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La Silla Observatory

Coordinates: 29°15.67′S 70°43.88′W / 29.26117°S 70.73133°W / -29.26117; -70.73133
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La Silla Observatory
OrganizationEuropean Southern Observatory
Observatory code 809 Edit this on Wikidata
LocationCoquimbo Region, Chile
Coordinates29°15.67′S 70°43.88′W / 29.26117°S 70.73133°W / -29.26117; -70.73133
Altitude2,400 metres (7,900 ft)
Established1964 (1964)
WebsiteESO – La Silla
Telescopes
New Technology Telescope3.5 m reflector
ESO 3.6-metre3.6 m reflector
MPG/ESO 2.2-metre2.2-m reflector
Danish National Telescope1.5 m reflector
Euler Telescope1.2 m reflector
ESO 1 m Schmidt1.0 m reflector
REM Telescope0.6 m reflector
TRAPPIST0.6 m reflector
TAROT0.3 m reflector
La Silla Observatory is located in Chile
La Silla Observatory
Location of La Silla Observatory
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La Silla Observatory is an astronomical observatory in Chile with three telescopes built and operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Several telescopes are located at the site and are partly maintained by ESO. The observatory is one of the largest in the Southern Hemisphere and was the first in Chile to be used by ESO.[1]

The La Silla telescopes and instruments are located 150 km northeast of La Serena at the outskirts of the Chilean Atacama Desert, one of the driest and remotest areas of the world. Like other observatories in this geographical area, La Silla is located far from sources of light pollution and, like the Paranal Observatory, home to the Very Large Telescope, it has one of the darkest night skies on the Earth.

History

La Silla under construction in June 1968.[2] In front is the ESO Schmidt telescope.

Following the decision in 1963 to approve Chile as the site for the ESO observatory,[3] scouting parties were sent to various locations to assess their suitability. The site that was decided upon was La Silla in the southern part of the Atacama desert, 600 km north of Santiago de Chile and at an altitude of 2400 metres. Besides being government property, it had the added benefits of being in a dry, flat and easily accessible area, yet isolated and remote from any artificial light and dust sources. Originally named the Cinchado, it was renamed La Silla (the saddle in Spanish) after its saddle-like shape.[4] On October 30, 1964, the contracts were signed and an area of 245 square miles was purchased the following year. During 1965, temporary facilities were erected with living quarters, a workshop and storage area. The dedication ceremony of the road to the top took place in March 1966, two months after its completion.

Eduardo Frei Montalva inaugurates La Silla in 1969.

On 25 March 1969, the ESO site at La Silla was finally formally inaugurated by President Eduardo Frei Montalva. With a permanent base of dormitories, workshops, hotels and several functioning telescopes, the observatory was fully operational. The ESO 1.5-metre and ESO 1-metre telescopes had been erected in the late 1960s, and were joined in 1968 by the Gran Prismo Objectif telescope that had been previously been used in South Africa.[5] These three telescopes can be seen in this order from right to left in the background of the adjunct image from June 1968.

By 1976, the largest telescope planned, the § ESO 3.6 m Telescope, started operations.[6] It was subsequently to have a 1.4m CAT (Coudé Auxiliary Telescope) attached. In 1984, the 2.2m telescope began operations, while in March 1989, the 3.5 m New Technology Telescope (NTT) saw first light.[7] The program reaches its apex with the installation of the SEST in 1987 (Swedish ESO Submillimetre Telescope), the only large submillimetre telescope in the southern hemisphere, which was a combined project between ESO and the Swedish Natural Science Research Council. During the end of the century some of the original telescopes were closed-the 1m Schmidt closed in 1998 and the 1.5m in 2002, whilst new equipment owned by various foreign observatories was introduced. A 1m telescope owned by Marseille Observatory opened in 1998, followed by a 1.2m telescope from Geneva Observatory in 2000.[8]

Telescopes

View of La Silla with annotated telescope names

ESO operates three major optical and near infrared telescopes at the La Silla site:[9] the New Technology Telescope (NTT), the 3.6-m ESO Telescope, and the 2.2-m Max-Planck-ESO Telescope (MPG/ESO Telescope). In addition La Silla hosts several other national and project telescopes such as the ESO 1-metre Schmidt Telescope, the 1.54-m Danish Telescope, the 1.2-m Leonhard Euler Telescope, the Rapid Eye Mount telescope, TRAPPIST and TAROT. These telescopes are not operated by ESO and hence do not fall under the responsibility of La Silla Science Operations.[10]

