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Horseshoe theory

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For the romantic comedy film, see Horseshoe Theory. For the mathematical term, see horseshoe map.
Proponents of horseshoe theory argue that the extreme left and the extreme right are closer to each other than either is to the political center.

In political science and popular discourse,[1] the horseshoe theory asserts that the far-left and the far-right, rather than being at opposite and opposing ends of a linear political continuum, closely resemble one another, analogous to the way that the opposite ends of a horseshoe are close together.

The theory is attributed to French philosopher and writer Jean-Pierre Faye.[2] Proponents point to a number of similarities between the far-left and the far-right, including their supposed propensity to gravitate to authoritarianism or totalitarianism. Several political scientists criticize the theory.[3][4][5]

Origin

The horseshoe metaphor was used as early as during the Weimar Republic to describe the ideology of the Black Front.[6]

Later use of the term in political theory is seen in Jean-Pierre Faye's 2002 book Le Siècle des idéologies (The Century of Ideology).[7] Faye's book discussed the use of ideologies (pointing out that "ideology" is a pair of Greek words that were married in the French language) rooted in philosophy by totalitarian regimes with specific reference to Hitler, Nietzsche, Stalin and Marx.[8]

Others have attributed the theory as having come from the American sociologists Seymour Martin Lipset and Daniel Bell, as well as the Pluralist school.[9] Because the theory is also popular in Germany, a co-contributor to this theory is said to be the German political scientist Eckhard Jesse.[10]

Modern usage

In a 2006 book, American political scientist Jeff Taylor wrote: "It may be more useful to think of the Left and the Right as two components of populism, with elitism residing in the Center. The political spectrum may be linear, but it is not a straight line. It is shaped like a horseshoe."[11] In the same year, the term was used when discussing a resurgent hostility towards Jews and new antisemitism from both the far-left and the far-right.[12]

In a 2008 essay, Josef Joffe, a visiting fellow at the conservative think tank, Hoover Institution,[13] wrote:

Will globalization survive the gloom? The creeping revolt against globalization actually preceded the Crash of '08. Everywhere in the West, populism began to show its angry face at mid-decade. The two most dramatic instances were Germany and Austria, where populist parties scored big with a message of isolationism, protectionism and redistribution. In Germany, it was left-wing populism ("Die Linke"); in Austria it was a bunch of right-wing parties that garnered almost 30% in the 2008 election. Left and right together illustrated once more the "horseshoe" theory of modern politics: As the iron is bent backward, the two extremes almost touch.[14]

In 2015, reformist Muslim Maajid Nawaz invoked the horseshoe theory while lamenting a common tendency on the far-left and far-right towards the compiling and publishing of "lists of political foes," adding:[15]

As the political horseshoe theory attributed to Jean-Pierre Faye highlights, if we travel far-left enough, we find the very same sneering, nasty and reckless bully-boy tactics used by the far-right. The two extremes of the political spectrum end up meeting like a horseshoe, at the top, which to my mind symbolizes totalitarian control from above. In their quest for ideological purity, Stalin and Hitler had more in common than modern neo-Nazis and far-left agitators would care to admit.

In a 2018 article for Eurozine titled "How Right is the Left?",[16] Kyrylo Tkachenko wrote about the common cause found recently between the far-left and the far-right in Ukraine:

The pursuit of a common political agenda is a trend discernible at both extremes of the political spectrum. Though this phenomenon manifests itself primarily through content-related overlaps, I believe there are good reasons to refer to it as a red-brown alliance. Its commonalities are based on shared anti-liberal resentment. Of course, there remain palpable differences between far left and the far right. But we should not underestimate the dangers already posed by these left-right intersections, as well as what we might lose if the resentment-driven backlash becomes mainstream.

