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The Birds (film)

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The Birds
Theatrical release poster
Directed byAlfred Hitchcock
Screenplay byEvan Hunter
Based onThe Birds
by Daphne du Maurier
Produced byAlfred Hitchcock
Starring
CinematographyRobert Burks, ASC
Edited byGeorge Tomasini
Production
company
Alfred J. Hitchcock Productions
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • March 28, 1963 (1963-03-28)
Running time
119 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$3.3 million[1]
Box office$11.4 million[2]

The Birds is a 1963 American horror-thriller film produced and directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Loosely based on the 1952 story of the same name by Daphne du Maurier, it focuses on a series of sudden and unexplained violent bird attacks on the people of Bodega Bay, California, over the course of a few days.

The film stars Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren in her screen debut, Jessica Tandy, Suzanne Pleshette and Veronica Cartwright. The screenplay is by Evan Hunter, who was told by Hitchcock to develop new characters and a more elaborate plot while keeping du Maurier's title and concept of unexplained bird attacks.

In 2016, The Birds was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.

Plot

In the early 1960s, at a San Francisco pet store, socialite Melanie Daniels meets lawyer Mitch Brenner who is looking to buy lovebirds for his sister, Cathy's, 12th birthday. Recognizing Melanie from an unflattering incident reported in the newspapers, Mitch pretends to mistake Melanie as a shop employee. A somewhat contentious encounter ensues after the disapproving Mitch reveals he knows Melanie's identity. Mitch leaves without buying anything. To make amends, and finding him attractive, Melanie buys the lovebirds and delivers them to Mitch's apartment, only to learn he is away for the weekend at his family's farm in Bodega Bay. Melanie drives there with the love birds, and meets the local teacher, Annie Hayworth. Annie previously dated Mitch, but ended it due to Mitch's cold, overbearing mother who dislikes any woman in Mitch's life.

In town, Melanie rents a boat and crosses the bay to discreetly leave the lovebirds at the Brenner farm. Mitch spots Melanie during her retreat and drives into town to meet her at the dock. As Melanie approaches the wharf, a gull attacks her. Mitch tends her head wound inside the cafe, where Mitch's mother, Lydia arrives, seeing Mitch's car outside. Melanie returns to Annie's house and asks to spend the night. At the farm, Lydia's hens are suddenly refusing to eat. Lydia expresses her disapproval of Melanie to Mitch, due to her (exaggerated) reputation. Mitch calls Melanie and invites her to Cathy's birthday party being held the next day. Shortly after, there is a violent thud at Annie's front door where there is a dead gull at the threshold.

At Cathy's party, Melanie privately tells Mitch about her troubled past, and her mother running off with another man when Melanie was Cathy's age. During a game, the children are attacked and some injured by gulls. The following evening, as Melanie dines with the Brenners, sparrows swarm the house through the chimney. After, Mitch insists she delay driving back to San Francisco and stay the night. The next morning, Lydia visits her neighbor and discovers his eyeless corpse, pecked lifeless by birds, and flees in horror. As Lydia recovers at home, she fears for Cathy's safety, and Melanie offers to pick her up at school. As Melanie waits outside the schoolhouse, a large flock of crows slowly engulf the jungle gym behind her. Anticipating an attack, she warns Annie. As they evacuate the children, the crows attack, injuring several children. Mitch finds Melanie at the restaurant. Outside, when a gas station attendant is attacked by gulls, Mitch and several other men assist him. Spilled gasoline ignites causing an explosion. During the escalating fire, Melanie and others rush out. More gulls attack, and Melanie takes refuge in a telephone booth. Mitch rescues her and they get back inside the restaurant. A distraught woman blames Melanie for the attacks, claiming they began with her arrival.