ESO 3.6 m Telescope

Main article: ESO 3.6 Telescope
ESO 3.6 m Telescope

This 3.6 m Cassegrain telescope started operations in 1976[11] and has been constantly upgraded since, including the installation of a new secondary mirror that has kept the telescope in its place as one of the most efficient and productive engines of astronomical research. The telescope hosts HARPS, the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher, the world’s foremost exoplanet hunter. HARPS is a spectrograph with unrivalled precision and is the most successful finder of low-mass exoplanets to date.[12] Since April 2008, HARPS is the only instrument available at the 3.6 m telescope.[13]

New Technology Telescope

Main article: New Technology Telescope
The NTT telescope

The ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT) is an Alt-Az, 3.58m Richey-Chretien telescope which pioneered the use of active optics. The telescope and its enclosure had a revolutionary design for optimal image quality.[14] NTT saw first light in March 1989. The telescope chamber is ventilated by a system of flaps which optimize the air flow across the NTT minimizing the dome and mirror seeing. To prevent heat input to the building, all motors in the telescope are water cooled and all the electronics boxes are insulated and cooled. The primary mirror of the NTT is actively controlled to preserve its figure at all telescope positions. The secondary mirror position is also actively controlled in three directions. The optimized airflow, the thermal controls, and the active optics give the excellent image quality of the NTT. Note that the NTT has active instead of adaptive optics: it corrects the defects and deformation of the telescope and mirror, but does not correct the turbulence; it ensures that the optics is always in perfect shape. Together with the thermal control, it allows the NTT to reach the ambient seeing, but it does not improve it.[15]

MPG/ESO 2.2 m Telescope

Main article: MPG/ESO telescope
The MPG/ESO, ESO Schmidt, NTT and ESO 3.6 telescopes (left to right)

The 2.2-metre telescope has been in operation at La Silla since early 1984 and is on indefinite loan to ESO from the Max Planck Society (Template:Lang-de or MPG). Telescope time is shared between MPG and ESO observing programmes, while the operation and maintenance of the telescope are ESO's responsibility. However, due to a new agreement between MPIA and ESO, the instrument is operated by MPG until the end of September 2016.[16][17] The telescope hosts three instruments: the 67-million pixel Wide Field Imager with a field of view as large as the full Moon, which has taken many amazing images of celestial objects; GROND, the Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector, which chases the afterglows of the most powerful explosions in the Universe, known as gamma-ray bursts; and the high-resolution spectrograph, FEROS, used to make detailed studies of stars.[18] MPG's 2.2-metre telescope in La Silla also has a twin brother located at the Calar Alto Observatory in southern Spain.[17]

Other telescopes

La Silla also hosts several national and project telescopes not operated by ESO. Among them are the Swiss Euler Telescope, the Danish National Telescope and the REM, TRAPPIST and TAROT telescopes.[19]

ESO Schmidt telescope

The ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope, is a Schmidt telescope designed to provide a wide field of view of the sky—equivalent to about the area of 64 full Moons. Commissioned in 1971, it was one of the first telescopes operational at La Silla and was still using photographic plates at the time. Theses plates later confirmed the rediscovery of long-lost asteroids such as 1179 Mally and 843 Nicolaia. In 2009, it became a remotely controlled project telescope by Yale's Department of Astronomy, and has since been used for astronomical surveys focused on the discovery of new Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), periodic variable stars, and supernovas.[20] Yales's 160-megapixel QUEST camera consists of a mosaic of 112 CCDs and covers about sixteen square degrees. This enables the The LaSilla-Quest Variability Survey to observe about a third of the night sky every four days. The La Silla-survey with the Schmidt telescope corresponds to the Palomar Distant Solar System Survey that was carried out in the Northern Hemisphere and led to the discovery of several trans-Neptunian objects and centaurs.[21][22] In 1996, the telescope imaged 7968 Elst–Pizarro with a previously unseen cometary tail, which spawned a new class of celestial bodies called main-belt comet.[23][24]

