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John Fletcher (playwright)

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John Fletcher
Born1579
Rye, Sussex, England
Died1625 (aged 45–46)
London
OccupationWriter
NationalityEnglish
Period16th–17th centuries (Jacobean)
GenreDrama

John Fletcher (1579–1625) was a Jacobean playwright. Following William Shakespeare as house playwright for the King's Men, he was among the most prolific and influential dramatists of his day; both during his lifetime and in the early Restoration, his fame rivaled Shakespeare's. Though his reputation has been far eclipsed since, Fletcher remains an important transitional figure between the Elizabethan popular tradition and the popular drama of the Restoration.

Biography

Early life

Fletcher was born in December 1579 (baptised 20 December)[1] in Rye, Sussex, and died of the plague in August 1625 (buried 29 August in St. Saviour's, Southwark). His father Richard Fletcher was an ambitious and successful cleric who was in turn Dean of Peterborough, Bishop of Bristol, Bishop of Worcester, and Bishop of London (shortly before his death) as well as chaplain to Queen Elizabeth.[2] As dean of Peterborough, Richard Fletcher, at the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay "knelt down on the scaffold steps and started to pray out loud and at length, in a prolonged and rhetorical style as though determined to force his way into the pages of history". He cried out at her death, "So perish all the Queen's enemies!"

Richard Fletcher died shortly after falling out of favour with the queen, over a marriage the queen had advised against. He appears to have been partly rehabilitated before his death in 1596; however, he died substantially in debt. The upbringing of John Fletcher and his seven siblings was entrusted to his paternal uncle Giles Fletcher, a poet and minor official. His uncle's connections ceased to be a benefit, and may even have become a liability, after the rebellion of the Earl of Essex, who had been his patron.

Fletcher appears to have entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University in 1591, at the age of eleven.[3] It is not certain that he took a degree, but evidence suggests that he was preparing for a career in the church. Little is known about his time at college, but he evidently followed the same path previously trodden by the University wits before him, from Cambridge to the burgeoning commercial theatre of London.

Collaborations with Beaumont

In 1606, he began to appear as a playwright for the Children of the Queen's Revels, then performing at the Blackfriars Theatre. Commendatory verses by Richard Brome in the Beaumont and Fletcher 1647 folio place Fletcher in the company of Ben Jonson; a comment of Jonson's to Drummond corroborates this claim, although it is not known when this friendship began. At the beginning of his career, his most important association was with Francis Beaumont. The two wrote together for close to a decade, first for the children and then for the King's Men. According to an anecdote transmitted or invented by John Aubrey, they also lived together (in Bankside), sharing clothes and having "one wench in the house between them." This domestic arrangement, if it existed, was ended by Beaumont's marriage in 1613, and their dramatic partnership ended after Beaumont fell ill, probably of a stroke, the same year.[4]

Successor to Shakespeare

By this time, Fletcher had moved into a closer association with the King's Men. He collaborated with Shakespeare on Henry VIII, The Two Noble Kinsmen, and the lost Cardenio, which is probably (according to some modern scholars) the basis for Lewis Theobald's play Double Falsehood. A play he wrote singly around this time, The Woman's Prize or the Tamer Tamed, is a sequel to The Taming of the Shrew.[5] In 1616, after Shakespeare's death, Fletcher appears to have entered into an exclusive arrangement with the King's Men similar to Shakespeare's. Fletcher wrote only for that company between the death of Shakespeare and his own death nine years later. He never lost his habit of collaboration, working with Nathan Field and later with Philip Massinger, who succeeded him as house playwright for the King's Men. His popularity continued unabated throughout his life; during the winter of 1621, three of his plays were performed at court. He died in 1625, apparently of the plague. He seems to have been buried in what is now Southwark Cathedral, although the precise location is not known; there is a reference by Aston Cockayne to a single grave for Fletcher and Massinger (also buried in Southwark). What is more certain is that two simple adjacent stones in the floor of The Choir of Southwark Cathedral, one marked 'Edmond Shakespeare 1607' the other 'John Fletcher 1625' refer to Shakespeare's younger brother and the playwright.

His mastery is most notable in two dramatic types, tragicomedy and comedy of manners.[6]

Stage history

Portrait of John Fletcher, circa 1620

Fletcher's early career was marked by one significant failure, of The Faithful Shepherdess,[7] his adaptation of Giovanni Battista Guarini's Il Pastor Fido, which was performed by the Blackfriars Children in 1608. In the preface to the printed edition of his play, Fletcher explained the failure as due to his audience's faulty expectations. They expected a pastoral tragicomedy to feature dances, comedy, and murder, with the shepherds presented in conventional stereotypes – as Fletcher put it, wearing "gray cloaks, with curtailed dogs in strings." Fletcher's preface in defence of his play is best known for its pithy definition of tragicomedy: "A tragicomedy is not so called in respect of mirth and killing, but in respect it wants [i.e., lacks] deaths, which is enough to make it no tragedy; yet brings some near it, which is enough to make it no comedy." A comedy, he went on to say, must be "a representation of familiar people," and the preface is critical of drama that features characters whose action violates nature.

