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List of pipeline accidents in the United States (1900–1949)

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Jax 0677 (talk | contribs) at 15:03, 15 September 2018 (→References: {{List of pipeline accidents in the United States|state=autocollapse}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The following is only a sample of natural gas and petroleum product accidents for this era. Gas and oil leaks and explosions were not tracked in an organized fashion except by fire marshals. Many leaks, fires, and explosions were not recorded unless they occurred in population centers with newspapers to report them.[1]

Later in the twentieth century, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), a United States Department of Transportation agency, would be established to develop and enforce regulations for the safe and environmentally sound operation of the United States' pipelines, and to collect data on pipeline leaks, accidents, and explosions.[2]

1900s

  • On December 20, 1900, at Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, two children were fatally burned and five injured in a gas explosion and fires that destroyed three houses. The explosions were caused by the breaking of a valve gate on the Fort Pitt Gas Line, which allowed leaking gas to seep into the houses' cellars, following water pipes from the street.[3]
  • In May 1901, three teachers and a plumber were injured by a gas explosion at Saint Michael's Roman Catholic Church parish school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[4]
  • In October 1901 in Boston, Massachusetts, five women narrowly escaped being burned alive after a leaking gas meter exploded in the basement of their three-story tenement, starting a fire that ascended through the stairwells and drove them out the upper windows where they clung to the ledges until firefighters rescued them with extension ladders.[5]
  • On February 21, 1902 at Rochester, New York, an explosion destroyed a building at the works of the Rochester Gas and Electric Company. The loss was estimated at $20,000.[6]
  • In May 1903, an oil well driller in eastern Ohio struck gas which ignited and exploded after escaping from the well. The derrick burned, and three men and an eight-year-old boy were seriously injured by the explosion.[7]
  • At Marion, Indiana in January 1904, three were killed, four fatally injured and eight dangerously injured when a hotel burned after a gas leak exploded, probably due to increased pressure in the mains. The loss was estimated at $50,000.[8]
  • At Winchester, Massachusetts, on December 1, 1904, a lighted match dropped into a sewer manhole by an employee of the Arlington gaslight company set off an explosion which injured five gas line repairmen and blew the steel manhole cover 30 feet into the air. The gas ignited along the sewer line into Rangeley, where two more manhole covers were blown into the air. The gas company's official statement was that the gas was ignited by a spark from a pickaxe.[9]
  • In February 1905 at Hastings, Pennsylvania, two employees of the Hope Gas Company were killed while repairing a leak in a 12-inch diameter natural gas pipeline, which exploded so violently that their clothes were blown off their bodies.[10]
  • At Cherryville, Kansas, on November 22, 1906, five Australians working on the Kansas Natural Gas Company's pipeline to Joplin were badly burned by an explosion "through misunderstanding or neglect."[11]
  • A gas explosion in August 1907 shook Boston's South End after new machinery ignited a gas leak in the one-story brick engine house of the Boston Consolidated Gas Company, where natural gas was pumped to three huge reservoirs holding 2,000,000 cubic feet of gas. The engineer, knowing the fire could spread to the reservoirs, ignored his burning clothes and rushed to close the valves between the engine house and the reservoirs, saving the South End from a disaster. Seven workmen including the engineer were seriously injured.[12]
  • At South Deerfield, Massachusetts, on March 28, 1908, a tank used for supplying gas to houses and stores exploded, killing two men and injuring two others. Hundreds of windows shattered from the force of the blast, and a small building near the tank was demolished. Leaking gas was thought to have been ignited by the flame from a lantern.[13]
  • At Haysville, Pennsylvania, on July 31, 1908, a gas explosion demolished a varnish factory building and broke 500 windows in the town, doing $6000 of damage.[14]
  • On December 14, 1909 at Topeka, Kansas, six men were seriously injured when gas trapped in a fire cistern exploded. Two were cleaning out the cistern when another man struck a match to light a cigar and the explosion followed.[15]

