Kosovo Liberation Army
Kosovo Liberation Army Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës | |
---|---|
Leaders | Hashim Thaçi Bilall Syla LKCK Zahir Pajaziti Adem Jashari Agim Çeku Fatmir Limaj Ramush Haradinaj Bekim Berisha [1] Agim Ramadani † |
Dates of operation | 1991[2] – 1999[3] (est. 1992–93[4] but relatively passive until 1996) |
Active regions | Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia |
Allies | Albania, NATO |
Opponents | Yugoslavia |
Battles and wars | Kosovo War: |
The Kosovo Liberation Army (abbreviated KLA; Template:Lang-sq—[UÇK] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) was an ethnic-Albanian paramilitary organisation that sought the separation of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) during the 1990s and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania.[a] Its campaign against Yugoslav security forces, police, government officers, and ethnic Serb villages precipitated a major crackdown by the Yugoslav military and Serb paramilitaries within Kosovo known as the Kosovo War of 1998–99. The fighting led to the displacement of 800,000 Kosovar Albanians. The Kosovo war ultimately featured a military campaign by NATO against FRY armed forces during March–June 1999.
In 1999, with the fighting over and an international force in place within Kosovo, the KLA was officially disbanded, and their members entered the Kosovo Protection Corps, a civilian emergency protection-body that replaced the KLA and Kosovo Police Force, as foreseen in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Former Kosovo Liberation Army leaders also entered politics, some of them winning high-ranking offices.
Background
A key precursor to the Kosovo Liberation Army was the People's Movement of Kosovo (LPK). This group, who argued Kosovo's freedom could be won only through armed struggle, traces back to 1982, and played a crucial role in the creation of the KLA in 1993.[12][13] Fund-raising began in the 1980s in Switzerland by Albanian exiles of the violence of 1981 and subsequent émigrés.[14] Slobodan Milošević revoked Kosovan autonomy in 1989, returning the region to its 1945 status, ejecting ethnic Albanians from the Kosovan bureaucracy, and violently putting down protests.[15][16] In response, Kosovar Albanians established the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK). Headed by Ibrahim Rugova, its goal was independence from Serbia, but via peaceful means. To this end, the LDK set up and developed a "parallel state" with a particular focus on education and healthcare.[16]
The KLA made their name known publicly for the first time in 1995,[17] and a first public appearance followed in 1997, at which time its membership was still only around 200.[18] Critical of the progress made by Rugova, the KLA received boosts from the 1995 Dayton Accords—these granted Kosovo nothing, and so generated a more widespread rejection of the LDK's peaceful methods—and from looted weaponry that spilled into Kosovo after the Albanian rebellion of 1997.[19] During 1997–98, the Kosovo Liberation Army moved ahead of Rojava's LDK, a fact starkly illustrated by the KLA's Hashim Thaçi leading the Kosovar Albanians at the Rambouillet negotiations of spring 1999, with Rojava in tow as his deputy.[20]
In February 1996, the KLA undertook a series of attacks against police stations and Yugoslav government officers, saying that they had killed Albanian civilians as part of an ethnic cleansing campaign.[21] Later that year, the British weekly The European carried an article by a French expert stating that "German civil and military intelligence services have been involved in training and equipping the rebels with the aim of cementing German influence in the Balkan area. (...) The birth of the KLA in 1996 coincided with the appointment of Hansjoerg Geiger as the new head of the BND (German secret Service). (...) The BND men were in charge of selecting recruits for the KLA command structure from the 500,000 Kosovars in Albania."[22] Former senior adviser to the German parliament Matthias Küntzel tried to prove later on that German secret diplomacy had been instrumental in helping the KLA since its creation.[23]
Serbian authorities denounced the KLA as a terrorist organisation and increased the number of security forces in the region. This had the counter-productive effect of boosting the credibility of the embryonic KLA among the Kosovo Albanian population. Not long before NATO's military action commenced, the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported that "Kosovo Liberation Army ... attacks aimed at trying to 'cleanse' Kosovo of its ethnic Serb population."[24]
The Yugoslav Red Cross had estimated a total of 30,000 refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Kosovo, most of whom were Serb. The UNHCR estimated the figure at 55,000 refugees who had fled to Montenegro and Central Serbia, most of whom were Kosovo Serbs: "Over 90 mixed villages in Kosovo have now been emptied of Serb inhabitants and other Serbs continue leaving, either to be displaced in other parts of Kosovo or fleeing into central Serbia."