Mitch and Melanie go to Annie's house to fetch Cathy. They find Annie's body outside, killed by the crows while protecting Cathy. That night, Melanie and the Brenners barricade themselves in the family home, which is attacked by waves of birds that nearly breach the boarded-up doors and windows. During a lull, Melanie investigates a fluttering sound in the attic. Birds violently attack Melanie, trapping her until Mitch pulls her out. Melanie is badly injured and traumatized; Mitch insists they all drive to San Francisco to get Melanie to a hospital. As Mitch readies Melanie's car for their escape, a menacing sea of birds has quietly gathered around the Brenner house. The car radio reports bird attacks on nearby communities such as Santa Rosa and the military may intervene. Cathy retrieves the lovebirds from the house and joins Mitch and Lydia as they carefully escort Melanie past a mass of birds and into the car. The car slowly drives away as thousands of birds are ominously perching.

Cast

Production

Development

The screenplay for the film is based on Daphne du Maurier's novella "The Birds", which was first published in her 1952 short story collection The Apple Tree.[4] The protagonist of the novella is a farm hand living in Cornwall, and the conclusion of the story is far more pessimistic than that of the film.[5] It was adapted by Evan Hunter, who had written previously for Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine, and the television anthology series, Alfred Hitchcock Presents.[6] The relationship between Hunter and Hitchcock during the creation of The Birds was documented by the writer in his 1997 autobiography, Me and Hitch, which contains a variety of correspondence between the writer, director and Hitchcock's assistant, Peggy Robertson.[7]

Hunter began working on the screenplay in September 1961.[8] He and Hitchcock developed the story, suggesting foundations such as the townspeople having a guilty secret to hide, and the birds an instrument of punishment.[9] He suggested that the film begin using some elements borrowed from the screwball comedy genre, then have it evolve into "stark terror".[10][11][12] This appealed to Hitchcock, according to the writer, because it conformed to his love of suspense: the title and the publicity would have already informed the audience that birds attack, but they do not know when. The initial humor followed by horror would turn the suspense into shock.[9] At first, Hunter wanted the protagonist to be a school teacher, but this ended up being the basis for Annie Hayward's character instead.[13] Hunter organised his scripts by shots instead of scenes, although this did not affect the final film.[14]

Hitchcock solicited comments from several people regarding the first draft of Hunter's screenplay. Consolidating their criticisms, Hitchcock wrote to Hunter, suggesting that the script (particularly the first part) was too long, contained insufficient characterization in the two leads, and that some scenes lacked drama and audience interest.[15] Hitchcock, at later stages, consulted with his friends, Hume Cronyn (whose wife Jessica Tandy was playing Lydia), and V. S. Pritchett, who both offered lengthy reflections on the work.[16] This is something that Hunter found difficult.[17] Hitchcock cut the last 10 pages of the screenplay, although some sources say possibly more,[3][18] in order to create a more ambiguous ending. Originally, he wanted the film to end without a "THE END" card, but he was forced to include one before the film's full release.[18]

Birds used in the film

The majority of the birds seen in the film are real, although it is estimated that more than $200,000 was spent on the creation of mechanical birds for the film.[19][3] Ray Berwick was in charge of the live birds used in the production, training and catching many of them himself. The gulls were caught in the San Francisco garbage dump[20] and the sparrows were caught by John "Bud" Cardos. However, the captured sparrows had to be used alongside birds from pet shops to achieve full effect in the scene where they invade the house.[21]

Soundtrack

Many of the sound effects were created on the Mixtur-Trautonium, an electronic musical instrument developed by Oskar Sala.

Hitchcock decided to do without any conventional incidental score.[22] Instead, he made use of sound effects and sparse source music in counterpoint to calculated silences. He wanted to use the electroacoustic Mixtur-Trautonium to create the bird calls and noises. He had first encountered this predecessor to the synthesizer on Berlin radio in the late 1920s. It was invented by Friedrich Trautwein, and further developed by Oskar Sala into the Trautonium, which would create some of the bird sounds for this film.[23]

The director commissioned Sala and Remi Gassmann to design an electronic soundtrack.[22] They are credited with "electronic sound production and composition", and Hitchcock's previous musical collaborator, Bernard Herrmann, is credited as "sound consultant".

Source music includes the first of Claude Debussy's Deux arabesques, which Tippi Hedren's character plays on piano, and "Risseldy Rosseldy", an Americanized version of the Scottish folk song, "Wee Cooper O'Fife", which is sung by the schoolchildren.