In that case, Fletcher appears to have been developing a new style faster than audiences could comprehend. By 1609, however, he had found his stride. With Beaumont, he wrote Philaster, which became a hit for the King's Men and began a profitable connection between Fletcher and that company. Philaster appears also to have initiated a vogue for tragicomedy; Fletcher's influence has been credited with inspiring some features of Shakespeare's late romances (Kirsch, 288-90), and his influence on the tragicomic work of other playwrights is even more marked. By the middle of the 1610s, Fletcher's plays had achieved a popularity that rivalled Shakespeare's and cemented the preeminence of the King's Men in Jacobean London. After Beaumont's retirement and early death in 1616, Fletcher continued working, both singly and in collaboration, until his death in 1625. By that time, he had produced, or had been credited with, close to fifty plays. This body of work remained a major part of the King's Men's repertory until the closing of the theatres in 1642.

During the Commonwealth, many of the playwright's best-known scenes were kept alive as drolls, the brief performances devised to satisfy the taste for plays while the theatres were suppressed. At the re-opening of the theatres in 1660, the plays in the Fletcher canon, in original form or revised, were by far the most common fare on the English stage. The most frequently revived plays suggest the developing taste for comedies of manners. Among the tragedies, The Maid's Tragedy and, especially, Rollo Duke of Normandy held the stage. Four tragicomedies (A King and No King, The Humorous Lieutenant, Philaster, and The Island Princess) were popular, perhaps in part for their similarity to and foreshadowing of heroic drama. Four comedies (Rule a Wife And Have a Wife, The Chances, Beggars' Bush, and especially The Scornful Lady) were also popular.

Yet the popularity of these plays relative to those of Shakespeare and to new productions steadily eroded. By around 1710, Shakespeare's plays were more frequently performed, and the rest of the century saw a steady erosion in performance of Fletcher's plays. By 1784, Thomas Davies asserted that only Rule a Wife and The Chances were still current on stage. A generation later, Alexander Dyce mentioned only The Chances.

Since then Fletcher has increasingly become a subject only for occasional revivals and for specialists. Fletcher and his collaborators have been the subject of important bibliographic and critical studies, but the plays have been revived only infrequently.

Plays

Because Fletcher collaborated regularly and widely, attempts to separate out Fletcher's work from this collaborative fabric of plays have experienced difficulties in attribution. Fletcher collaborated most often with Beaumont[8] and Massinger but also with Nathan Field, Shakespeare and others. Some of his early collaborations with Beaumont were later revised by Massinger, adding another layer of complexity to the collaborative texture of the plays. According to scholars such as Hoy, Fletcher used distinctive mannerisms that Hoy argued identify his presence. According to Hoy's figures, he frequently uses ye instead of you, at rates sometimes approaching 50%. He employs 'em for them, along with a set of other preferences in contractions. He adds a sixth stressed syllable to a standard pentameter verse line—most often sir but also too or still or next. Various other specific habits and preferences may reveal his hand. The detection of this pattern, this personal Fletcherian textual profile, has persuaded some researchers that they have penetrated the Fletcher canon with what they consider success—and has in turn encouraged the use of similar techniques more broadly in the study of literature. [See: stylometry.] Some scholars, such as Jeffrey Masten and Gordon McMullan, have pointed out limitations of logic and method in Hoy's and others' attempts to distinguish playwrights on the basis of style and linguistic preferences.[9]

Bibliography has attempted to establish the writers of each play. Attempts to determine the exact "shares" of each writer (for instance by Cyrus Hoy) in particular plays is ongoing, based on patterns of textual and linguistic preferences, stylistic grounds, and idiosyncrasies of spelling.

The list that follows gives a tentative verdict on the writing of the plays in Fletcher's canon, with likeliest composition dates, dates of first publication, and dates of licensing by the Master of the Revels, where available.[10]

Solo plays

Collaborations

Main article: Beaumont and Fletcher

With Francis Beaumont:

With Beaumont and Massinger:

With Massinger:

With Massinger and Field:

With Shakespeare:

With Middleton and Rowley:

With Rowley:

With Field:

With Massinger, Jonson, and Chapman:

With Shirley:

Uncertain:

The Nice Valour may be a play by Fletcher revised by Thomas Middleton; The Fair Maid of the Inn is perhaps a play by Massinger, John Ford, and John Webster, either with or without Fletcher's involvement. The Laws of Candy has been variously attributed to Fletcher and to John Ford. The Night-Walker was a Fletcher original, with additions by Shirley for a 1639 production. And some of the attributions given above are disputed by some scholars, as noted in connection with Four Plays in One. Rollo Duke of Normandy, an especially difficult case and a focus of much disagreement among scholars, may have been written around 1617, and later revised by Massinger.[14]

The first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647 collected 35 plays, most not published previously. The second folio of 1679 added 18 more, for a total of 53. The first folio included The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn (1613), and the second The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1607), widely considered Beaumont's solo works, although the latter was in early editions attributed to both writers.