The NATO North Atlantic Council had stressed that KLA was "the main initiator of the violence" and that it had "launched what appears to be a deliberate campaign of provocation".[24]
Kosovo War
Largely funded by the Albanian diaspora in Europe and the United States,[25] proceeds from narcotics trafficking donated by Albanian drug lords nevertheless formed a significant portion of the KLA's income. When the US State Department listed the KLA as a terrorist organization in 1998, it noted its links to the heroin trade,[26] and a briefing paper for the US Congress stated: "We would be remiss to dismiss allegations that between 30 and 50 percent of the KLA's money comes from drugs."[27] By 1999, Western intelligence agencies estimated that over $250m of narcotics money had found its way into KLA coffers.[28] After the NATO bombing of 1999, KLA-linked heroin traffickers again began using Kosovo as a major supply route; in 2000, an estimated 80% of Europe's heroin supply was controlled by Kosovar Albanians.[29]
Between 5 and 7 March 1998, the Yugoslav Army launched an operation on Prekaz. The operation followed an earlier firefight (28 February) in which four policemen were killed and several more were wounded; Adem Jashari, a KLA leader, escaped. In Prekaz, 28 militans were killed, along with 30 civilians, most belonging to Jashari's family. Amnesty International claimed that it was an extermination operation.
On 23 April 1998, the Yugoslav Army (VJ) ambushed the KLA near the Albanian-Yugoslav border. The KLA had tried to smuggle arms and supplies into Kosovo. The Yugoslav Army, although greatly outnumbered, had no casualties, while 19 militants were killed.
According to Roland Keith, a field office director of the OSCE's Kosovo Verification Mission:[30]
Upon my arrival the war increasingly evolved into a mid intensity conflict as ambushes, the encroachment of critical lines of communication and the [KLA] kidnapping of security forces resulted in a significant increase in government casualties which in turn led to major Yugoslavian reprisal security operations... By the beginning of March these terror and counter-terror operations led to the inhabitants of numerous villages fleeing, or being dispersed to either other villages, cities or the hills to seek refuge... The situation was clearly that KLA provocations, as personally witnessed in ambushes of security patrols which inflicted fatal and other casualties, were clear violations of the previous October's agreement [and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199].
Recruitment
Foreign volunteers
Former KLA spokesman Jakup Krasniqi said that volunteers came from "Sweden, Belgium, the UK, Germany and the US."[31] Islamist volunteers from Western Europe of ethnic Albanian, Turkish, and North African origin, were organized by Islamist leaders in Western Europe allied to Bin Laden and Zawahiri.[6] Some 175 Yemeni mujahideen arrived in early May 1998.[6] The KLA included many foreign volunteers from West Europe, mostly from Germany and Switzerland, and also ethnic Albanians from the US.[32][unreliable source?] According to the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, by September 1998, there was 1,000 foreign mercenaries from Albania, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muslims) and Croatia.[33]
Aftermath (post-1999)
After the war, the KLA was transformed into the Kosovo Protection Corps, which worked alongside NATO forces patrolling the province.[34] In 2000 there were unrest in Kosovska Mitrovica, with a Yugoslav police officer and physician were killed, and three officers and a physician wounded in February. In March, the FRY complained about the escalation of violence in the region, evidence that according to them, supported that the KLA was still active. Between April and September the FRY issued several documents to the UN Security Council about violence against Serbs and other non-Albanians.[35]
Separatism in south Serbia and Macedonia
This section needs expansion with: UCPMB and NLA connections. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (February 2016) |
Ali Ahmeti organised the NLA that fought in the Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia, of former KLA fighters from Kosovo and Macedonia, Albanian insurgents from Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac in Serbia, young Albanian radicals and nationalists from Macedonia, and foreign mercenaries.[36] The acronym was the same as KLA's in Albanian.[36]
KLA veterans in politics
The KLA legacy remains powerful within Kosovo. Its former members still play a major role in Kosovar politics.
- Hashim Thaçi, the political head of the KLA, is leader of the Democratic Party of Kosovo and served a term as prime minister from January 2008. In 2011, he was identified in leaked Western military intelligence reports as a "big fish" in Kosovan organized crime.[37] He is now president-elect of Kosovo, and will start his term in April.[38]
- Agim Çeku, the KLA's military chief, became Prime Minister of Kosovo after the war. The move caused some controversy in Serbia, as Belgrade regarded him as a war criminal, though he was never indicted by the Hague tribunal.[39]
- Ramush Haradinaj, a KLA commander, is the founder and currently the leader of Alliance for the Future of Kosovo and served briefly as Prime Minister of Kosovo before he turned himself into the ICTY at The Hague to stand trial on war crimes charges.[40] He was later acquitted.