1910s

  • In Indian Territory on September 9, 1910, a cigar-smoking cashier inadvertently blew up his own bank when he walked into his workplace, which had a gas leak. The cashier was bruised and scorched but not seriously injured.[16]
  • On January 15, 1911, four persons were killed and four injured in a natural gas explosion at Niobrara, Nebraska. The explosion was caused by a leak from a gas plant in a hotel's cellar. The resulting fire burned the three-story frame hotel to the ground.[17]
  • At Estes Park, Colorado, on June 26, 1911, an explosion of gas in the Stanley Hotel endangered the lives of 20 guests and fatally injured one. The Stanley, a new $500,000 four-story hotel lighted by electricity, had a gas plant for emergency use. Guests noticed the odor of gas the previous day and at night the leak was found on the second floor by employees with lighted candles who set off the explosion.[18]
  • At Schenectady, New York, on September 18, 1911, the explosion of a gas generating tank in the basement of the Exchange building resulted in the death of the owner of a confectionery store. The building was considerably damaged by the fire which followed the explosion. Firemen found the confectioner's body in the basement.[19]
  • On May 13, 1912, at Parkersburg, West Virginia, a gas explosion shook a woolen mill and injured three men, probably including the one searching for the gas leak with a lighted match. After the explosion, 200 mill girls employed on the fourth floor made their way down the fire escape in an orderly fashion. A fire followed but was quickly extinguished.[20]
  • At Boston, Massachusetts on October 2, 1912, gas escaping from a subbasement gas main in a Beacon Street apartment hotel affected 34 residents while they were sleeping; two nearly suffocated.[21]
  • On January 24, 1913 a natural gas explosion in an underground chamber of the Utah Light and Railway Company shattered a 200-pound cast iron manhole cover and threw the pieces into the air in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, forcing pedestrians to take shelter as the debris rained down.[22]
  • Near Kansas City, Missouri, on February 17, 1913, twenty members of the Oak Grove Methodist Church were injured when a natural gas tank blew up in the basement of the church. The custodian, who had taken a lantern to find the source of the gas leak, was not expected to live.[23]
  • On June 14, 1914, at Columbus, Ohio, 12 men were fatally injured and eight seriously burned when a gas main exploded while a group of workmen were repairing it. Four later died.[24]
  • On December 15, 1914, at Cleveland, Ohio, a two-story brick apartment house was demolished by a natural gas explosion. Seven were killed, nine hospitalized, three missing.[25]
  • At Kane, Pennsylvania on February 3, 1915, nine men were killed and six others injured in an explosion and fire caused by an exploding gas stove in a bunkhouse. All nine of the dead men were injured or rendered unconscious from the explosion and unable to help themselves by escaping from the fire.[26]
  • At Lafayette, Colorado on July 12, 1916, an explosion at the Western Light and Power Company injured none of the eight men in the building. Employees said the explosion was caused by accumulation of natural gas in the economizer in the fan room. The explosion did not interrupt gas service. The explosion in the feed pipes blew out the west wall of the fan house, causing about $1,000 in damage.[27]
  • In South Boston, Massachusetts, on January 1, 1917, a paper boy was killed by a flying manhole cover, 11 persons were severely injured and property damage running into thousands of dollars was entailed in a terrific gas explosion that threw 13 manhole covers into the air. When gas company employees used pickaxes to uncover the leak to repair the pipe, it flamed up again.[28]
  • Near Ouray, Colorado, in January 1917, an untapped seep of natural gas near the ferry across the Green River exploded in a blast that was heard two miles away and hurled blocks of ice five feet square and more than a foot thick onto the riverbank.[29]
  • On February 2, 1917, in Chicago, Illinois, a gas explosion wrecked a tenement house, killing seven residents and injuring 21. Another 27 were missing. After the explosion, a pillar of fire rose from the ruins, indicating that gas was still leaking.[30]
  • At Lebanon, New Jersey, on December 30, 1918, 12 people were killed and 12 others injured by two gas explosions in the post office's basement tank of artificial gas. The first explosion blew the roof from the building and the second caused the walls to collapse, burying victims in the debris. Nearly 20 persons were waiting in the post office for the evening mail when the explosions occurred, and everyone in the building was killed or injured. Several in the street were hurt by falling debris. Some of the injured were badly burned before they could be rescued from the wreckage.[31]
  • On February 16, 1919, at Salt Lake City, Utah, natural gas escaping into a home nearly suffocated two boys and their dog. When their mother returned to the house, a wave of gas met her as she opened the door: the dog could only crawl and the boys were nearly asphyxiated by the gas but revived when treated at the hospital.[32]
  • On March 8, 1919, at San Pedro, California, on a freighter under construction in a shipyard, gas in a tank exploded, perhaps ignited by nearby riveters. One workman died and 21 were injured.[33]

