LABs known. Their optical diameters are 20-70 kpc, and GALEX data imply Ly-alpha luminosities of (0.4-6.3)x10^43 erg/s. Contrary to high-z LABs, they live in low-density areas. They are ionized by AGN, suggesting that cold accretion streams as a power source must deplete between z=2 and z=0.3. We also show that transient AGN naturally explain the ionization deficits observed in many LABs: Their Ly-alpha and X-ray fluxes decorrelate below 10^6 years because of the delayed escape of resonantly scattering Ly-alpha photons. High Ly-alpha luminosities do not require currently powerful AGN, independent of obscuration. Chandra X-ray data reveal intrinsically weak AGN, confirming the luminous optical nebulae as impressive ionization echoes. For the first time, we also report mid-infrared thermal echoes from the dusty tori. We conclude that the AGN have faded by 3-4 orders of magnitude within the last 10^(4-5) years, leaving fossil UV, optical and thermal radiation behind. The host galaxies belong to the group of previously discovered Green Bean galaxies (GBs). Gemini optical imaging reveals smooth spheres, mergers, spectacular outflows and ionization cones. Because of their proximity and high flux densities, GBs are perfect targets to study AGN feedback, mode switching and the Ly-alpha escape."[10]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k M. Schirmer; R. Diaz; K.Holhjem; N.A. Levenson; C. Winge. "A Sample of Seyfert-2 Galaxies with Ultraluminous Galaxy-wide Narrow-line Regions: Quasar Light Echoes?". The Astrophysical Journal. 763 (1): 19. arXiv:1211.7098v2. Bibcode:2013ApJ...763...60S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/763/1/60.
- ^ "Galaxy-wide Echoes from the Past". 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
- ^ ""Green-bean Galaxies" and the Demise of Quasars". 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
- ^ "Galaxy-wide Echoes from the past". 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
- ^ C. Cardamone; K. Schawinski; M. Sarzi; S.P. Bamford; N. Bennert; C.M. Urry; C. Lintott; W.C. Keel; J. Parejko; R.C. Nichol; D. Thomas; D. Andreescu; P. Murray; M.J. Raddick; A. Slosar; A. Szalay; J. Vandenberg (2009). "Galaxy Zoo Green Peas: Discovery of A Class of Compact Extremely Star-Forming Galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (3): 1191–1205. arXiv:0907.4155. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399.1191C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15383.x.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ C.J Lintott; K. Schawinski; W. Keel; H. van Arkel; N. Bennert; E. Edmondson; D. Thomas; D.J.B. Smith; P.D. Herbert; M.J. Jarvis; S. Virani; D. Andreescu; S.P. Bamford; K. Land; P. Murray; R.C. Nichol; M.J. Raddick; A. Slosar; A. Szalay; J. Vandenberg. "Galaxy Zoo: `Hanny's Voorwerp', a quasar light echo?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (1): 129–140. arXiv:0906.5304. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399..129L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15299.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b W.C Keel; S.D. Chojnowski; V.N. Bennert; K. Schawinski; C.J. Lintott; S. Lynn; A. Pancoast; C. Harris; A.M. Nierenberg; A. Sonnenfeld; R. Proctor (February 2012). "The Galaxy Zoo survey for giant AGN-ionized clouds: past and present black hole accretion events". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 420 (1): 878–900. arXiv:1110.6921v2. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.420..878K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20101.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ A.C. Fabian (2012). "Observational Evidence of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 50: 455–489. arXiv:1204.4114v1. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..455F. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125521.
- ^ a b R.L. Davies; M. Schirmer; J.E.H. Turner (May 2015). "The "Green Bean" Galaxy SDSS J224024.1--092748: Unravelling the emission signature of a quasar ionization echo". MNRAS. pp. 1731–1752. arXiv:1502.07754v2. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449.1731D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv343.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c M. Schirmer; S. Malhotra; N.A. Levenson; Fu H.; R.L. Davies; W.C. Keel; P. Torrey; V.N. Bennert; A. Pancoast; J.E.H. Turner. "About AGN ionization echoes, thermal echoes, and ionization deficits in low redshift Lyman-alpha blobs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:1607.06481v1. Bibcode:2016arXiv160706481S.