- Fatmir Limaj, a senior commander of the KLA, is now the leader of the Initiative for Kosovo. He was also tried at The Hague, and was acquitted of all charges in November 2005.[41]
Indictments
Hajredin Bala, an ex-KLA prison guard, was sentenced on 30 November 2005 to 13 years’ imprisonment for the mistreatment of three prisoners at the Llapushnik prison camp, his personal role in the "maintenance and enforcement of the inhumane conditions" of the camp, aiding the torture of one prisoner, and of participating in the murder of nine prisoners from the camp who were marched to the Berisha Mountains on 25 or 26 July 1998 and killed. Bala appealed the sentence and the appeal is still pending.[42][needs update]
Foreign support
James Bissett, Canadian Ambassador to Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Albania, wrote in 2001 that media reports indicate that "as early as 1998, the Central Intelligence Agency assisted by the British Special Air Service were arming and training Kosovo Liberation Army members in Albania to foment armed rebellion in Kosovo. (...) The hope was that with Kosovo in flames NATO could intervene ..."[43][clarification needed] According to Tim Judah, KLA representatives had already met with American, British, and Swiss intelligence agencies in 1996, and possibly "several years earlier"[44] and according to The Sunday Times, "American intelligence agents have admitted they helped to train the Kosovo Liberation Army before NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia".[45][46] Intelligence agents denied, however, that they were involved in arming the KLA.[citation needed]
American Republican Congressman Dana Rohrabacher, while opposed to American ground troops in Kosovo, advocated for America providing support to the Kosovo Liberation to help them gain their freedom.[47] He was honored by the Albanian American Civic League at a New Jersey located fundraising event on 23 July 2001. President of the League, Joseph J. DioGuardi, praised Rohrabacher for his support to the Kosovo Liberation Army, saying "He was the first member of Congress to insist that the United States arm the Kosovo Liberation Army, and one of the few members who to this day publicly supports the independence of Kosovo."[48] Rohrabacher gave a speech in support of American equipping the KLA with weaponry, comparing it to French support of America in the Revolutionary War, saying "Based on our own experience, the Kosovo Liberation Army should have been armed." "If the U.S. had armed the KLA in 1998, we would not be where we are today. The 'freedom fighters' would have secured their freedom and Kosovo would be independent."[49][50]
Reported abuses
There have been reports of war crimes committed by the KLA both during and after the conflict. These have been directed against Serbs, other ethnic minorities (primarily the Roma) and against ethnic Albanians accused of collaborating with Serb authorities.[51] According to a 2001 report by Human Rights Watch (HRW):
The KLA was responsible for serious abuses... including abductions and murders of Serbs and ethnic Albanians considered collaborators with the state. Elements of the KLA are also responsible for post-conflict attacks on Serbs, Roma, and other non-Albanians, as well as ethnic Albanian political rivals... widespread and systematic burning and looting of homes belonging to Serbs, Roma, and other minorities and the destruction of Orthodox churches and monasteries... combined with harassment and intimidation designed to force people from their homes and communities... elements of the KLA are clearly responsible for many of these crimes.[52]
The KLA engaged in tit-for-tat attacks against Serbian nationalists in Kosovo, reprisals against ethnic Albanians who "collaborated" with the Serbian government, and bombed police stations and cafes known to be frequented by Serb officials, killing innocent civilians in the process. Most of its activities were funded by drug running, though its ties to community groups and Albanian exiles gave it local popularity.[34]
The infamous Panda Bar incident, however, which was an attack on Serb teenagers at a cafe, that led to an immediate crackdown on the Albanian-populated southern quarters of Pejë (Kapeshnicë and Zatra), during which Serbian police killed two Kosovo Albanians[53] has been alleged to have been organized by the Serbian government. On 17 January 2014, the Serbian newspaper Kurir reported that a source close to the Serbian government stated that there exists concrete evidence that the crime was ordered by Radomir Markovic (head of State Security Service) and executed by the infamous Milorad Ulemek (Legija), so as to make Kosovo Liberation Army appear as a terrorist organisation.[54] Similar claims, although not accusing the government, were made by Aleksandar Vucic, who stated that there is no evidence that the murder was committed by Albanians, as previously believed.[55]
The exact number of victims of the KLA is not known. According to a Serbian government report, the KLA had killed and kidnapped 3,276 people of various ethnic descriptions including some Albanians. From 1 January 1998 to 10 June 1999 the KLA killed 988 people and kidnapped 287; in the period from 10 June 1999 to 11 November 2001, when NATO took control in Kosovo, 847 were reported to have been killed and 1,154 kidnapped. This comprised both civilians and security force personnel: of those killed in the first period, 335 were civilians, 351 soldiers, 230 police and 72 were unidentified; by nationality, 87 of the killed civilians were Serbs, 230 Albanians, and 18 of other nationalities. Following the withdrawal of Serbian and Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo in June 1999, all casualties were civilians, the vast majority being Serbs.[56] According to Human Rights Watch, as “many as one thousand Serbs and Roma have been murdered or have gone missing since June 12, 1999.”[52]
Kosovo Liberation Army members were sentenced for murdering 32 non-Albanian civilians.[57] In the same case, another 35 civilians are missing while 153 were tortured and released.