1920s

  • 1929 On July 22, two oil company patrolmen were killed by an explosion of a gas pipeline near Castaic, California.[34]

1930s

  • 1930 On April 4, gas leaked into the sewer system in New York City, New York, and later exploded. 6 people were injured, 5,000 were evacuated from nearby buildings, and telephone cables were damaged.[35]
  • 1930 A runaway horse smashed a wagon of lumber against a crude oil pipeline in Ripon, Wisconsin on May 24. The oil ignited and spread to nearby oil tanks, causing a blaze that destroyed a number of buildings.[36]
  • 1930 Excavation in Fairport, New York caused a major gas explosion on July 30. 3 people were killed, 10 were injured, and a 4 family house was damaged by the blast and following fire.[37]
  • 1931 Four campers near Kilgore, Texas were burned to death when they were surrounded by gas from a pipeline leak that caught fire on April 17. The flames also spread to brush and timber in the area, preventing rescuers from reaching the bodies for 3 hours.[38]
  • 1936 On February 19, a worker inside a sewer in Utica, New York ignited natural gas that had leaked into the sewer system. An explosion was triggered, and the following fire burned for more than 24 hours. 4,000 people were evacuated.[39]
  • 1936 On November 21, a pipeline serving a loading dock in Port Arthur, Texas, ruptured and ignited. The burning oil killed 3 people, and injured 6 others.[40]
  • 1937 An oil pipeline being repaired by gas welding exploded near Pryor, Oklahoma on January 26. 2 of the repair crew, and 4 wives of the repairmen were killed by the explosion and following fire.[41]
  • 1937 On February 5, a gas main thought to be damaged by flooding exploded in Louisville, Kentucky. At least 15 were injured, and a major fire swept through the area.[42]
  • 1937 At 3:17 p.m. on March 18, 1937, with just minutes left in the school day and more than 500 students and teachers inside the building, a natural gas explosion leveled most of New London High School in Rusk County, Texas. Odorless natural gas had leaked into the basement and ignited, killing 298 children, most in grades 5 to 11. Dozens more later died of injuries. As a result of this disaster, Texas passed laws requiring that natural gas be mixed with a malodorant to warn of a gas leak.[43]
  • 1937 On July 21, a gasoline explosion and fire hit a Phillips Pipeline pump station near Jefferson City, Missouri, injuring a truck driver there.[44]
  • 1939 On December 12, a pipeline being tested ruptured for 40 miles (64 km), near Wichita Falls, Texas, injuring one person.[45]