One play in the canon, Sir John Van Olden Barnavelt, existed in manuscript and was not published till 1883. In 1640 James Shirley's The Coronation was misattributed to Fletcher upon its initial publication, and was included in the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679.

Notes

  1. ^ "John Fletcher Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  2. ^ "John Fletcher | English dramatist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  3. ^ "Fletcher, John (FLTR591J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  4. ^ Academy, Students'. Famous English Renaissance Dramatists-Five-John Fletcher. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-257-15766-2.
  5. ^ http://go.galegroup.com/ps/pdfViewer?isETOC=true&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=csunorthridge&c2c=true&resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&docId=GALE%257CCX2547300001&contentSegment=9780805749212#docViewNav
  6. ^ "The Oxford Companion to English Literature". 2009. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192806871.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280687-1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Gurr, Andrew; Karim-Cooper, Farah (6 March 2014). Moving Shakespeare Indoors: Performance and Repertoire in the Jacobean Playhouse. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-04063-2.
  8. ^ "John Fletcher : The Poetry Foundation". www.poetryfoundation.org. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  9. ^ Jeffrey Masten, "Beaumont and/or Fletcher: Collaboration and the Interpretation of Renaissance Drama." English Literary History 59 (1992): 337-356.
  10. ^ Denzell S. Smith, "Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher," in Logan and Smith, The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists, pp. 52–89.
  11. ^ See: Double Falsehood; The Second Maiden's Tragedy.
  12. ^ Some assign this play to Fletcher and Beaumont.
  13. ^ The Night Walker was revised by Shirley for a new production in 1633–4.
  14. ^ Logan and Smith, pp. 70–2.

References

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). "Beaumont, Francis". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.
  • Academy, Students' Famous English Renaissance Dramatist-Five-John Fletcher. N.p.: n.p., 2011. 1-115. Print. ISBN 978-1-257-15766-2
  • "Biographical Sketches: Sir Walter Raleigh. Benjamin Jonson. Lord Francis Bacon. Beaumont and Fletcher. John Selden." The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature (1844–1898), 46.2 (1859): 287.
  • Birch, Dinah. "The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 Ed.)."Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press, 2009. Web. 10 Mar. 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-173506-6
  • Finkelpearl, Daniel. Court and Country Politics in the Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  • Fletcher, Ian. Beaumont and Fletcher. London, Longmans, Green, 1967.
  • "Front Cover." John Fletcher. Charles L. Squier. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986. [0]. Twayne's English Authors Series 433. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
  • Gurr, Andrew, and Farah Karim-Cooper. Moving Shakespeare Indoors: Performance and Repertoire in the Jacobean Playhouse. n.p.: 2014.
  • Hoy, Cyrus H. "The Shares of Fletcher and His Collaborators in the Beaumont and Fletcher Canon." Studies in Bibliography. Seven parts: vols. 8–9, 11–15 (1956–1962).
  • Ide, Arata. "John Fletcher of Corpus Christi College: New Records of His Early Years." Early Theatre, 14.1 (2011): 63-77.
  • "John Fletcher". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 16 Mar. 2016 http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Fletcher.
  • "John Fletcher." YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 16 March 2016. http://biography.yourdictionary.com/john-fletcher.
  • Kirsch, Arthur. "Cymbeline and Coterie Dramaturgy." ELH 34 (1967), 288–306.
  • Leech, Clifford. The John Fletcher Plays. London: Chatto and Windus, 1962.
  • Logan, Terence P., and Denzell S. Smith.The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
  • Masten, Jeffrey A. "Beaumont and/or Fletcher: Collaboration and the Interpretation of Renaissance Drama." English Literary History 59 (1992): 337-356.
  • McMullan, Gordon. ‘Fletcher, John (1579–1625)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, May 2006.
  • Oliphant, E. H. C. Beaumont and Fletcher: An Attempt to Determine Their Respective Shares and the Shares of Others. London: Humphrey Milford, 1927.
  • Sprague, A. C. Beaumont and Fletcher on the Restoration Stage. London: Benjamin Bloom, 1926.
  • Waith, Eugene. The Pattern of Tragicomedy in Beaumont and Fletcher. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952.
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