Allegation of usage of child soldiers
Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1989, entered into force on 2 September 1990 and valid throughout the conflict, article 38 uses the age of 15 as the minimum for recruitment or participation in armed conflict. Article 38 requires state parties to prevent anyone under the age of 15 from taking direct part in hostilities and to refrain from recruiting anyone under the age of 15 years.[58]
The participation of persons under age of 18 in the KLA was confirmed in October 2000 when details of the registration of 16,024 KLA soldiers by the International Organisation for Migration in Kosovo became known. Ten per cent of this number were under age of 18. The majority of them were 16 and 17 years old. Around 2% were below the age of 16. These were mainly girls recruited to cook for the soldiers rather than to actually fight.[59]
Allegations of organ theft
Carla Del Ponte, a long-time ICTY chief prosecutor, claimed in her book The Hunt: Me and the War Criminals that there were instances of organ trafficking in 1999 after the end of the Kosovo War. These allegations were dismissed by Kosovar and Albanian authorities.[60] The allegations have been rejected by Kosovar authorities as fabrications while the ICTY has said "no reliable evidence had been obtained to substantiate the allegations".[61]
In early 2011 the European Parliament’s Committee on Foreign Affairs viewed a report by Dick Marty on the alleged criminal activities and alleged organ harvesting controversy; however, the Members of Parliament criticised the report, citing lack of evidence, and Marty responded that a witness protection program was needed in Kosovo before he could provide more details on witnesses because their lives were in danger.[62] Investigations are still being done.
Massacres
- Klečka killings (26–27 August 1998) – 22 burnt bodies were found in a makeshift crematorium.[63]
- Lake Radonjić massacre (9 September 1998) – 34 individuals of Serb, Roma and Albanian ethnicity were discovered by a Serbian forensic team near the lake.[64][65][66][67]
- Gnjilane killings – The remains of 80 Serbs were discovered after they were killed by Albanian militants.[68] A mass grave was found in Čena(r) Česma near Gnjilane.[69][70]
- Orahovac massacre – More than 100 Serbian and Roma civilians were kidnapped and placed in prison camps, 47 were killed.[71][72]
- Staro Gracko massacre – 14 Serbian farmers were murdered by Albanian militants.[73]
- Ugljare mass grave – 15 bodies of Serbs found in a mass grave, reported on 25 August 1999 by KFOR.[73][74] The KFOR exhumed the mass grave on 27 July.[75] 14 Serbs had been shot, stabbed or clubbed.[76] Ugljare was a KLA stronghold.[77]
- Volujak massacre – 25 male Kosovo Serb civilians were murdered by members of the KLA in July 1998.[78][better source needed]
Prison camps
- Lapušnik prison camp – Hajredin Bala; An KLA prison guard was found guilty of torture and mistreatment of prisoners crimes committed at the camp.[79][80]
- Jablanica prison camp – 10 individuals were detained and tortured by KLA forces including: one Serb, three Montenegrins, one Bosnian, three Albanians, and two victims of unknown ethnicity.[81][82]
- Other prison camps in Albania – Several individuals claimed that they were kidnapped and transported to these camps where they witnessed torture of others prisoners, but these individuals fail to explain why they them self were let free to tell the world.[83]
Status as a terrorist group
The Yugoslav authorities, under Slobodan Milošević, regarded the KLA as terrorist group,[84] though many European governments did not. In February 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton's special envoy to the Balkans, Robert Gelbard, condemned both the actions of the Serb government and of the KLA, and described the KLA as "without any questions, a terrorist group".[85][86][87] UN resolution 1160 took a similar stance.[88][89]