1940s

  • 1940 A gas compressor plant exploded in Braintree, Massachusetts on April 4, killing four people and injuring 12 others.[46]
  • 1940 On August 29, a newly hired crew of repairmen were working on fixing a pipeline leak near Buffalo, Oklahoma, when the pipeline exploded and started a fire. Five of the crew were killed, 10 others were burned, and 10 horses burned to death.[47][48]
  • 1942 On October 5, a crude oil pipeline broke near Wichita, Kansas, spilling crude oil into the Little Arkansas River. There was no fire or injuries.[49]
  • 1943 On January 18, a grass fire near Tyler, Texas spread to a leak in an 8-inch diameter natural gas pipeline. The gas leak was initially small, but grew quickly, until the gas flames were about 200 feet (61 m) high. Gas service was cut to 28,000 people.[50]
  • 1943 On May 17, flooding destroyed part of the "Big Inch" pipeline in Arkansas, causing nearly a week of shut down to build a bypass around the damaged area. There were no injuries reported.
  • 1943 On August 14, the recently built "Big Inch" crude oil pipeline developed a leak near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, delaying the first batch of crude oil from that pipeline from reaching Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[51]
  • 1943 On September 5, the "Big Inch" pipeline ruptured and burned near Lansdale, Pennsylvania, with burning crude oil spilling into a creek, and destroying over 100 trees. The creek had to have 2 temporary earth dams built on it to stop the burning crude from spreading further. There were no injuries reported.[52]
  • 1943 On December 4, the "Big Inch" started leaking near Okeana, Ohio. There were no injuries reported.[53]
  • 1944 The "Big Inch" crude oil pipeline ruptured in Connellsville, Pennsylvania on February 24, with the crude spill killing fish along a 12-mile (19 km) stretch of the Laurel Hill creek.[54]
  • 1946 A crew working to connect a new gas main in Peru, Illinois on July 4, when the old gas main exploded, killing 5 of the work crew, and injuring 7 others.[55]
  • 1947 On November 30, an explosion hit a natural gas compressor station for a gas storage facility in Marion, Michigan. One worker was killed, and 6 others were injured, and gas service was interrupted in the area.
  • 1948 On February 28, crude oil spilled from a ruptured pipeline leading to storage tank in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Some teen boys in the area saw crude oil bubbling out of manhole covers, and thought that igniting the oil would be a good idea. This caused a string of sewer explosions, causing manhole covers to fly 10 feet (3.0 m) into the air.[56]
  • 1948 On March 18, the 20 inch diameter "Little Big Inch" natural gas transmission pipeline near Petersburg, Indiana exploded and burned, throwing pieces of the pipe as far as 300 feet (91 m) away from the blast point. 3 homes were destroyed by the fire.[57][58][59]
  • 1948 The "Little Big Inch" natural gas transmission pipeline exploded in Arkansas.
  • 1948 A crude oil pipeline ruptured in Linden, New Jersey on September 7, coating roads in the area in oil.[60]
  • 1948 On October 18, vapors from a leaking butane pipeline at a refinery in Texas City, Texas spread out along a nearby highway, causing a number of cars to stall. The gas then exploded, killing 4 people, and seriously burning 17 others.[61][62]
  • 1948 On November 19, a "Big Inch" gas pipeline pumping station had 2 explosions and caught fire near Seymour, Indiana, causing $3,000,000 in damage, and injuring 17 workers at the station. Flames reached 300 feet high.[63][64]
  • 1949 On January 18, the "Big Inch" gas transmission pipeline ruptured and burned near Batesville, Indiana. The cause was an electrical arc at a compressor station. One worker at the compressor station had facila burns.[65]
  • 1949 A section of the "Little Big Inch" exploded and burned in North Vernon, Indiana on March 4, burning a mother and her infant. It was the fourth explosion on that pipeline in Indiana that year.[66]
  • 1949 A road grader operator was seriously burned when his grader hit a 6-inch gas pipeline west of Mankato, Kansas on November 17.[67]
  • 1949 On December 8, an explosion and fire occurred at a compressor station for a 24-inch natural gas pipeline in Centralia, Missouri. Flames could be seen for 150 miles (240 km) away.[68]
  • 1949 A leaking gas line caused an explosion at a packing plant in Sioux City, Iowa on December 14. Eighteen workers were killed, and almost 100 injured.[69]
  • 1949 On December 15, a 22-inch natural gas pipeline exploded and burned near Carthage, Tennessee, injuring two people. Flames shot 1,000 feet (300 m) into the air.[70]
  • 1949 In Detroit, Michigan a high pressure gas main went "out of control" on December 15, when a new pressure regulator was being installed, leading to a number a large gas explosions. Police evacuated the area before the explosions, but, six people were injured, and 5 stores destroyed.[71]

