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Hudson's Bay point blanket

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HBC blanket advertisement from the September 1952 issue of The Beaver (HBC magazine).

Hudson's Bay point blankets are woollen blankets originally made for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in British North America, now Canada and the United States.[1] Manufactured in England since 1779, they served as a form of currency during the North American fur trade exchanged with First Nations for beaver pelts.[2] Historically available through HBC trading posts, they were often hand made into winter clothing (specifically capotes and mackinaws) worn extensively by voyageurs (European fur traders) and Indigenous peoples.[1] Beginning in the 20th century, an HBC factory-made "point blanket coat" was popularized amongst the population of Canada to the extent that it was looked on as a national dress.[3][4] HBC point blankets have become part of the Canadian identity representing a nationally shared cultural symbol.[5][6]

The points system, marked by thin lines woven into the side of each blanket, indicates the overall size of a blanket. These lines originally allowed traders to identify blanket size at a glance.[5] By the mid-20th century as bed sizes became standardized the point system came to indicate modern sizes, with 3.5 points denoting twin size, 4 points a double, 6 points a queen, and 8 points a king.[5]

The colour schemes of the blankets, including the multi-stripe version, historically known as "Queen Anne colours", have expanded into fashion,[7] and lifestyle products.[8] These "Bay 'stripe' branded products" we're exclusively sold by Hudson's Bay department stores (the Bay) and affiliates until HBC intellectual property rights were purchased by Canadian Tire in 2025 during the liquidation of HBC assets.[9]

The Blanket Fund (Oshki Wupoowane), which receives 100% of the net proceeds from Hudson's Bay Point Blankets, is an Indigenous charity created to acknowledge HBC's settler colonial history and advance truth and reconciliation.[10][11] The fund provides grants to "grassroots Indigenous organizations for cultural, artistic, and educational initiatives".[12]

History

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Poundmaker, a Plains Cree chief, wearing a Hudson's Bay "chief's blanket" ca.1885[13]

During the North American fur trade, beginning in the 1670s, Hudson's Bay Company trading posts and rival trading posts, such as those operated by the North West Company, served as the primary sources for woollen blankets and accessories required to make clothing from them.[14] By the early 1700s random wool blankets accounted for a large percentage of traded goods,[1] serving as a form of soft currency in some regions.[15][16]

The French fur trader Germain Maugenest is thought to have advised HBC to introduce point blankets of their own.[16] In 1779, the first "definite record" of an order of 500 point blankets was produced for HBC.[17][18] In 1798 the first documented multiple stripe purchase order was for "30 pair[s] of 3 points to be striped with four colours (red, blue, green, yellow) according to your judgement",[19][1] to be manufactured in Witney, Oxfordshire.[18] The colours chosen for the stripes are believed to have been popularized during the Queen Anne's era of style.[1] They were not officially her colours, but rather were highly fashionable, easily produced dyes for textiles of the period.[20][21][19]

The modern order of green, red, yellow and indigo (very dark blue) was not standardized until the middle to the end of the 1800s.[17] Most blankets manufactured during the 1800s were plain white, scarlet (red), green, or blue, with single indigo stripe at each end.[22][19] Within some Indigenous nations, the early broad multi-striped version was referred to as "chief's blankets" due to their rarity.[17] First Nations had long integrated textiles into their spiritual and ceremonial societies.[16][23]

By the early 1940s about 20 to 25 different colours were available, until the 1960s when only 5 colours and the multi-stripe version were marketed.[24] By the mid 20th century, the multi-stripe version had become popular as a marker of national identity,[6][25] now commonly associated with "Canadian cottage culture".[26] They would also come to be associated with Canada's colonial history, a tangible centuries-old symbol of an era of cultural assimilation and diseases transmission.[27][28][29][25]

Blanket coats

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Main articles: Capote (garment) and Mackinaw jacket

From the early days of the fur trade, wool blankets of all kinds were made into mittens, socks, pants and most commonly hooded coats called capotes by both Indigenous and French Canadian voyageurs.[30][25] Point blankets, being made of sheep wool, were easier to sew together than traditional material such as hides, and were waterproof and warm.[1][30] Beginning in 1706, HBC trading posts started locally assembling their own capotes, with each trading post having its own tailor by the late 1700s.[31]

