Katsura Tarō

Katsura Tarō
桂 太郎
Duke Katsura Tarō, c.early 1900s
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan
In office 21 August 1912 – 21 December 1912
Monarch	Taishō
Preceded by	Tokudaiji Sanetsune
Succeeded by	Prince Fushimi Sadanaru
Prime Minister of Japan
In office 21 December 1912 – 20 February 1913
Monarch	Taishō
Preceded by	Saionji Kinmochi
Succeeded by	Yamamoto Gonnohyōe
In office 14 July 1908 – 30 August 1911
Monarch	Meiji
Preceded by	Saionji Kinmochi
Succeeded by	Saionji Kinmochi
In office 2 June 1901 – 7 January 1906
Monarch	Meiji
Preceded by	Saionji Kinmochi (Acting)
Succeeded by	Saionji Kinmochi
Minister of War of the Japanese Empire
In office 12 January 1898 – 23 December 1900
Monarch	Meiji
Preceded by	Takashima Tomonosuke
Succeeded by	Kodama Gentarō
Governor General of Taiwan
In office 2 June 1896 – 14 October 1896
Monarch	Meiji
Preceded by	Kabayama Sukenori
Succeeded by	Nogi Maresuke
Personal details
Born	(1848-01-04)4 January 1848 Hagi, Chōshū Domain, Japan
Died	10 October 1913(1913-10-10) (aged 65) Tokyo, Japan
Cause of death	Stomach cancer
Political party	Constitutional Association of Allies (1913)
Other political affiliations	Independent (1896–1913)
Profession	General
Signature

Duke Katsura Tarō (桂 太郎, 4 January 1848 – 10 October 1913) was a Japanese general within the Imperial Japanese Army, and a politician who is the second-longest serving Prime Minister of Japan, having served three terms from 1901 to 1906, 1908 to 1911 and 1912 to 1913.

Early life

Katsura was born into a samurai family from Hagi, Chōshū Domain (present day Yamaguchi Prefecture). As a youth, he joined the movement against the Tokugawa shogunate and participated in some of the major battles of the Boshin War that led to the Meiji Restoration.

Army career

The new Meiji government considered that Katsura displayed great talent, and sent him to Germany to study military science. He served as military attaché at the Japanese embassy in Germany from 1875–1878 and again from 1884-1885. On his return to Japan, he was promoted to major general. He served in several key positions within the Imperial Japanese Army, and in 1886 was appointed Vice-Minister of War.

During the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) Katsura commanded the IJA 3rd Division under his mentor, Field Marshal Yamagata Aritomo. During the war, his division made a memorable march in the depth of winter from the north-east shore of the Yellow Sea to Haicheng, finally occupying Niuchwang, and effecting a junction with the IJA 2nd Army which had moved up the Liaodong Peninsula.

After the war, he was elevated with the title of shishaku (viscount) under the kazoku peerage system. He was appointed 2nd Governor-General of Taiwan from June 2, 1896 to October 1896.

In successive cabinets from 1898 to 1901, he served as Minister of War.

Prime Minister

Katsura Tarō, before 1913

Katsura Tarō served as the 11th, 13th and 15th Prime Minister of Japan. His position as the longest-serving Prime Minister of Japan (total length) was surpassed by Shinzo Abe on 20 November 2019.

First administration

Katsura became Prime Minister for the first time on June 2, 1901, and he retained the office for four and a half years to January 7, 1906, which was then a record in Japan. Japan emerged as a major imperialist power in East Asia. In terms of foreign affairs, it was marked by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 and victory over the Russian Empire in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. During his tenure, the Taft–Katsura agreement, accepting Japanese hegemony over Korea, was reached with the United States. Katsura received the Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George from British King Edward VII and was elevated to the rank of marquess by Emperor Meiji.

In terms of domestic policy, Katsura was a strictly-conservative politician who attempted to distance himself from the Diet of Japan and party politics. His political views mirrored that of Yamagata Aritomo in that he viewed that his sole responsibility was to the Emperor. He vied for control of the government with the Rikken Seiyūkai, the majority party of the lower house, headed by his archrival, Marquess Saionji Kinmochi.

In January 1906, Katsura resigned the premiership to Saionji Kinmochi over the unpopular Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), ending the war between Japan and Russia. However, his resignation was part of a "back door deal," brokered by Hara Takashi to alternate power between Saionji and Hara.

On April 1, 1906, he was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum.

Second administration

Katsura returned as Prime Minister from July 14, 1908 to August 30, 1911. His second term was noteworthy for the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty of 1910. He also promulgated the Factory Act in 1911, the first act for the purpose of labor protection in Japan.

Katsura was increasingly unpopular during his second term over public perception that he was using his office to further both his personal fortune and the interests of the military (gunbatsu) over the welfare of the people. He also faced growing public dissatisfaction over the persistence of the hanbatsu domainal based politics.

After his resignation, he became a kōshaku (公爵 = prince), Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan and one of the genrō.

Third administration

Katsura's brief reappointment again as Prime Minister again from December 21, 1912 to February 20, 1913 sparked widespread riots in what became known as the Taisho Political Crisis. His appointment was viewed as a plot by the genrō to overthrow the Meiji Constitution. However, rather than compromising, Katsura created his own political party, the Rikken Dōshikai (Constitutional Association of Allies) in an effort to establish his own support base.

However, faced with a no-confidence motion, the first successful one in Japanese history, and the loss of the support of his backers, he was forced to resign in February 1913. He was succeeded by Yamamoto Gonnohyōe.

Death

The funeral carriage leaving Katsura's residence en route to Zōjō-ji in October 1913

Katsura died of stomach cancer eight months later on October 10, 1913, aged 65. His funeral was held at the temple of Zōjō-ji in Shiba, Tokyo and his grave is at the Shōin Jinja, in Setagaya, Tokyo.

Honors

From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

Titles

• Viscount (August 20, 1895)
• Count (February 27, 1902)
• Marquess (September 21, 1907)
• Prince (April 21, 1911)

Decorations

Japanese

• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (August 20, 1895; Second Class: May 11, 1891)
• Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class (August 20, 1895)
• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (December 27, 1901; Third Class: November 19, 1885; Fourth Class: May 26, 1880)
• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (October 10, 1913; posthumous)
• Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (October 10, 1913, posthumous; Grand Cordon: April 1, 1906)

Foreign

• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX
• Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) (July 8, 1905)

References

• Lone, Stewart (2000). Army, Empire, and Politics in Meiji Japan: The Three Careers of General Katsura Taro. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23289-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Katsura Tarō in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW