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McLaren MCL60

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McLaren MCL60
CategoryFormula One
ConstructorMcLaren
Designer(s)James Key (Technical Director)
PredecessorMcLaren MCL36
Technical specifications[1]
ChassisCarbon fibre composite
Suspension (front)Carbon fibre and titanium pullrod suspension legs operating inboard torsion bar and damper system
Suspension (rear)Carbon fibre and titanium pushrod suspension legs operating inboard torsion bar and damper system
EngineMercedes-AMG F1 M14 E Performance
1.6 L (98 cu in) direct injection V6 turbocharged engine limited to 15,000 RPM in a mid-mounted, rear-wheel drive layout
Electric motorMercedes-AMG
Kinetic and thermal energy recovery systems
Transmission8-speed + 1 reverse sequential seamless semi-automatic transmission operated via paddle shifters with limited slip friction clutch epicyclic differential
BatteryLithium-ion battery
Weight798 kg (including driver, excluding fuel)
Brakes6 piston calipers, carbon ventilated discs/pads
TyresPirelli P Zero (dry)
Pirelli Cinturato (wet)
ClutchElectro-hydraulically operated, carbon multi-plate
Competition history
Notable entrantsMcLaren F1 Team
Notable drivers
Debut2023 Bahrain Grand Prix
Last event2024 São Paulo Grand Prix
RacesWinsPodiumsPolesF/Laps
4352878

The McLaren MCL60 is a Formula One car designed and constructed by McLaren under the direction of James Key to compete in the 2023 Formula One World Championship.

The car made its competitive début at the 2023 Bahrain Grand Prix. It is driven by Lando Norris and Oscar Piastri, Norris for his fifth season with McLaren and Piastri in his rookie year.

Background

Name

The car was originally referred to by McLaren and the press as the MCL37,[2] a continuation of the numbering scheme that began in 1981 with the McLaren MP4/1 (although the MP4 prefix was replaced by MCL in 2017 following the departure of Ron Dennis from the team).[3] However, McLaren announced that the car would be named the MCL60 to commemorate 60 years since Bruce McLaren founded the team in 1963.[4]

Development context

Further information: 2023 Formula One World Championship § Technical regulations

A new generation of technical regulations began in the 2022 season. The MCL36, the MCL60's immediate predecessor, appeared competitive during its first testing appearance yet proved to have a significant issue with brake overheating.[5] These issues limited its performance capabilities in the early stages of the season and delayed much of the car's development.[6]

Then-team principal Andreas Seidl stated in September 2022 that only part of the MCL36's concept would be continued in its successor.[6] Technical director James Key later revealed that the team had realised in September 2022 that the regulation changes to floor height would have an unavoidable negative impact on the car given its overall design philosophy, and began work on a new concept.[7] However, the new concept had not matured enough to be used at launch, and it was delayed for introduction during the early season.[7]

Key said the team hoped the MCL60 would require less in-season development compared to the MCL36.[8] In November 2022, Seidl stated he believed the team's struggles with the MCL36 would have an impact on the MCL60, namely that the lack of testing for the MCL36 and the time required to address its brake issues had delayed the start of development for the MCL60.[9] Seidl, who was originally set to leave the team at the end of 2025 for the incoming Audi project, departed in mid December 2022 to fill the vacancy at Sauber caused by the sudden exit of chief executive officer Frédéric Vasseur.[10] Seidl was immediately replaced by Andrea Stella, who had been McLaren's executive director of racing.[11]

Initial design and development

At its launch, the car was considered an evolution of its predecessor – which had itself undergone heavy development during the 2022 season.[12][13][14] It retained the unusual front pullrod, rear pushrod suspension layout that was reintroduced with the MCL36. The MCL60 featured tighter sidepod geometry with a more aggressive undercut,[12][15] partly intended to free up space for ground effect inlet tunnels.[13] The radiator inlet on the engine cover was lengthened, closer to the style of the inlet seen on the Ferrari F1-75.[14] The floor edge cut-out was shifted forwards, closer to its positioning on most other teams' cars.[16]

The team stated that they were confident they had addressed the shortcomings of the MCL36, broadly labelled as aerodynamics and tyre management.[17][18] Despite this, Stella said the team was "[n]ot entirely happy for the launch car" and intended to introduce substantial upgrades beginning in the fourth round of the season, the Azerbaijan Grand Prix.[12][18] It was later revealed that these upgrades had been in development since September 2022 when McLaren decided to change design course entirely.[7] Norris said that he had advocated for McLaren to change their design philosophy to prioritise driveability rather than ultimate performance.[19] He said certain undesirable design characteristics were persisting in McLaren cars across his four seasons with the team and through several rule changes, but also said that he did not expect to know if the team had successfully addressed this until the pre-season test.[20]

The MCL60 was Key's last project at McLaren. He departed the team in March 2023 as part of an organisational restructuring, and the position of executive technical director was split into three departments.[21]