Team Canada at the opening ceremonies of the 1968 Winter Olympics. This was the first Winter Olympics in which the new Maple Leaf Flag was used to represent the country.[32]

The origin of the mackinaw jacket is credited to the British Army Captain Charles Roberts.[33] In 1811, at Fort St. Joseph there was a shortage of greatcoats for the King's soldiers.[34][25] Captain Charles Roberts, wrote a letter to Captain Evans, Adjutant General in Quebec, making a requisition for heavy blankets.[35] Roberts requisitioned HBC 3.5-point blankets from the British Indian Department to manufacture greatcoats for his troops.[34][25] John Askin Jr., a Métis and keeper of the King's stores at the fort, hired local women to design and manufacture 40 woollen greatcoats.[34][25]

HBC began to produce factory-made point blanket coats commercially in 1922, blending the features of mackinaw jackets and capotes.[1] HBC point blanket coats came in a variety of colours and would become considered a "national dress".[3][4][36] Beginning in 1936, and through the 20th century Canadian athletes donned HBC style point jackets during the opening ceremonies of multiple Winter Olympics.[37][38][39] HBC point blanket coats were last produced in 2000.[24] "Hudson's Bay Stripes" are considered one of Canada's iconic official Olympic styles,[40] that was part of a long tradition of HBC dressing Canadian athletes.[38][39] HBC last dressed Canadian athletes for the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics, which took place in 2021.[41]

Modern branding

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Point blankets at the Bay in Winnipeg, Manitoba, ca 1949. Winnipeg was the location of HBC's first department style store opened in 1881.[42]

Beginning in the early 20th century, HBC point blankets were made available at Hudson's Bay department stores (the Bay) constructed throughout Canada over the course of a century.[43] In 2025, Canadian Tire, a national retail corporation, acquired HBC brand(s) rights and its intellectual property for $30 million CAD,[44] announcing the continuation of "Hudson's Bay Point Blankets" and related "Hudson's Bay Stripes" products online and at its over 500 national outlets and a limited collection available through its a affiliate Mark's with over 350 locations.[45][46]

The blankets have always been made in England; today they are manufactured by John Atkinson, a sub brand of A.W. Hainsworth & Sons Ltd.[47] Wools from Britain and New Zealand are used in the manufacture of blankets.[25] As of 2026, they are available in multiple colours and four different sizes, ranging in price between CA$350 for a twin size to CA$530 for a king size.[46]

Hudson's Bay Stripes

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See also: HBC coat of arms and HBC flag
HBC striped ceramic mug featuring "Queen Anne's colours" and "Point" markings

HBC branded products are marketed as Canadiana cultural items, that have expanded from wool blankets and coats styled from them into a wide range of fashion apparel, accessories, home decor, and specialty seasonal items,[8][48] including; clothing (sweaters, mittens, socks, shoes and tote bags), home accessories (sheets, towels, cushions, curtains, cookware and umbrellas), and nostalgic items (teddy bears, rowing paddles, bats, candy canes, stockings, nutcrackers and ornaments).[49][50][8]

Partnerships to incorporate "Bay 'stripes'" with other iconic brands have been commissioned throughout the years, most notably the HBC striped canoe, by Langford canoes, Canada's oldest canoe company,[51][8] a joint venture with Mattel to create an HBC striped Barbie,[52][8] "cross-branded" barware accessories with Steam Whistle Brewing and "special editions" Levi's apparel and Converse footwear.[53][54][55][8]

As a result of their cultural significance, "Bay stripes" have been featured in the works of historic and contemporary artists,[56] with replica multi-striped products, particularly the "Glacier National Park Blanket" by Pendleton Woolen Mills, a part of the consumer environment.[57] 21st century home decor featuring "HBC stripes" themed elements have become a part of Canadiana style.[58]