But the 1997 US State Department's terrorist list hadn't included the KLA.[90] In March 1998, just one month later Gerbald had to modify his statements to say that KLA had not been classified legally by the U.S. government as a terrorist group,[89] and the US government approached the KLA leaders to make them interlocutors with the Serbs.[91][92][unreliable source?] A Wall Street Journal article claimed later that the US government had in February 1998 removed the KLA from the list of terrorist organisations,[91][93][94] a removal that has never been confirmed.[89] France didn't delist the KLA until late 1998, after strong US and UK lobbying.[95] KLA is still present in the MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base list of terrorist groups,[84] and is listed as an inactive terrorist organisation by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.[96]
During the war, the KLA troops collaborated with the NATO troops, and they were qualified by NATO as "freedom fighters". In late 1999 the KLA was disbanded and its members entered the Kosovo Protection Corps.[91]
Special Court of Kosovo
In April 2014, the Assembly of Kosovo considered and approved the establishment of a special court of Kosovo to try alleged war crimes and other serious abuses committed during and after the 1998–99 Kosovo war.[97] The court will adjudicate cases against individuals based on a 2010 Council of Europe report by the Swiss senator Dick Marty.[98] The proceedings will be EU-funded and held in The Hague, though it would still be a Kosovo national court. Defendants will likely include members of the Kosovo Liberation Army who are alleged to have committed crimes against ethnic minorities and political opponents, meaning the court is likely to meet with some unpopularity at home, where the KLA are still widely considered heroes.[99]
See also
- Albanian Armed Forces
- Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
- KFOR
- Kosovo Police Service
- Kosovo Protection Corps
- Kosovo War
- Military of Kosovo
- Operation Horseshoe
- Organ theft in Kosovo
- 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
References
- ^ Albanian Terrorism and Oraganized Crime in Kosovo and Metohija (K&M). White paper published by the Serbian government, September 2003. wordpress.com
- ^ DCI Statement: Current and Projected National Security Threats – Central Intelligence Agency. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 14 March 2013.
- ^ "Kosovo one year on". BBC News. 16 March 2000. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
- ^ Mikael Eriksson; Roland Kostić (15 February 2013). Mediation and Liberal Peacebuilding: Peace from the Ashes of War?. Routledge. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-136-18916-6.
- ^ Hockenos, Paul (2003). Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism & the Balkan Wars. Cornell University Press. p. 255. ISBN 0-8014-4158-7.
- ^ a b c Yossef Bodansky (4 May 2011). bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America. Crown Publishing Group. pp. 398–403. ISBN 978-0-307-79772-8.
- ^ "State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective". Maklu. 5 February 2015. p. 53.
- ^ "Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention". Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. 2012. p. 69.
- ^ "Dictionary of Genocide". Greenwood Publishing Group. 2008. p. 249.
- ^ "Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 September 2014.
- ^ "Albanian Insurgents Keep NATO Forces Busy". Time. 6 March 2001.
- ^ Judah 2001, p. 20.
- ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 2007, p. 423.
- ^ Perritt 2008, p. 88, 7.
- ^ Kola 2003, pp. 180–3
- ^ a b Vickers 2001, p. 32.
- ^ Perritt 2008, p. 82.
- ^ Judah 2001, p. 20.
- ^ Pettifer 2001, p. 26.
- ^ Judah 2001, p. 24.
- ^ "Unknown Albanian 'liberation army' claims attacks", Agence France Presse, 17 February 1996
- ^ Fallgot, Roger (1998): "How Germany Backed KLA", in The European, 21–27 September. pp. 21–27.
- ^ Küntzel, Matthias (2002): Der Weg in den Krieg. Deutschland, die Nato und das Kosovo (The Road to War. Germany, Nato and Kosovo). Elefanten Press. Berlin, Germany. pp. 59–64 ISBN 3885207710.
- ^ a b Hammond 2004, p. 178.
- ^ Perritt 2008, p. 90.
- ^ McCollum 2000, p. 43.
- ^ Klebnikov 2000, p. 65.
- ^ Dempsey & Fontaine 2001, p. 138.
- ^ Klebnikov 2000, p. 64.