Special effects

Once the crow attack and attic scenes were assembled by the film's editor, George Tomasini, they were sent to the special effects department for enhancement.[24] The film required myriad special effects and Hitchcock commissioned the help of various studios. The special effects shots of the attacking birds were completed at Walt Disney Studios by animator/technician, Ub Iwerks, who used the sodium vapor process ("yellow screen"), which he had helped to develop. The SV process films the subject against a screen lit with narrow-spectrum sodium vapor lights. Unlike most compositing processes, SVP shoots two separate elements of the footage simultaneously using a beam-splitter. One reel is regular film stock and the other a film stock with emulsion sensitive only to the sodium vapor wavelength. This results in very precise matte shots compared to blue screen special effects, necessary due to "fringing" of the image from the birds' rapid wing flapping.[25][26] At Disney, Iwerks worked on the following scenes: the children's party, Melanie driving to Bodega Bay, and the first two cuts of the crow attack sequence.[27] One of the biggest challenges facing Iwerks was the scene where a number of sparrows fly in through the chimney of the family home. Utilizing an optical printer, his superposition of a group of small birds flying inside an enclosed glass booth made it possible to multiply the birds in the living room. Most of the special effects work done at Disney was completed in the Process Lab on printer 10, which was made from Iwerk's own original design.[27]

At MGM, Bob Hoag was put in charge of the optical effects for the sequence where Melanie hides inside a telephone booth as it is attacked by the birds. Hitchcock had requested that Hoag remove any shot where Melanie looked placid and urged that she be in constant movement instead. Hoag, along with a team of 30, worked together on the blue backing and sodium matte shots.[27] Linwood Dunn, a founder of Film Effects of Hollywood, was commissioned to work on the attic scene. He was asked to produce a rough cut of the sequence before Hitchcock left for Berlin in December 1962.[28] Bill Abbott, at Fox, was in charge of the optical effects for the crow attack sequence, which would take six weeks to finish. Abbott organised two teams – both working 11 hours a day – to work on the sequence simultaneously. Abbott's biggest challenge was size ratio, as he had to ensure that the birds looked like they were attacking the children. He achieved this by placing the birds within frame and zooming in on them to make them the correct size in proportion to the children.[28] At Universal, associate editor, Ross Hoffman, and matte artist, Albert Whitlock, both worked on designing the town's backdrop, including the birds in the trees and the scenery for the river shots of Melanie's car arriving in Bodega Bay.[28] The Birds featured 370 effects shots, the final shot being a composite of 32 separate elements.

Premiere and awards

The film premiered March 28, 1963, in New York City. The Museum of Modern Art hosted an invitation-only screening as part of a 50-film retrospective of Hitchcock's film work. The MOMA series had a booklet with a monograph on the director written by Peter Bogdanovich. The film was screened out of competition[29] in May at a prestigious invitational showing at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival[30] with Hitchcock and Hedren in attendance.

As a special favor to Hedren, Hitchcock allowed her to take a copy of the film with her when she visited her hometown of Minneapolis after the film premiered in New York City. On April 1, 1963, Hendren hosted her parents and about 130 residents of Lafayette, Minnesota, where Hedren's parents lived when she was born, to an exclusive screening of the film at the local neighborhood theater Hedren frequented in her youth, The Westgate[31], in Morningside, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis, where Hedren grew up.[32] The theater was demolished in 2019.

Ub Iwerks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Special Effects.[3] The winner that year was Cleopatra. Tippi Hedren received the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress in 1964, sharing it with Ursula Andress and Elke Sommer. She also received the Photoplay Award as Most Promising Newcomer. The film ranked No. 1 of the top 10 foreign films selected by the Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards. Hitchcock also received the Association's Director Award for the film.[33]

It also won the Horror Hall of Fame Award in 1991.

Themes and style

Themes

Among the central themes explored in The Birds are those of love and violence. The representation of the birds in the film constantly changes to reflect the development of these themes, and the story itself. At first, the lovebirds in the pet store signify the blossoming love between Melanie and Mitch, and the sexual tension between the two.[34] However, the birds' symbolism changes once they begin to attack Bodega Bay. Hitchcock stated in an interview that the birds in the film rise up against the humans to punish them for taking nature for granted.[35]

Another theme explored within the film is the entrapment of civilians.[36] This is because the birds attack anyone who goes outside, consequently leaving people trapped inside their homes.