Blanket fund

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The history of HBC point blankets is not without controversy due to their connection with Canada's colonial history.[27] Indigenous oral storytelling passed down for generations suggests that blankets and clothing of all types given to Indigenous communities in the 1700s and 1800s caused the spread of smallpox.[27][59] In light of its settler colonialism ties, reconciliation efforts began in 2022 with the formation of the "Oshki Wupoowane", also known as The Blanket Fund, with an initial investment of $1 million from the Hudson’s Bay Foundation. The fund receives 100% of net proceeds from Hudson’s Bay Point Blanket sales. After Canadian Tire acquired HBC’s intellectual property rights, they pledged to continue supporting the fund ensuring at least $1M annually regardless of sales.[11] The fund supports Indigenous cultural, artistic, and educational activities through two grant streams, benefiting Indigenous-led initiatives and organizations in Canada.[11][10]

Collectibility

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HBC point blanket label April 2017

In 1890, HBC began adding labels to their blankets because point blankets of similar quality were being sold by HBC competitors.[60][61] Historic competitors include; C.C. Filson, Pendleton Woolen Mills, Faribault Woolen Mill Company, MacAuslands Woollen Mills,[62][63][64] and Early's of Witney,[65] which historically manufactured point blankets for HBC for over a century,[18] and ceased operations in 2002.[66]

Many HBC branded products have become collectibles,[8] with genuine HBC point blankets being the most sought after and valuable.[61][67] The main determinants of value include age, size, colour, pattern rarity, and condition.[61] Particularly collectible are "unseparated pairs",[a] the Coronation blankets: the one produced for the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and the rarer 1937 coronation .[68] Modern collectibles include the 2006 single pink strip on a white background in support of the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation, and the blue and green multi-striped version for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics.[69]

Collections

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HBC point blankets are held in many museums, most notably at the Manitoba Museum in Winnipeg, which houses over 27,000 HBC items.[70] The Canadian Museum of History has many HBC artifacts, including blanket coats used in the 1964 Olympic games.[71] The Glenbow Museum collection includes items such as Siksika (Blackfoot) capotes and photographic records.[72] Tamástslikt Cultural Institute displays a larger collection of HBC point blankets.[72]

Point system (sizes)

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External videos
video icon " HBC Point Blanket." – - HBC History Foundation (3:56 min)

Points are short lines woven into the selvage of the blanket along the edge just above the bottom set of stripes. About 4 inches (10 cm) in length (except in the case of half points, which are 2 in [5.1 cm]), they indicate the finished overall size (area) of a blanket and allow easy determination of the size of a blanket – even when folded. French weavers invented the point system in the mid-1700s since then, as now, blankets were shrunk as part of the manufacturing process. The word point derives from the French empointer, meaning "to make threaded stitches on cloth".[25]

Over the centuries the sizes of blankets have shifted, particularly during the twentieth century as beds became larger. Blankets of 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 point were most common during the fur-trade era. Today, Hudson's Bay blankets are commonly found in point sizes of 3.5 (twin bed), 4 (double), 6 (queen) and 8 (king).[25]

  • 1 point – 32 in × 46 in (81 cm × 117 cm), weight 1 lb 8.5 oz (0.69 kg) (traditionally for cribs)
  • 1.5 point – 36 in × 51 in (91 cm × 130 cm), weight 1 lb 12 oz (0.79 kg), (crib size)
  • 2 point – 42 in × 58 in (107 cm × 147 cm), weight 2 lb 3.5 oz (1.01 kg)
  • 2.5 point – 50 in × 66 in (127 cm × 168 cm), weight 3 lb 5.5 oz (1.52 kg)
  • 3 point – 60 in × 72 in (152 cm × 183 cm), weight 4 lb 3 oz (1.90 kg)

Modern point sizes

  • 3.5 point – 63 in × 81 in (160 cm × 206 cm), weight 5 lb (2.27 kg), (twin size)
  • 4 point – 72 in × 90 in (183 cm × 229 cm), weight 6 lb (2.72 kg), (double size)
  • 6 point – 84 in × 92 in (213 cm × 234 cm), queen size (1960s)
  • 8 point – 108 in × 100 in (274 cm × 254 cm), king size (1980s)[73]

The misconception persists that originally the points were an indication of a blanket's price in beaver pelts or even its weight. The number of pelts required to buy a blanket ranged widely by time and location, regardless of its size. Thickness and quality are the same blanket to blanket, and a larger blanket will naturally weigh more.[25]