Criticism

The horseshoe theory has been criticized by those from both ends of the political spectrum who oppose being grouped with those they consider to be their polar opposites, while also being criticized as an oversimplification of political ideologies and ignorant of fundamental differences between them.[citation needed]

Simon Choat, a senior lecturer in political theory at Kingston University, criticizes horseshoe theory from a leftist perspective. He argues that far-left and far-right ideologies only share similarities in the vaguest sense in that they both oppose the liberal democratic status quo; however, the two sides both have very different reasons and very different aims for doing so. Choat uses the issue of globalization as an example; both the far-left and the far-right attack neoliberal globalization and its elites, but have conflicting views on who those elites are and conflicting reasons for attacking them:

For the left, the problem with globalisation is that it has given free rein to capital and entrenched economic and political inequality. The solution is therefore to place constraints on capital and/or to allow people to have the same freedom of movement currently given to capital, goods, and services. They want an alternative globalisation. For the right, the problem with globalisation is that it has corroded supposedly traditional and homogeneous cultural and ethnic communities – their solution is therefore to reverse globalisation, protecting national capital and placing further restrictions on the movement of people.[17]

Choat also argues that although proponents of the horseshoe theory may cite examples of alleged history of collusion between fascists and communists, those on the far-left usually oppose the rise of far-right or fascist regimes in their countries. Instead, he argues that it has been centrists who have supported far-right and fascist regimes that they prefer in power over socialist ones.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mayer, Nonna (2011). "Why extremes don't meet: Le Pen and Besancenot Voters in the 2007 Presidential Election". French Politics, Culture & Society. 29 (3): 101–120. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2011.290307. A commonly received idea, one strengthened by the post-war debates about the nature of totalitarianism, is that "extremes meet." Rather than a straight line between the Left and Right poles, the political spectrum would look more like a circle, or a "horseshoe," a metaphor the philosopher Jean-Pierre Faye used to describe the position of German parties in 1932, from the Nazis to the Communists.
  2. ^ Encel, Frédéric; Thual, François (November 13, 2004). "United States-Israel: A friendship that needs to be demystified". Le Figaro. Paris. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2009-02-13. Jean-Pierre Faye's famous horseshoe theory (according to which extremes meet) finds verification here more than in other places, and the two states of delirium often mingle and meet, unfortunately spreading beyond these extremist circles. But contrary to the legend deliberately maintained and/or the commonplace believed in good faith, Israel and the United States have not always been allies; on several occasions their relations have even been strained.
  3. ^ Filipović, Miroslava; Đorić, Marija (2010). "The Left or the Right : Old Paradigms and New Governments". Serbian Political Thought. 2 (1–2): 121–144. doi:10.22182/spt.2122011.8.
  4. ^ Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew N. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. p. 342.
  5. ^ Pavlopoulos, Vassilis (2014). "Politics, economics, and the far right in Europe: a social psychological perspective". The Challenge of the Extreme Right in Europe: Past, Present, Future. Birkbeck, University of London, 20 March 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  6. ^ Backes, Uwe (1989). Politischer Extremismus in demokratischen Verfassungsstaaten [Political Extremism in Democratic Constitutional States] (in German). Wiesbaden: Springer. pp. 251–252. ISBN 978-3-531-11946-5.
  7. ^ "Le Siècle des idéologies". Pocket. 2008-12-22. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
  8. ^ Le siècle des idéologies - Jean-Pierre Faye - Armand Colin - Grand format - Le Hall du Livre NANCY (in French).
  9. ^ Staff (ndg). "Challenging Centrist/Extremist Theory". Political Research Associates. Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  10. ^ Mentioned critically in Die Zeit article Das Hufeisen muss runter Archived 2020-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Taylor, Jeff. 2006. Where Did the Party Go? University of Missouri Press. p. 118. The concept first appeared in Taylor's PhD dissertation "From Radical to Respectable" (University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997, pp. 481-82).
  12. ^ Fleischer, Tzvi (31 October 2006). "The Political Horseshoe again". Australia/Israel Review. AIJAC. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2015. I think Mr. Loewenstein has done a good job demonstrating why many people believe, as the "political horseshoe" theory states, that there is a lot more common ground between the far left, where Loewenstein dwells politically, and the far right views of someone like Betty Luks than people on the left would care to admit.
  13. ^ "Josef Joffe". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  14. ^ "New Year's Essay 2009". Roland Berger Strategy Consultants. 2008-12-22. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03.
  15. ^ "The left's witchunt against Muslims". The Daily Beast. 2015-12-14. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
  16. ^ "How Right is the Left?". Eurozine. 2018-05-15. Archived from the original on 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  17. ^ a b Choat, Simon (May 12, 2017) "‘Horseshoe theory’ is nonsense – the far right and far left have little in common" Archived 2017-06-19 at the Wayback Machine The Conversation
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