Humanities scholar Camille Paglia wrote a monograph about the film for the BFI Film Classics series. She interprets it as an ode to the many facets of female sexuality and, by extension, nature itself. She notes that women play pivotal roles in it. Mitch is defined by his relationships with his mother, sister, and ex-lover – a careful balance which is disrupted by his attraction to the beautiful Melanie.[37]

"The theme [of the film], after all, is complacency, as the director has stated on innumerable occasions. When we first meet each of the major characters, their infinite capacity of self-absorption is emphasized. Tippi Hedren's bored socialite is addicted to elaborately time-consuming practical jokes. Rod Taylor's self-righteous lawyer flaunts his arrogant sensuality, Suzanne Pleshette, his ex-fiancée, wallows in self-pity, and Jessica Tandy, his possessive mother, cringes from her fear of loneliness.

With such complex, unsympathetic characters to contend with, the audience begins to identify with the point of view of the birds, actually the inhuman point of view..."

– Film historian Andrew Sarris (1998)[38]

Style

Montage editing and slow pacing are used within the film to build suspense and elicit a greater emotional response from the audience during the attack scenes: "The pattern of The Birds was deliberately to go slow".[39] This is exemplified in the scene where the birds gradually gather outside of the school, while an unobservant Melanie sits and waits on the bench. The camera then cuts between her and the increasing number of birds that swoop down onto the jungle gym behind her until they finally attack.

Eyeline matches and point-of-view (POV) shots within the film encourage audience identification with particular characters and their subjective experiences. This is achieved by cutting between the character and the object of their gaze. For example, when Melanie crosses the bay near the beginning of the film, the camera cuts between close-ups of her face and shots of the Brenner house from her perspective, as she watches Mitch fall for her prank.[40]

The focus on editing and visuals rather than dialogue is also an element of pure cinema that Hitchcock largely uses throughout his work.[41]

Reception

The Birds received mixed reviews upon its initial release. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times was positive, calling it "a horror film that should raise the hackles on the most courageous and put goose-pimples on the toughest hide." Crowther was unsure whether the birds were meant to be an allegory because "it isn't in Mr. Hitchcock's style to inject allegorical meanings or social significance in his films," but he suggested that they could represent the Furies of Greek mythology who pursued the wicked upon the earth."[42]

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic called The Birds 'the worst thriller of his (Hitchcock) that I can remember'.[43]

Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post called it "gorgeous good fun" in the vein of Hitchcock's earlier black comedy The Trouble with Harry, adding, "I haven't had this kind of merriment since King Kong toppled from the Empire State Building."[44] The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "For all the brilliance of scenes like the attack down the chimney, one rarely has a chance to suspend disbelief," but the review still thought that "there is still a great deal more to enjoy than carp at."[45]

Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times was among the critics who panned the film, writing that Hitchcock "was once widely quoted as saying he hated actors. After his 1960 'Psycho' and now 'The Birds,' it must be fairly obvious that he has extended his abhorrence to the whole human race. For reasons hardly justified either dramatically or aesthetically, the old master has become a master of the perverse. He has gone all out for shock for shock's sake, and it is too bad."[46] Variety published a mixed assessment, writing that while the film was "slickly executed and fortified with his characteristic tongue-in-cheek touches," Hitchcock "deals more provocatively and effectively in human menace. A fantasy framework dilutes the toxic content of his patented terror-tension formula, and gives the picture a kind of sci-fi exploitation feel, albeit with a touch of production gloss."[47] Brendan Gill of The New Yorker called the film "a sorry failure. Hard as it may be to believe of Hitchcock, it doesn't arouse suspense, which is, of course, what justifies and transforms the sadism that lies at the heart of every thriller. Here the sadism is all too nakedly, repellently present."[48]

It is the only Hitchcock movie to have been featured in Mad magazine (as "For the Birds," issue 82, October 1963, by Mort Drucker, Arnie Kogen, and Lou Silverstone). In the Mad spoof, it is "revealed" that the birds are controlled by Burt Lancaster as revenge for his not having won an Academy Award that year for his starring role in Birdman of Alcatraz.