Liveries

The MCL60 livery largely resembled the design débuted on the MCL36, but with additional exposed carbon fibre to save weight.[12][22] As with all McLaren Formula One cars since the MCL35, the livery was applied with a vinyl wrap rather than paint, which is more lightweight and aerodynamically efficient compared to painted cars, as well as quicker to prepare.[23]

For the Monaco and Spanish Grands Prix, the car ran with a special livery celebrating McLaren's achievement of the Triple Crown of Motorsport – McLaren being the only motorsports team to have completed it as of 2023.[24][25] The car was painted in three segments to commemorate McLaren's first win of each component race. The rear of the car was papaya in reference to the McLaren M16C/D that Johnny Rutherford won the 1974 Indianapolis 500 in, the middle was white in tribute to the McLaren MP4/2 that Alain Prost drove when he won the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, and the front was black in recognition of the McLaren F1 GTR that JJ Lehto, Yannick Dalmas, and Masanori Sekiya drove to victory in the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans.[26][27]

The MCL60 features a new advertising scheme developed by Seamless Digital utilising e-ink displays, allowing the advertising to be changed at any time.[28] Although the technology debuted on the MCL36 during practice for the 2022 United States Grand Prix, the MCL60 marks its first full-season usage.[29]

Competition and development history

Pre-season

Stella stated that the primary goal for the 2023 season was for the team to re-establish itself as the leading midfield team.[30] The team reiterated during the pre-season test at Bahrain International Circuit that it was not satisfied with the launch specification car,[31] especially its excessive aerodynamic drag.[32] Piastri said the MCL60 experienced the same limitations as the MCL36,[31] which he tested in the official 2022 post-season test.[33]

Opening rounds

Norris qualified eleventh and Piastri eighteenth for the first race of the season, the Bahrain Grand Prix.[34] Ahead of the race, Stella and Norris both agreed that McLaren could out-develop its rivals during the course of the season, saying that the issues the team faced were fixable.[35] During the race, Piastri had risen to twelfth place before his car suffered an electrical issue.[36] The team attempted to fix the issue by switching steering wheels in the pits, but the fault was located further down the steering column and could not be rectified, meaning Piastri retired on his début.[37] Norris also suffered reliability issues, hampered by a loss of pneumatic pressure from the Mercedes power unit.[37] The issue limited gearbox performance and forced Norris to pit every ten laps or so in order for the pneumatic pressure tank to be topped up.[37] He finished seventeenth and last on track after completing six pit stops, motivated by McLaren's desire to collect additional data on car performance.[37] The result meant the team were classified tenth and last in the World Constructors' Championship (WCC). Despite the reliability issues, Norris stated that he believed the MCL60 was not as far off the pace as some commentators had argued.[37][38]

The MCL60 featured a new diffuser upgrade and a track-specific rear wing for the Saudi Arabian Grand Prix.[39] Norris was forced to take his second engine of the season after the team determined the unit that failed in the first race could not be reused.[40] Piastri qualified for the race in ninth, and started eighth after another driver received a grid penalty.[41][42] Norris, meanwhile, clipped a wall and damaged the steering system on his car.[42] The damage could not be repaired by the end of the first stage of qualifying (Q1), leaving him nineteenth on the grid.[42] On the opening lap of the race Piastri and Pierre Gasly collided, causing damage to the front wing of Piastri's car.[43] The debris from the collision struck Norris's car, requiring both to pit for a new front wing.[43] Piastri finished the race fifteenth, and Norris finished seventeenth.[44] Piastri left the round classified nineteenth in the World Drivers' Championship (WDC) and Norris in twentieth and last.

At the Australian Grand Prix, McLaren ran a tighter circuit-specific engine cover and introduced new floor fences for the car's diffuser.[45] Norris qualified thirteenth and Piastri sixteenth.[46] Piastri said his struggles were a combination of poor car set-up and inexperience.[46] In a chaotic race interrupted by multiple incidents, Norris finished seventh and Piastri ninth, and both were promoted a place by penalties for Carlos Sainz Jr. Norris moved up to eighth and Piastri up to thirteenth in the WDC, and the team moved from last to fifth in the WCC.

The first significant upgrade to the MCL60 was made to the car for the Azerbaijan Grand Prix: it featured an entirely new floor, and a circuit-specific beam wing and rear wing.[47][48] The package was the last developed under Key's leadership, and will be the first of three upgrades delivered to the car.[49] Norris qualified seventh but was disappointed not to be fourth, and an unwell Piastri qualified tenth.[50] In the sprint shootout, Piastri finished eleventh and Norris tenth. However, the team had made a conscious choice to use all sets of softs allocated for Norris and prioritise starting position for the race, which precluded him from participating in the final session of the sprint shootout.[51] In the Grand Prix, both drivers pitted immediately before a safety car, and were subsequently trapped in a DRS train until the closing stages of the race. Norris finished ninth and Piastri finished eleventh. As a result, Norris fell to ninth in the WDC.

