List of amphibians of Sri Lanka
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Sri Lanka is host to over 110+ species of amphibians, of which over 90 species is being endemic to the country.[1] The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the highest amphibian endemism in Asia.[2] During the past decade the finding of new amphibians in Sri Lanka has increased significantly.[3] The first amphibian review in Sri Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species. In 1996 the number of amphibian species has raised to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by Pethiyagoda and Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Meegaskumbura et al. revised the number to around 140 species,[4] and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been criticised.[5] As at 2016, 120 descriptions of amphibian species have been published, with 110 endemics.[6] Three caecilian species has been identified with one undescribed species.
Sri Lanka harbours three endemic genera, Adenomus, Nannophrys, and Lankanectes.[3] Most of the new species is of the genus Philautus was assigned to genus Pseudophilautus recently. So, there is no any member in Philautus genus in Sri Lanka. The Pseudophilautus pardus and P. maia, the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described as new species in 2007, but both are decided to be extinct species.[7] Sri Lanka also ranked highest in Asia for having highest percentage of extinct and threatened amphibian species.[2] In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and more than half of remaining species is on the verge of extinction. Of world's 34 amphibian fauna extinct in last 500 years, 19 of them are from Sri Lanka.[3] The habitat loss is attributed as the main cause of threats while fragmentation, use of pesticides, and air pollution are among others. In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasinghe et al. described another endemic Pseudophilautus species P.dilmah.
Amphibians
| Low Vulnerability | Threatened | Extinct | Insufficient Data | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
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Order Anura: Frogs
| Common name | Species
(Authority) |
Endemicity | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Family Bufonidae: True toads | |||
| Torrent Toad | Adenomus dasi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998 |
Endemic |  |
| Kandyan Dwarf Toad | Adenomus kandianus (Günther, 1872) |
Endemic | |
| Kelaart's Dwarf Toad | Adenomus kelaartii (Günther, 1858) |
Endemic |  |
| Yala Toad | Duttaphrynus atukoralei Bogert & Senanayake, 1966 |
Endemic |  |
| Kotagama's Dwarf Toad | Duttaphrynus kotagamai Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994 |
Endemic | |
| Common Indian Toad
|
Duttaphrynus melanostictus Schneider, 1799 |
| |
| Noellert's Toad | Duttaphrynus noellerti Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998 |
Endemic | |
| Ferguson's toad
|
Duttaphrynus scaber Schneider, 1799 (see Dubois & Ohler, 1999: 154) |
| |
| Family Dicroglossidae: Fork-tongued frogs | |||
| Indian Skipper frog
|
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) |
| |
| Green Pond Frog
|
Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Lesson, 1834) |
| |
| Cricket Frog
|
Fejervarya limnocharis (Boie, 1835) |
| |
| Jerdon's Bullfrog | Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1853) |
| |
Sri Lanka Rock Frog 
|
Nannophrys ceylonensis (Günther, 1868) |
Endemic |  |
Gunther's Streamlined Frog 
|
Nannophrys guentheri Boulenger, 1882 |
Endemic |  |
| Kirtisinghe's Rock Frog | Nannophrys marmorata Kirtisinghe, 1946 |
Endemic | |
| Nayak Rock Frog | Nannophrys naeyakai Fernando, Wickramasingha & Rodrigo, 2007 |
Endemic | |
| Indian Burrowing Frog
|
Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799) |
| |
| Sri Lanka Burrowing Frog | Sphaerotheca rolandae (Dubois, 1983) |
Endemic | |
| Montane Frog | Zakerana greenii (Boulenger, 1904) |
Endemic | |
| Kirtisinghe's Frog | Zakerana kirtisinghei Manamendra-Arachchi & Gabadage, 1994 |
Endemic | |
| Bombay Wart Frog | Zakerana syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919) |
| |
| Family Microhylidae: Narrow-mouthed frogs | |||
| Sri Lankan Painted Frog
|
Kaloula taprobanica (Parker, 1934) |
| |
| Karunaratne's Narrow-mouthed Frog | Microhyla karunaratnei Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996 |
Endemic | |
| Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog
|
Microhyla ornata (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) |
| |
| Red Narrow-mouthed Frog | Microhyla rubra (Jerdon, 1854) |
| |
| Sri Lanka Rice Frog | Microhyla zeylanica Parker & Hill, 1949 |
Endemic | |
| Nagao's Pug-snouted Frog | Ramanella nagaoi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001 |
Endemic | |
| Sri Lanka Dot Frog | Ramanella obscura (Günther, 1864) |
Endemic |  |
| Half-webbed Pug-snouted Frog | Ramanella palmata (Parker, 1934) |
Endemic | |
White-bellied Pug-snout Frog 
|
Ramanella variegata (Stoliczka, 1872) |
| |
Marbled Balloon Frog 
|
Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799) |
| |
| Family Ranidae: True frogs | |||
| Golden frog
|
Hylarana aurantiaca Boulenger, 1904 |
| |
| Gravenhorst's frog | Hylarana gracilis Gravenhorst, 1829 |
Endemic | |
| Bronzed Frog | Hylarana temporalis (Günther, 1864) |
Endemic | |
| Family Nyctibatrachidae: Robust frogs | |||
| Corrugated Water Frog | Lankanectes corrugatus (Peters, 1863) |
Endemic | |
| Family Rhacophoridae: Shrub frogs | |||
| Pseudophilautus abundus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus adspersus (Günther, 1872) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus alto Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus asankai Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus auratus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai Wickramasinghe et al., 2013 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus caeruleus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus cavirostris (Günther, 1869) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus cuspis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus dayawansai Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus decoris Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus dilmah (Wickramasinghe, Bandara, Vidanapathirana, Tennakoon, Samarakoon & Wickramasinghe, 2015) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus dimbullae (Shreve, 1940) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus eximius (Shreve, 1940) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus extirpo Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus femoralis (Günther, 1864) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus fergusonianus (Ahl, 1927) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus folicola Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus frankenbergi Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus fulvus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus hallidayi Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus halyi (Boulenger, 1904) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus hankeni Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Archchi, 2011 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus hoffmanni Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus hoipolloi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus hypomelas (Günther, 1876) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus karunarathnai Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus leucorhinus (Lichtenstein, Weinland & Von Martens, 1856) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus limbus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus lunatus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus macropus (Günther, 1869) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus maia (Meegaskumbara et al., 2007) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi (Ahl, 1927) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus microtympanum (Günther, 1859) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus mittermeieri Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus mooreorum Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus nanus (Günther, 1869) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus nasutus (Günther, 1869) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus nemus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus ocularis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus (Günther, 1872) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus papillosus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus pardus (Meegaskumbura, Manamendra-Arachchi, Schneider and Pethiyagoda, 2007) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia (Boulenger, 1904) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus poppiae Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus popularis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus procax Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus puranappu Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus regius Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic |  | |
| Pseudophilautus reticulatus (Günther, 1864) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus rugatus (Ahl, 1927) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus rus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus samarakoon Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus sarasinorum (Müller, 1887) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus schmarda (Kelaart, 1854) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus schneideri Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2011 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus semiruber (Annandale, 1913) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus silus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus silvaticus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus simba Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus singu Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic |  | |
| Pseudophilautus sordidus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus stellatus (Kelaart, 1853) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus steineri Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus stictomerus (Günther, 1876) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus stuarti Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus tanu Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus temporalis (Günther, 1864) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus variabilis (Günther, 1859) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus viridis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus zal Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus zimmeri (Ahl, 1927) |
Endemic | | |
| Pseudophilautus zorro Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic | | |
| Common Hour-glass Tree frog | Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 |
Endemic | |
| Indian Tree Frog
|
Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1834) |
| |
| Ranwella's Spined Tree frog | Polypedates ranwellai Wickramasinghe, Munindrasasa & Fernando, 2012 |
Endemic | |
| Montane Hour-glass Tree frog | Taruga eques Günther, 1858 |
Endemic | |
| Morningside Hour-glass Tree frog | Taruga fastigo Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001 |
Endemic | |
| Long-snouted Tree frog | Taruga longinasus (Ahl, 1931) |
Endemic | |
Order Gymnophiona: Caecilians
| Common name | Species
(Authority) |
Endemicity | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Family Ichthyophiidae: Asiatic tailed caecilians | |||
| Ceylon Caecilian
|
Ichthyophis glutinosus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Endemic | |
| Pattipola Caecilian | Ichthyophis orthoplicatus Taylor, 1965 |
Endemic | |
| Lesser Yellow-banded Caecilian | Ichthyophis pseudangularis Taylor, 1965 |
Endemic | |
| Ichthyophis sp. |
Endemic | ||
References
- ^ "Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka.". The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-955-8177-63-1.
- ^ a b "The state of amphibians in Sri Lanka". iucn.org. IUCN. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ a b c Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B., ed. (2006). The fauna of Sri Lanka : status of taxonomy, research and conservation (PDF). IUCN Sri Lanka and Government of Sri Lanka. pp. 125–131. ISBN 955-8177-51-2.
- ^ Meegaskumbura, M.; Bossuyt, F.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Bahir, M.; Milinkovitch, M. C.; Schneider, C. J. (2002). "Sri Lanka: An Amphibian Hot Spot" (PDF). Science. 298 (5592): 379. doi:10.1126/science.298.5592.379. PMID 12376694.
- ^ Chaitra, M. S.; Vasudevan, Karthikeyan; Shanker, Kartik (10 April 2004). "The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it" (PDF). Current Science. 86 (7): 897.
- ^ http://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/p/amphibian-diversity-of-sri-lanka.html
- ^ Meegaskumbura, Madhava; Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum; Schneider, Christopher J.; Pethiyagoda, Rohan (25 January 2007). "New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1397: 1–15. ISSN 1175-5326.
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