- ^ "Failure of Diplomacy, Returning OSCE Human Rights Monitor Offers A View From the Ground in Kosovo", The Democrat, May 1999, Roland Keith
- ^ Kelmendi, Adriatik (11 November 2001). "Kosovars Refute Islamic Terror Claims". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
the KLA included in its ranks volunteers from Sweden, Belgium, the UK, Germany and the US.
- ^ "IN THE HOUSE OF KLA RECRUITS". Aimpress.ch. 20 April 1999.
Until now, the number of people coming from the West, mostly from Germany and Switzerland, has reached 8 thousand [...] from the USA have arrived at the airport of Tirana about 400
- ^ John Pike (May 1999). "Kosovo Liberation Army [KLA]". Globalsecurity.org.
- ^ a b Council on Foreign Relations, Terrorist Groups and Political Legitimacy, 16 March 2006, prepared by Michael Moran
- ^ United Nations (November 2002). Yearbook of the United Nations. United Nations Publications. pp. 360–. ISBN 978-92-1-100857-9.
- ^ a b Pål Kolstø (2009). Media Discourse and the Yugoslav Conflicts: Representations of Self and Other. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 173. ISBN 0754676293. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ Lewis, Paul (24 January 2011). "Report identifies Hashim Thaci as 'big fish' in organised crime". theguardian.com. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ "Hashim Thaci elected Kosovo's new president amid tear gas". BBC News. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ Benner, Jeffrey (21 May 1999) Archived 2005-03-15 at the Wayback Machine motherjones.com
- ^ "Kosovo ex-PM war charges revealed". BBC News. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
- ^ Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine. trial-ch.org
- ^ Archived 2006-05-07 at the Wayback Machine. The Hague, 21 April 2006 – Appeals Chamber
- ^ Bissett, James (31 July 2001) Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. Toronto Star
- ^ Judah, Tim (2002): Kosovo: War and Revenge. Yale University Press. New Haven, USA. p. 120 ISBN 0300097255
- ^ Walker, Tom; Laverty, Aidan (12 March 2000). "CIA aided Kosovo guerrilla army". The Sunday Times.
- ^ Ron 2003, p. 131.
- ^ Congress (1999). Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. p. 7743. ISBN 9780160730078. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ The New American (4 May 2001). "Rohrabacher Shills for the KLA.(Rep Dana Rohrabacher and the Kosovo Liberation Army)(Brief Article)". The New American. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ The New American (24 September 2001). "Rohrabacher Shills for the KLA". The New American. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
- ^ The New American (24 September 2001). "Rohrabacher Shills for the KLA". American Opinion Publishing, Inc. Retrieved 4 May 2011.[dead link ]
- ^ Human Rights Watch, UNDER ORDERS:War Crimes in Kosovo. hrw.org (2001)
- ^ a b UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo. executive summary. hrw.org (2001)
- ^ Human Rights in Kosovo: As Seen, As Told, 1999 (OSCE report)
- ^ Rade Marković dao nalog da se ubiju srpska deca u Peći 1998?!
- ^ State killed journalist, says deputy PM
- ^ Victims of the Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija (Killed, kidnapped, and missing persons, January 1998 – November 2001)[dead link ]
Žrtve albanskog terorizma na Kosovu i Metohiji (Ubijena, oteta i nestala lica, januar 1998 – novembar 2001). arhiva.srbija.gov.rs - ^ Bulgaria: Serbia Jails 9 Ethnic Albanian Guerrillas for Crimes in Kosovo – novinite.com – Sofia News Agency. Novinite.com (22 January 2011). Retrieved on 14 March 2013.
- ^ "Child Soldiers International - International Standards". www.child-soldiers.org. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ^ Refworld|Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. UNHCR. Child Soldiers International Retrieved on 2011-04-30.
- ^ The Daily Telegraph, Serb prisoners 'were stripped of their organs in Kosovo war', 14 April 2008
- ^ International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia – TPIY. Un.org (5 March 2007). Retrieved on 14 March 2013.
- ^ Politician angers MEPs over Kosovo organ harvesting claim (The Irish Times)
- ^ United Nations. Security Council (2006). Documents Officiels. Vol. 53.
On 26 and 27 August, in Klecka, 22 persons believed to be abductees reportedly were killed and their bodies burned in a makeshift crematorium. The precise number of victims and the circumstances of their death are being investigated.