References

  1. ^ Many early twentieth-century newspapers have been digitized and are searchable online. The U.S. Library of Congress provides access to 2,493 newspapers at https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/newspapers/. Some states have digitized their newspapers; see Colorado Historic Newspapers at https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org and Utah Digital Newspapers at https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/. Many public libraries also provide online access to the early New York Times, Boston Globe and other newspapers, or databases such as ProQuest.
  2. ^ Data sets of PHMSA Pipeline Safety-Flagged Incidents for 1986-2001, 2002-2009, and 2010-2017 can be downloaded from the tab by that name on the PHMSA Pipeline Incident Flagged Files page, https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incident-flagged-files, accessed 2018.01.10.
  3. ^ "Seven Persons Injured," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 20 Dec 1900, p. 11, https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/50364775/?terms=gas%2Bexplosion.
  4. ^ "Latest News Notes," The Star (Reynoldsville, Pa.), 15 May 1901, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87078321/1901-05-15/ed-1/seq-6/>, accessed 2018.01.19.
  5. ^ "Saved from Fire: Five Women Have Narrow Escape," Boston Globe, 18 Oct 1901: 1, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  6. ^ "Gas Explosion at Rochester, New York," Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 21 Feb 1902, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1902-02-21/ed-1/seq-2/>
  7. ^ "Gas Explosion," Sistersville Daily Oil Review (Sistersville, W. Va.), 27 May 1903, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86092356/1903-05-27/ed-1/seq-3/>
  8. ^ "Hotel Blown Up and Three Killed," Warren Sheaf (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.), 28 Jan 1904, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059228/1904-01-28/ed-1/seq-7/>.
  9. ^ "One Seems Likely to Die: Explosion of Gas in Manhole. Five Men Hurt," Boston Daily Globe, 1 Dec 1904, pg. 1, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  10. ^ "Two Men Instantly Killed in Gas Explosion," Sistersville Daily Oil Review (Sistersville, W. Va.), 02 Feb 1905, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86092356/1905-02-02/ed-1/seq-8/>
  11. ^ "Gas Explosion Injures Five," Topeka State Journal (Topeka, Kan.), 22 Nov. 1906. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016014/1906-11-22/ed-1/seq-7/>
  12. ^ "Explosion of Gas Scares South End," Boston Daily Globe [Boston, Mass.], 16 Aug 1907: 1, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  13. ^ "Explosion Kills Two: Gas Tank Goes Up With Roar," Boston Daily Globe, Mar 29, 1908, pg. 1, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19
  14. ^ "Terrific Gas Explosion," Boston Daily Globe, 1 Aug 1908, p. 12, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  15. ^ "Injured in Gas Explosion," Herald Democrat (Leadville, Colorado), December 15, 1909, Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  16. ^ "Bank Wrecked by Gas Explosion, "Vinita Daily Chieftain (Vinita, Indian Territory [Oklahoma]), 09 Sept 1910, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025020/1910-09-09/ed-1/seq-1/>
  17. ^ "Fatal Explosion," Herald Democrat (Leadville, Colorado), January 16, 1911, Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  18. ^ "Acetylene Gas Plant Explodes," Montrose Daily Press (Montrose, Colorado), June 26, 1911, Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  19. ^ "Killed By Gas Explosion," Herald Democrat (Leadville, Colorado), September 19, 1911, Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  20. ^ "Girls Escape from Mill: Gas Explosion at Parkersburg, W Va, injures Three Men--Match and Gas Leak the Cause," Boston Daily Globe [Boston, Mass.], 14 May 1912: 3, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  21. ^ "Gas Scare in the Back Bay: 34 People Affected as Result of Leak. Discovery of Leaking Gas," Boston Daily Globe [Boston, Mass.], 02 Oct 1909: 1, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  22. ^ "Pedestrians Escape Explosion in Street," Salt Lake Tribune (Utah), 1913-01-25, and "Gas Explosion in Street," Salt Lake Telegram (Utah), 1913-01-25, Utah Digital Newspapers, https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  23. ^ "Church Wrecked by Gas Explosion," Salt Lake Telegram (Utah), 1913-02-17, Utah Digital Newspapers, https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  24. ^ "Explosion in Gas Main," Boston Daily Globe, Jun 15, 1914: 2, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  25. ^ "Apartments Are Wrecked by Gas," Ogden Standard (Utah), 1914-12-15, Utah Digital