Name in First Nations languages

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The Hudson's Bay blanket is called by different names in First Nations languages. Some examples are:

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"Pioneer at Fort Garry 1861" - Métis and settlers wearing Point Blankets and engaged in trade" by Adam Sherriff Scott ca.1925
Trolley bus in Vancouver B.C with the Bay's multi-stripe design, 2015

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Doubly long blankets were once woven in continuous rolls of about 25 pairs (50 singles) and separated into pairs by manufacturers until the 1970s. At the point of sale, a small cut was made, allowing staff to tear them apart, that happened to most. Prices were set by the pair until the late 1950s or early 1960s.[24]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Shrumm, Regan (18 December 2018). "Hudson's Bay Point Blanket". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  2. ^ Gismondi, Melissa (2 May 2020). "The untold story of the Hudson's Bay Company". Canadian Geographic. Ottawa: Royal Canadian Geographical Society. ISSN 0706-2168. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  3. ^ a b Stack, Eileen (2004). "Very picturesque and very Canadian: the blanket coat and Anglo-Canadian identity in the second half of the nineteenth century". In Palmer, Alexandra (ed.). Fashion--A Canadian Perspective. University of Toronto Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-8020-8590-0.
  4. ^ a b "HBC Point Blanket Coat". hbcheritage.ca. 25 October 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  5. ^ a b c "The HBC Point Blanket: a Canadian icon". Barefoot Bushcraft & Archery. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  6. ^ a b McLaughlin, Erin (17 September 2020). "How The Hudson's Bay Point Blankets Became a Canadian Icon". FASHION Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  7. ^ Gallagher, Jake (7 February 2013). "Dropping Knowledge: The Hudson's Bay Company Point Blanket". New York: Advance Publications. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Reid, Mark Collin (2018). An Epic Tale. Hudson's Bay Company. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-7753507-0-5. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
  9. ^ Harris, Sophia (15 May 2025). "Canadian Tire to take over Hudson's Bay's iconic stripes, logos". CBC News. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  10. ^ a b "Gord Downie and Chanie Wenjack Fund". Charity Intelligence. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2026.
  11. ^ a b c "The Blanket Fund". Canadian Tire Corporation, Limited. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  12. ^ "Recipients of Capacity Building Grants". The Gord Downie & Chanie Wenjack Fund. 15 October 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  13. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (17 March 2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-317-45166-2.
  14. ^ Filice, Michelle (7 July 2023). "HBC Trading Posts in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  15. ^ "Fur Trade Economics". Bank of Canada Museum. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  16. ^ a b c O'Connell, Mark Joseph (2025). Canadian Fashion Economies: A Select History of Fashion Culture, Commerce, and Colonization. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 86, 87. ISBN 978-1-350-35737-2.
  17. ^ a b c Swagerty, W. R. (2002). "Indian Trade Blankets in the Pacific Northwest History and Symbolism of a Unique North American Tradition" (PDF). Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History. Vol. 16, no. 2. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  18. ^ a b c "Witney Blanket Story". witneyblanketstory.org.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
  19. ^ a b c Greenbaum, Hilary (20 September 2011). "Who Made That Hudson's Bay Blanket?". The 6th Floor Blog. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  20. ^ Bendall, Sarah A. (5 March 2026). "Queen Anne's Wardrobe: Fashion, Sartorial Politics, and the Representational Strategies of the Last Stuart Queen". Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies. doi:10.1111/1754-0208.70029. ISSN 1754-0194. Retrieved 8 April 2026.
  21. ^ King, Robin Levinson (6 April 2025). "Shoppers are snapping up Hudson's Bay 'stripes' products". BBC Home. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  22. ^ Bagan, Anne Charlotte Smith (1997). Blanket Coats of the Blackfoot First Nations in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (PDF) (Master of Arts thesis). Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  23. ^ "A Blanket is More Than a Blanket". Regina Public Schools. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
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  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The HBC Point Blanket: a Canadian icon and a symbol of colonialism". hbcheritage.ca. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2026.