Norris qualified sixteenth and Piastri nineteenth for the Miami Grand Prix,[52] the first time both cars had been eliminated in Q1 since 2018.[53] Nyck de Vries hit Norris from behind on the first lap, leaving the latter with floor damage.[54][55] Stella estimated that this damage cost Norris between 0.2 and 0.3 seconds per lap worth of downforce.[55] On lap six, Piastri's MCL60 suffered brake-by-wire and energy recovery system faults, issues which affected him throughout the race.[54] Norris finished seventeenth and Piastri nineteenth.[56] Stella stated after the race that the results indicated McLaren needed to focus on developing the car's performance on low-grip surfaces, and in off-brakes, off-throttle periods.[16] The result moved Piastri down to fourteenth in the WDC.

The MCL60 featured a special livery for the Monaco Grand Prix, in recognition of McLaren's completion of the Triple Crown of Motorsport (see § Liveries).[24] The car also featured a revised tunnel inlet in order to comply with a new technical directive, a revised rear wing endplate, as well as track-specific rear and beam wings.[57] Norris qualified tenth,[58] and Piastri eleventh.[59] Both moved up a place in the race to finish ninth and tenth, respectively.[60] Both cars were the fastest on track when wet conditions arrived in the closing stages.[61]

The car again featured the Triple Crown livery for the Spanish Grand Prix (see § Liveries),[24] as well as reprofiled front brake ducts.[62] Norris qualified in third place.[63] Piastri qualified tenth, but started ninth after penalties for another driver.[64] Norris was struck by Lewis Hamilton on the first lap, and dropped to last place after pitting for a new front wing.[65] He finished seventeenth, and Piastri thirteenth.[65]

McLaren introduced a new rear wing flap and beam wing at the Canadian Grand Prix.[66] Norris qualified seventh for the race.[67] Piastri qualified ninth after crashing in Q3, but started eighth after a penalty for another driver.[68] Norris finished ninth but received a five-second penalty for driving slowly under the safety car, dropping him to thirteenth.[69] Piastri finished thirteenth but was promoted to twelfth by Norris's penalty.[70]

Delivery of major upgrades

Originally, both drivers were meant to receive the first part of the package at the British Grand Prix, but McLaren managed to prepare one set of parts early which was fitted to Norris's car.[71] Approximately half the package was delivered to Norris at the Austrian Grand Prix, with the remainder split roughly evenly between the British and Hungarian Grands Prix.[71] Piastri's car is expected to receive both the Austrian and British packages at the British Grand Prix, bringing both cars back to the same specification.[72]

Norris's car featured extensive changes to the sidepods, bodywork, and floor for the Austrian Grand Prix.[72]

Assessment and characteristics

McLaren believed itself to be more badly affected by 2023 regulation changes than other teams, specifically raising the rear floor edge and diffuser.[16] The team had developed the profile of their Venturi tunnels around more rearwards floor edge cut-outs and vortex generators than most other teams, a design that lost much of its efficacy when the rear floor was raised.[16]

Stella stated that the car lacked downforce but had an excess of drag, largely what the team expected from the compromised launch version.[73] He also identified that the MCL60 was particularly weak on low-grip surfaces, when more time is spent off-throttle and off-brake.[53]

Formula One journalist Mark Hughes recognised that the MCL60 "generates heat in its front tyres very effectively, possibly better than any other car", which explained its very competitive performance in the wet closing stages of the Monaco Grand Prix and in the cool conditions in qualifying for the Spanish Grand Prix.[61] Hughes also singled out the car's strength in high-speed corners.[61]

Mat Coch of Speedcafe argued that the MCL60 "is not fundamentally bad", but that it has "some unique idiosyncrasies that limit its performance". He also noted its quick tyre heating, suggesting that the MCL60's strong pace in cool conditions was due to its ability to maintain tyre temperature even as environmental temperatures dropped. Likewise, quick tyre heating leads to strong qualifying performances. However, Coch noted that this trait also meant the car produced excessive tyre degradation in typical race conditions. He noted its stability in straights and high-speed corners, but noted that its poor off-throttle performance was due to excessive lateral roll.[74]

Complete Formula One results

(key)

Year Entrant Power unit Tyres Drivers Grands Prix Points WCC
BHR SAU AUS AZE MIA MON ESP CAN AUT GBR HUN BEL NED ITA SIN JPN QAT USA MXC SAP LVG ABU
2023 McLaren F1 Team Mercedes-AMG
F1 M14 E Performance
1.6 V6 t 		P United Kingdom Lando Norris 17 17 6 9 17 9 17 13 4 2 2 76 7 8 2 2 33 24 5 22 F Ret 5 593* 1st*
Australia Oscar Piastri Ret 15 8 11 19 10 13 11 16 4 5 Ret2 9 12F 7 3 21 Ret 8 14 10F 6
Sources:
Notes
  • * – Championship in progress.

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  74. ^ Coch, Mat (10 June 2023). "ANALYSIS: McLaren MCL60". Speedcafe. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
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