Euler telescope

The Euler Telescope is a 1.2-metre telescope built and operated by the Geneva Observatory in Switzerland. It uses the CORALIE spectrograph to conduct high-precision radial velocity measurements, also known as the wobble method, primarily in the search for large extrasolar planets in the southern celestial hemisphere. Its first discovery was a planet orbiting Gliese 86.[25] Other observing programmes focus on variable stars, asteroseismology, gamma-ray bursts, monitoring active galactic nuclei and gravitational lenses.[26]

The Great Dane

The 1.54-metre Danish National Telescope was built by Grubb-Parsons and has been in use at La Silla since 1979. The telescope has an off-axis mount, and the optics are a Ritchey-Chrétien design. Because of the telescope's mount and limited space inside the dome, it has significant pointing restrictions.[27]

REM telescope

The Rapid Eye Mount telescope (REM) is a small rapid-reaction automatic telescope with a primary 60-centimetre (24 in) mirror. The telescope, in an altazimuth mount, began operation in October 2002. The primary purpose of the telescope is to follow the afterglow of the GRBs detected by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission satellite.[19][28]

TAROT

The Quick-action telescope for transient objects, TAROT (Template:Lang-fr) is a very fast-moving optical robotic telescope able to observe a gamma-ray burst from its beginning. Satellites detecting GRBs send signals to TAROT, which can provide a sub-arc second position to the astronomical community. Data from the TAROT telescope is also useful in studying the evolution of GRBs, the physics of a fireball and its surrounding material.[29] It is operated from the Haute-Provence Observatory in France.

TRAPPIST

The Belgian TRAPPIST, the Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope, is a joint venture between the University of Liège and Geneva Observatory. The 0.60-metre telescope is specialized in comets, exoplanets, and was one of the few telescopes that observed a stellar occultation of the dwarf planet Eris, revealing that it may be smaller than Pluto.[30]
Left: The Rapid Eye Mount telescope (REM) and its instruments in daylight.
Middle: TRAPPIST enclosure in winter time and the dome of the "Great Dane" at night.
Right: Euler Telescope and the ESO 3.6 Telescope (background) have discovered many exoplanets.

Former telescopes

The following telescopes have now been decommissioned:[31]

  • Bochum 0.61-metre Telescope (National telescope)
  • Coudé Auxiliary 1.47-m Telescope (CAT), adjacent to ESO 3.6 Telescope[32]
  • Danish 0.5-metre Telescope (National telescope)
  • Dutch 0.9-metre Telescope (National telescope)
  • Grand Prism Objectif (GPO) Telescope
  • ESO 0.5-metre telescope (now at the Observatorio UC in Santiago, Chile)
  • ESO 1-metre telescope,[33] used for DENIS 1996–2001[34]
  • ESO 1.52-metre telescope
  • Marly 1-metre Telescope
  • Marseille 0.4-metre Telescope (National telescope)
  • Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST), 15-metre
  • Swiss T70 Telescope (now home of TRAPPIST)

Scientific discoveries

With about 300 refereed publications attributable to the work of the observatory per year, La Silla remains at the forefront of astronomy. La Silla has led to an large number of scientific discoveries, including several "firsts". The HARPS spectrograph is the undisputed champion at finding low-mass extrasolar planets. It detected the system around Gliese 581, which contains what may be the first known rocky planet in a habitable zone, outside the Solar System.[35] Several telescopes at La Silla played a crucial role in linking gamma-ray bursts — the most energetic explosions in the Universe since the Big Bang — with the explosions of massive stars. Since 1987, the ESO La Silla Observatory has also played an important role in the study and follow-up of the nearest recent supernova, SN 1987A.

On February 2, 2011, astronomers using the Wide Field Imager[36] on the 2.2m telescope discovered an unusual pure disk galaxy christened NGC 3621.[37]