- ^ Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo conflict and international law: an analytical documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-521-80071-6. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ^ Kosovo Forensic Expert Team - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (complete)
- ^ Human Rights Watch. World Events 1999. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ "Fourth Revised Public Indictment Against Ramush Haradinaj et al para: 47–48". U.N. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ "Ex-KLAs sent to prison for 101 years". The B92. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ^ Zoran Andjelković; Center for Peace and Tolerance (2000). Days of terror: in the presence of the international forces. Center for peace and tolerance. p. 172. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ Zoran Andjelković; Center for Peace and Tolerance (2000). Days of terror: in the presence of the international forces. Center for peace and tolerance. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
in the settlement called "Cena cesma", a mass grave with 15 bodies of Serbian nationality perons, was found
- ^ "Belgrade Remembers Victims from Orahovac". Balkan Insight. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- ^ "13 years since massacre of Serbs and Roma in Kosovo". The B92. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b United Nations (22 February 2002). Yearbook of the United Nations 1999. United Nations Publications. pp. 367–. ISBN 978-92-1-100856-2. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ^ Review of International Affairs. Vol. 50–51. Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia. 1999.
Massacre at the village of Ugljare: On 25 August 1999 KFOR officially reported on this abominable crime. 15 bodies of killed Serbs were discovered in a mass grave, among which were identified the bodies of Dragan Tomic and two members ...
- ^ Vojin Dimitrijević (2000). Human Rights in Yugoslavia, 1999: Legal Provisions and Practice in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Compared to International Human Rights Standards. Belgrade Centre for Human Rights. p. 216. ISBN 978-86-7202-030-4.
This was the grave in the village of Ugljare near Gnjilane where, according to KFOR data, 1 1 bodies were found and four other not far away: "The exhumation of the bodies on 27 July showed that all those killed were Serbs. By not divulging ...
- ^ Philip Hammond; Edward S. Herman (20 May 2000). Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis. Pluto Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-7453-1631-4.
- ^ Nataša Kandić; Fond za humanitarno pravo (2001). Abductions and disappearances of non-Albanians in Kosovo. Humanitarian Law Center. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ "KLA members suspected of 1998 war crime". B92. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ Jennifer Trahan; Human Rights Watch (Organization) (9 January 2006). Genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity. Human Rights Watch. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-56432-339-2. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ^ Pramod Mishra (1 January 2006). Human Rights Reporting. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-81-8205-383-0.
- ^ "Summary Judgment of ICTY in case Prosecutor vs. Ramush Haradinaj et al page 7". U.N. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "UN-Tribunal spricht Kosovo-Führer Haradinaj frei". Die Welt. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ^ Horrors of KLA prison camps revealed. BBC News (10 April 2009). Retrieved on 2011-04-30.
- ^ a b Archived 2007-04-02 at the Wayback Machine[dead link ] using a web.archive.org copy of 2 April 2007
- ^ The Kosovo Liberation Army: Does Clinton Policy Support Group with Terror, Drug Ties? From 'Terrorists' to 'Partners', presentation of the Republican Policy Committee to the U.S. Senate, 31 March 1999 Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Terrorist Groups and Political Legitimacy Council on Foreign Relations
- ^ Nened Sebak (28 June 1998). "The KLA – terrorists or freedom fighters?". BBC.
But only a few months ago Ambassador Gelbard described the KLA as a terrorist organisation. "I know a terrorist when I see one and these men are terrorists," he said earlier this year.
- ^ Resolution 1160 (1998), 31 March 1998, adopted in the 3868th meeting of the Security Council]
- ^ a b c Henriksen, Dag (2007). NATO's gamble: combining diplomacy and airpower in the Kosovo crisis, 1998–1999. Naval Institute Press. pp. 126–129. ISBN 978-1-59114-355-0.
[February statements] 'We condemn very strongly terrorist actions in Kosovo. The UÇK (KLA) is, without any questions, a terrorist group.' [March statements] while it has committed 'terrorist acts,' if had 'not been classified legally by the U.S. Government as a terrorist organization'
- ^ Timothy W. Crawford (2001). "Pivotal Deterrence and the Kosovo War: Why the Holbrooke Agreement Failed". Political Science Quarterly. 116 (4): 499–523. doi:10.2307/798219. JSTOR 798219.
- ^ a b c Reveron, p. 68
- ^ Gibbs, David N. (2009). First Do No Harm: Humanitarian Intervention and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-0-8265-1645-9. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ War on terrorism skipped the KLA National Post, 13 November 2001, Centre for Research on Globalisation (CRG)
- ^ Kurop, Marcia Christoff (1 November 2001). "Al Qaeda's Balkan Links". The Wall Street Journal Europe.