The film was first broadcast on NBC television on January 6, 1968, and became the most watched film on television surpassing The Bridge on the River Kwai with a Nielsen rating of 38.9 and an audience share of 59%.[49] The record was beaten in 1972 by Love Story.[49]

With the passage of time, the film's standing among critics has improved. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 96% based on reviews from 52 critics, with an average rating of 8.2/10, and the website's consensus states: "Proving once again that build-up is the key to suspense, Hitchcock successfully turned birds into some of the most terrifying villains in horror history."[50] On Metacritic it has a score of 87 out of 100, based on reviews from 12 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[51] Film critic David Thomson refers to it as Hitchcock's "last unflawed film".[52]

The film was honored by the American Film Institute as the seventh greatest thriller in American Cinema.

Controversy

There was controversy in relation to the nature of Alfred Hitchcock and Tippi Hedren's relationship during the filming of The Birds. Hedren maintained that there were several incidents where Hitchcock acted inappropriately towards her. The cast and crew described his behaviour as "obsessive", and Hedren claimed that "he suddenly grabbed me and put his hands on me. It was sexual."[53][54][55] Hedren stated that she rejected Hitchcock's advances on numerous occasions.[53][54][55] Following this supposed rejection, Hedren was injured during the filming of the phone booth attack scene, and consequently suffered cuts to her face from a pane of glass shattering on her.[55] Further, she insisted she was misled about the logistics of the final attack sequence, where mechanical birds were replaced with real ones at the last minute.[55][54]

It has been suggested that "Hitchcock's deliberate inflicting of injury was revenge for Hedren's spurning of his advances".[56][55] Hitchcock also signed Hedren to a seven-year contract, which she stated restricted her ability to work.[57][55][54] These allegations were not brought to light until after Hitchcock's death.[58] Although they have never been confirmed, they have widely been reported, including by Hedren's co-star, Rod Taylor. Nevertheless, some have publicly named Hedren a "liar and fantasist".[58] The controversy of this relationship is explored in the 2012 HBO/BBC film, The Girl. Hedren's daughter Melanie Griffith claims that Hitchcock's abuse extended to her when he played a "prank" by gifting six-year-old Melanie with a wax figure of her mother in a miniature coffin.[59]

Supposedly, Daphne du Maurier disliked the film, as Hitchcock had changed the location from a farm in England to a sleepy beach community in Northern California.[60]

The movie references an incident that took place in Capitola, California in August 1961 where a group of birds seemed to attack an entire community. "Hordes of seabirds were dive-bombing their homes, crashing into cars and spewing half-digested anchovies onto lawns." Supposedly the birds had eaten a toxic algae which caused them to behave strangely.[61]