Timelapse videos

A timelapse of a unique cloudscape over La Silla at sunset.
Timelapse: stars rise over La Silla and its vast number of telescopes spring into action (in ultra HD)
Timelapse at La Silla: star trails form and bend towards the horizon.
This time-lapse sequence shows ESO's La Silla Observatory, looking towards the south.
This sequence shows the night sky at ESO's La Silla Observatory during a night of observing.
This time-lapse video taken at ESO's La Silla site shows the stars revolving around the south celestial pole.
Time-lapse sequence of the 2.2-metre MPG/ESO telescope at the La Silla during a night of observation
This sequence shows a night of observing at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile.
This sequence shows a night of observing at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile.
  • Stars rotate around the southern celestial pole during a night at La Silla
    Stars rotate around the southern celestial pole during a night at La Silla
  • Jupiter (top), Venus (left), and Mercury (right) nearly align themselves in the sky.
    Jupiter (top), Venus (left), and Mercury (right) nearly align themselves in the sky.
  • Ramps lead to the NTT. The Euler Telescope is to the right. (Seen from the ESO 3.6 Telescope.)
    Ramps lead to the NTT. The Euler Telescope is to the right. (Seen from the ESO 3.6 Telescope.)
  • Morning Light Over La Silla.[38]
    Morning Light Over La Silla.[38]
  • Telescope Domes clustered at La Silla
    Telescope Domes clustered at La Silla
  • La Silla Observatory at sunset
    La Silla Observatory at sunset
  • La Silla Observatory blanketed in snow as the Sun sets.[39]
    La Silla Observatory blanketed in snow as the Sun sets.[39]
  • La Silla Observatory during daytime
    La Silla Observatory during daytime

See also

References

  1. ^ Adriaan Blaauw (1991). ESO's Early History. ESO.
  2. ^ "A Window to the Past — La Silla's transformation through time". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  3. ^ Adriaan Blaauw (1991). "3". ESO's Early History. ESO.
  4. ^ "About La Silla". Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  5. ^ "About La Silla". Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  6. ^ Lodewijk Woltjer (2006). Europe's Quest for the Universe. EDP Sciences. p. 27.
  7. ^ Lodewijk Woltjer (2006). Europe's Quest for the Universe. EDP Sciences. p. 35.
  8. ^ "La Silla Observatory, A Dictionary of Astronomy". Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  9. ^ "Telescopes and Instrumentation". Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  10. ^ "La Silla Telescopes Overview". Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  11. ^ "Telescopes and Instrumentation, the ESO 3.6-metre Telescope" (Table on the right of the page). Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  12. ^ "Telescopes and Instrumentation, the ESO 3.6-metre Telescope". Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  13. ^ "The ESO 3.6m Telescope, Introduction". Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  14. ^ "The ESO New Technology Telescope". Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  15. ^ "The ESO New Technology Telescope, Overview". Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  16. ^ "The MPG/ESO 2.2m Telescope". ESO. 2 June 2014.
  17. ^ a b "ESO/MPG 2.2m telescope (La Silla)". Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  18. ^ "Telescopes and Instrumentation, MPG/ESO 2.2-metre Telescope". Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  19. ^ a b "National and Project Telescopes". Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  20. ^ "LaSilla-QUEST Variability Survey". Yale University–Department of Astronomy. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  21. ^ "ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope". ESO. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  22. ^ "The LaSilla-Quest Variability Survey". Yale University. 2015.
  23. ^ "Strange Comet Discovered at ESO". ESO. 16 September 1996.
  24. ^ Hsieh, Henry H.; Jewitt, David C.;Fernández, Yanga R. (2004). "The Strange Case of 133P/Elst–Pizzarro: A Comet Among the Asteroids". The Astronomical Journal. 127 (5): 2997–3017. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2997H. doi:10.1086/383208. Retrieved 2010-12-17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Extrasolar Planet in Double Star System Discovered from La Silla". ESO. 24 November 1998. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  26. ^ "Southern Sky extrasolar Planet search Programme". Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  27. ^ "The Danish Telescope at La Silla". Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  28. ^ "Rapid Eye Mount". Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  29. ^ "TAROT website". Retrieved 2011-05-04.
  30. ^ Kelly Beatty (8 November 2010). "Former 'tenth planet' may be smaller than Pluto". Newscientist.
  31. ^ "La Silla". ESO. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  32. ^ "Coudé Auxiliary Telescope (decommissioned)". ESO. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  33. ^ "ESO 1-metre telescope". ESO. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  34. ^ "DEep Near-Infrared Survey of the southern sky". Strasbourg astronomical Data Center. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  35. ^ "Astronomers Find First Earth-like Planet in Habitable Zone". ESO. 25 April 2007. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  36. ^ "WFI - Wide Field Imager". ESO. 19 May 2014.
  37. ^ "Oddball Spiral Galaxy Is Flat as a Pancake". Space.com. 2 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  38. ^ "Morning Light Over La Silla". www.eso.org. European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  39. ^ "Cloud City in a Galaxy Far, Far Away..." Retrieved 18 June 2015.
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