Newspapers, https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  26. ^ "Nine Men Cremated And Six Injured In Explosion," Daily Journal (Telluride, Colorado), February 3, 1915, Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  27. ^ "Lafayette Light Plant is Damaged by Explosion," Morgan County Republican (Brush, Colorado), July 14, 1916, and "Blast Wrecks Part of Gas Plant," Oak Creek Times (Oak Creek, Routt County, Colorado), July 20, 1916, Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  28. ^ "Explosion Kills A Boy: Eleven Hurt as 13 Manhole Covers Shoot Aloft," Boston Daily Globe, Jan 2, 1917, pg. 1, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  29. ^ "Mysterious Gas Explosion," Steamboat Pilot (Steamboat Springs, Colorado), January 31, 1917, Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  30. ^ "Seven Dead in Gas Explosion," Boston Daily Globe, 3 Feb 1917, p. 12, ProQuest, accessed 2018.01.19.
  31. ^ "Explosion of Gas Twelve People Killed," Herald Democrat (Leadville, Colorado), December 31, 1918, Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  32. ^ "Police Seek Explanation of Gas Case," Salt Lake Herald (Utah), 1919-02-17, Utah Digital Newspapers, https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  33. ^ "Explosion of Gas at Shipyard Kills One, Injures Many," Salt Lake Herald (Utah), 1919-03-09, Utah Digital Newspapers, https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/, accessed 2018.01.20.
  34. ^ "San Jose News - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  35. ^ "Rochester Evening Journal and the Post Express - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  36. ^ "The Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  37. ^ "The Evening Independent - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  38. ^ "The Telegraph-Herald - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  39. ^ "The Telegraph-Herald - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  40. ^ "Prescott Evening Courier - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  41. ^ "Lawrence Journal-World - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  42. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  43. ^ "New London Texas School Explosion |". Aoghs.org. 1937-03-18. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
  44. ^ "The Southeast Missourian - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  45. ^ "The Telegraph-Herald - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  46. ^ "St. Petersburg Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  47. ^ "Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  48. ^ "The Tuscaloosa News - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  49. ^ "Lawrence Journal-World - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  50. ^ "The Bonham Daily Favorite - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  51. ^ "LEAK IN 'BIG INCH' DELAYS OIL TO EAST - Petroleum Passes Phoenixville, Pa., Then Line Has Break in Lancaster County - Article - NYTimes.com" (PDF). nytimes.com. 15 August 1943. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  52. ^ "The Milwaukee Sentinel - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
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  54. ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  55. ^ "Berkeley Daily Gazette - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  56. ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  57. ^ "Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  58. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  59. ^ For more information on this state's gas, see Bill Beck, Natural Gas for the Hoosier State: An Illustrated History of Indiana Gas Company, Inc., 1945-1995, (Indiana Gas Company, 1995).
  60. ^ "PIPELINE LEAK REPAIRED - Crude Oil Covers Large Area Near Homes in Jersey - Article - NYTimes.com" (PDF). nytimes.com. 8 September 1948. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  61. ^ "The Spokesman-Review - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  62. ^ "Lessons learned: a career firefighter thanks NFPA, and the author thanks a mentor [in "NFPA JOURNAL"]". Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  64. ^ "Painesville Telegraph - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  65. ^ "Times Daily - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  66. ^ "Youngstown Vindicator - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  67. ^ "Lawrence Journal-World - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  68. ^ "The Southeast Missourian - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  69. ^ "Herald-Journal - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  70. ^ [3] [dead link‍]
  71. ^ [4][dead link‍]
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