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  32. ^ "Canadian Press article dated 7 February". Canadian Museum of Nordic Sport. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  33. ^ Steppler, Glenn A. (1983). "Roberts, Charles". In Halpenny, Francess G. (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  34. ^ a b c Wooley, H. J. L. (1911). The Sword of Old St. Joe. pp. 17–21. HathiTrust record 003246664.
  35. ^ Mongrain, Mariette (2 February 2017). "The mackinaw coat: a Canadian invention". Parks Canada. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  36. ^ O'Connell, Mark Joseph (4 September 2025). Canadian Fashion Economies: A Select History of Fashion Culture, Commerce, and Colonization. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-3503-5737-2.
  37. ^ O'Connell, Mark Joseph (4 September 2025). Canadian Fashion Economies: A Select History of Fashion Culture, Commerce, and Colonization. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-350-35737-2.
  38. ^ a b Rerrie, Taryn (5 February 2026). "Team Canada's Opening Ceremonies Looks Throughout the Years". Skate Canada. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
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  40. ^ Archibald, Kristy (24 December 2020). "Pivotal Moments in Canada's Legendary Olympic Style". NUVO. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  41. ^ "Hudson Bay's Team Canada Collection – Inside Fashion Live!". Inside Fashion Live!. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2026.
  42. ^ Bernhardt, Darren (2 January 2026). "Hudson's Bay is gone but legacy of company that birthed Winnipeg is hidden in plain view". CBC News. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  43. ^ Monteyne, David P. (3 April 1996). The construction of buildings and histories: Hudson's Bay Company department stores, 1912-26 (Thesis). University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0087027.
  44. ^ "Hudson's Bay to sell name, stripes, brands to Canadian Tire for $30 million". CP24. The Canadian Press. 15 May 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  45. ^ "Canadian Tire will start selling iconic Hudson's Bay blankets, donating proceeds to Indigenous fund". CBC News. The Canadian Press. 16 October 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  46. ^ a b Deschamps, Tara (8 April 2026). "Canadian Tire reveals first collection of Hudson's Bay striped goods it developed". CityNews Toronto. Retrieved 24 April 2026.
  47. ^ "History of the Blanket". John Atkinson. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  48. ^ Patterson, Craig (8 April 2026). "Canadian Tire Launches Hudson's Bay Stripes Summer Line". Retail Insider. Retrieved 24 April 2026.
  49. ^ Patterson, Craig (29 July 2025). "Freed & Freed's Legacy with HBC Stripes Lives On". Retail Insider. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  50. ^ Le, Kathy (15 May 2025). "A piece of Canadiana: Demand for the Bay's striped merchandise surges". CTV News. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  51. ^ "Own a Commemorative Hudson's Bay Canoe". Traversing. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  52. ^ Donaldson, Alexandra (19 September 2016). "HBC and Mattel create exclusive Barbie doll". Canadian Living. ISSN 0382-4624. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  53. ^ "Celebrate Canada's 150th Year with Steam Whistle & The Hudson's Bay Collection". Steam Whistle Brewing. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
  54. ^ Chung, Madelyn (30 August 2017). "Hudson's Bay is Teaming Up With Levi's for a Special Edition Trucker Jacket". FASHION Magazine. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
  55. ^ Flower, Jessica (20 September 2013). "The Find: sneakers for showing off your Canadian pride". Toronto Life. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
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  57. ^ Abe, Fraser (6 May 2010). "Knocked off: the Hudson's Bay blanket's American look-alike". Toronto Life. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
  58. ^ "Why Hudson's Bay Stripes Are A Quintessential Part Of Canadiana Style". House & Home. 30 June 2022. ISSN 0826-7642. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  59. ^ Ostroff, Joshua (1 August 2017). "How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia". Maclean's. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
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  61. ^ a b c Tichenor, Harold Lee (2002). The Collector's Guide to Point Blankets of the Hudson's Bay Company and Other Companies Trading in North America. Cinetel Film Productions Limited. p. intro. ISBN 978-0-9731459-0-8.
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  67. ^ Barrett, Rachel Hardage (25 June 2025). "Why Hudson's Bay Blankets Are Now Even More Coveted and Valuable". Country Living. Birmingham, Alabama: Hearst Magazines. ISSN 0732-2569. Retrieved 19 March 2026.
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  75. ^ "FirstVoices: Ktunaxa words". Retrieved 10 July 2012.

Further reading

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