Sequel

A poorly-received television sequel, The Birds II: Land's End, was released in 1994. Director Rick Rosenthal removed his name from credit and used the Hollywood pseudonym Alan Smithee.[62] The sequel featured entirely new characters and a different setting, with Bodega Bay only mentioned once. Tippi Hedren returned in a supporting role, but not as her original character.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Stafford, Jeff. "The Birds". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  2. ^ Box Office Information for The Birds. The Numbers. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d Maxford 2002, p. 45
  4. ^ Hunter 1997b, p. 26
  5. ^ du Maurier 2004, pp. 1–39
  6. ^ Chandler 2005, p. 269
  7. ^ Hunter 1997a This short book was adapted by Sight & Sound in its June 1997 edition.
  8. ^ Hunter 1997b, p. 27
  9. ^ a b Hunter 1997b, p. 29
  10. ^ McGilligan 2004, p. 616
  11. ^ Raubicheck & Srebnick 2011, p. 92
  12. ^ Gottlieb & Allen 2009, p. 23
  13. ^ Raubicheck & Srebnick 2011, p. 66
  14. ^ Raubicheck & Srebnick 2011, p. 64
  15. ^ Auiler 1999, pp. 207–9
  16. ^ Auiler 1999, pp. 209–217
  17. ^ Raubicheck & Srebnick 2011, pp. 70–71
  18. ^ a b Paglia 1998, p. 86
  19. ^ Moral 2013, p. 97
  20. ^ Moral 2013, p. 99
  21. ^ Moral 2013, pp. 102–103
  22. ^ a b Auiler 1999, p. 516
  23. ^ Pinch & Trocco 2004, p. 54
  24. ^ Moral 2013, p. 142
  25. ^ Hitchcock & Gottlieb 1997, p. 315
  26. ^ "Cinemafantastique (1980) – The Making of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds". the.hitchcock.zone. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  27. ^ a b c Moral 2013, p. 143
  28. ^ a b c Moral 2013, p. 144
  29. ^ "Films that are screened Out of Competition are generally those that the Cannes selection committee really wants to recognize but don't quite fit the Competition criteria"
  30. ^ "Festival de Cannes: The Birds". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  31. ^ "Morningside: Home to an independent spirit, Tippi Hedren, and two years of ‘Harold and Maude/", by Andy Sturdevant, MinnPost, July 1, 2015
  32. ^ "Movies New 'Grace' Recalls Her Years Here," by Judith Vick, The Minneapolis Star, April 2, 1963
  33. ^ "69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda Bengal Film Journalists' Association (B.F.J.A.) Awards 2007-Past Winners List 1964". Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
  34. ^ Paglia 1998, p. 24
  35. ^ Paglia 1998, p. 87
  36. ^ Raubicheck & Srebnick 2011, p. 140
  37. ^ Paglia 1998
  38. ^ Sarris 1998, p. 297
  39. ^ Hitchcock & Gottlieb 1997, p. 294
  40. ^ Hitchcock & Gottlieb 1997, p. 291
  41. ^ Hitchcock & Gottlieb 1997, p. 290
  42. ^ Crowther, Bosley (April 1, 1963). "Screen: 'The Birds'". The New York Times. New York City: New York Times Company. p. 53.
  43. ^ Kauffmann, Stanley (1968). A world on Film. Delta Books. p. 158.
  44. ^ Coe, Richard L. (April 12, 1963). "Hitchcock Is Still Quite the Bird". The Washington Post. Washington, DC: The Washington Post Company: B11.
  45. ^ "The Birds". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 30 (356): 127. September 1963.
  46. ^ Scheuer, Philip K. (March 29, 1963). "'Birds' Pecks Away at Human Beings". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California: Tronc. p. 13.
  47. ^ "The Birds". Variety. March 27, 1963. p. 6.
  48. ^ Gill, Brendan (April 6, 1963). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. p. 177.
  49. ^ a b "Hit Movies on U.S. TV Since 1961". Variety. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation. January 24, 1990. p. 160.
  50. ^ The Birds at Rotten Tomatoes
  51. ^ "The Birds".
  52. ^ Thompson 2008, p. 97
  53. ^ a b Hedren 2017, p. 4
  54. ^ a b c d Hiscock, John (December 24, 2012). "Tippi Hedren interview: 'Hitchcock put me in a mental prison'". The Telegraph. London, England: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  55. ^ a b c d e f Evans, Alan (October 31, 2016). "Tippi Hedren: Alfred Hitchcock sexually assaulted me". The Guardian. London, England: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  56. ^ Schaefer, Joy C (April 29, 2015). "Must We Burn Hitchcock? (Re)Viewing Trauma and Effecting Solidarity With The Birds (1963)". Quarterly Review of Film and Video. 32 (4). London, England: Routledge: 331. doi:10.1080/10509208.2015.999220.
  57. ^ Sehgal, Deep (2003). "Living Famously, Alfred Hitchcock". BBC Two. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  58. ^ a b Mason 2014
  59. ^ Chilton, Martin. "Alfred Hitchcock:A Sadistic Prankster". The Guardian. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  60. ^ McGrath, Patrick (May 5, 2007). ""Mistress of Menace"". The Guardian. London, England: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  61. ^ Hamers, Laurel. "This Hitchcock Movie was Inspired by Crab Toxin Frenzy in Capitola". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  62. ^ Maxford 2002, p. 46

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