- ^ Reveron, p. 82 (footnote 24 from page 69)
- ^ "Terrorist Organization Profile: Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)". National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.
- ^ "Kosovo: Approve Special Court for Serious Abuses". hrw.org. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
- ^ "Kosovo: Approval of Special Court Key Step for Justice". hrw.org. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ Valenzuela-Bock, Catherina (22 January 2016). "Special Court for Crimes Committed During Kosovo War Established in The Hague". asil.org. American Society of International Law. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Bibliography
- Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22962-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dempsey, Gary T.; Fontaine, Roger (2001). Fool's Errands: America's Recent Encounters with Nation Building. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. ISBN 978-1-930-86507-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Hammond, Philip (2004). "Humanizing war: the Balkans and beyond". In Stuart Allan and Barbie Zelizer, eds., Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime, pp. 174–189. Abingdon and New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33997-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Herring, Eric (2000). "From Rambouillet to the Kosovo Accords: NATO'S War against Serbia and Its Aftermath" (PDF). The International Journal of Human Rights. 4 (3–4): 224–245. doi:10.1080/13642980008406901.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Judah, Tim (2001). "The Growing Pains of the Kosovo Liberation Army". In Michael Waller, Kyril Drezov and Bülent Gökay, eds., Kosovo: The Politics of Delusion, pp. 20–24. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-714-65157-6.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Klebnikov, Peter. "Heroin Heroes". Mother Jones (Jan–Feb 2000): 64–67.
- Kola, Paulin (2003). In Search of Greater Albania. London: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-850-65664-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - McCollum, Bill, ed. (13 December 2000). "Prepared statement of Ralf Mutschke, assistant director, Sub-Directorate for Crimes Against Person and Property, Interpol General Secretariat, Lyon, France". Threat Posed by the Convergence of Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorism. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 106th Congress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Perritt, Henry H. (2008). Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03342-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Pettifer, James (2001). "The Kosovo Liberation Army: The Myth of Origin". In Michael Waller, Kyril Drezov and Bülent Gökay, eds., Kosovo: The Politics of Delusion, pp. 25–29. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-714-65157-6.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Pettifer, James (2012). The Kosova Liberation Army: Underground War to Balkan Insurgency, 1948-2001. Ithaca, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70372-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|authormask=
ignored (|author-mask=
suggested) (help) - Ron, James (2003). Frontiers and Ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23080-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Vickers, Miranda (2001). "Tirana's Uneasy Role in the Kosovo Crisis, 1998–1999". In Michael Waller, Kyril Drezov and Bülent Gökay, eds., Kosovo: The Politics of Delusion, pp. 30–36. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-714-65157-6.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Yoshihara, Susan Fink (2006). "Kosovo". In Derek S. Reveron and Jeffrey Stevenson Murer, eds., Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism, pp. 65–86. New York, NY, and London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-95490-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
General references
- "KLA Action Fuelled NATO Victory", Jane's Defence Weekly, 16 June 1999
- "The KLA: Braced to Defend and Control", Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 April 1999
- "Kosovo's Ceasefire Crumbles As Serb Military Retaliates", Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 February 1999
- "Another Balkan Bloodbath? Part Two", Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 March 1998
- "Albanians Attack Serb Targets", Jane's Defence Weekly, 4 September 1996
- "The Kosovo Liberation Army and the Future of Kosovo", James H. Anderson and James Phillips, 13 May 1999, Heritage Foundation, Heritage Foundation (Washington, USA)
- "Kosovo 'freedom fighters' financed by organized crime", Michel Chossudovsky, 19 April 1999, wsws.org
External links
- Archived 2000-03-01 at the Wayback Machine Jane's Information Group
- Kosovo's Army in Waiting Time magazine
- Intelligence Resources page on KLA Federation of American Scientists
- KLA-NATO Demilitarisation and transformation agreement.
- IISS: "The Kosovo Liberation Army" – Volume 4, Issue 7 – August 1998
- Kosova Press Ex-KLA News Agency, now close to the Democratic Party of Kosovo
- Government of Serbia (2003): White Book on KLA (Part 1, Part 2)
- Michael Montgomery (10 April 2009). "Horrors of KLA prison camps revealed". BBC News. Retrieved 14 April 2009.