Mo Udall

Mo Udall
Chair of the House Interior Committee
In office January 3, 1977 – May 4, 1991
Preceded by	James A. Haley
Succeeded by	George Miller
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona's 2nd district
In office May 2, 1961 – May 4, 1991
Preceded by	Stewart Udall
Succeeded by	Ed Pastor
Personal details
Born	Morris King Udall (1922-06-15)June 15, 1922 St. Johns, Arizona, U.S.
Died	December 12, 1998(1998-12-12) (aged 76) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouses	Patricia Emery ​ ​ (m. 1949; div. 1966)​ Ella Royston ​ ​ (m. 1968; died 1988)​ Norma Gilbert ​ (m. 1989)​
Children	5, including Mark
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army United States Army Air Forces
Years of service	1942–1946
Rank	Captain

Morris King Udall (June 15, 1922 – December 12, 1998) was an American Democratic politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Arizona from May 2, 1961 to May 4, 1991, and was a leading contender for the 1976 Democratic Presidential Nomination. He was noted by many for his independent and liberal views.

In 1961, Udall won a special election to succeed his brother, Stewart Udall, as the congressman for Arizona's 2nd congressional district. In Congress, the younger Udall became a prominent and popular figure for his independent ways, his leading role in the conservation and environmental protection movements, his key role in reforming Congress and political campaigns, and his pioneering role in opposing the Vietnam War.

Udall sought the Democratic nomination in the 1976 presidential election, but was defeated by Jimmy Carter. He supported Ted Kennedy's strong challenge to Carter in the 1980 Democratic primaries, and Udall delivered the keynote address at the 1980 Democratic National Convention.

He served as Chairman of the House Interior Committee from 1977 to 1991. Diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1980, Udall resigned from Congress in 1991 as the effects of the disease worsened. He died in 1998. His son, Mark Udall, represented Colorado in the United States Senate from 2009 to 2015, and his nephew Tom Udall is currently the senior United States Senator from New Mexico.

Early life

Udall was born and schooled in St. Johns, Arizona—one of six children (New York Times says three sons, two daughters).) of Louisa (née Lee) and Levi Stewart Udall, a lawyer who served as Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court from 1946 to 1960. His mother was a writer keenly interseted in Indian life and culture. His father preached the importance of responsible people entering public service.

He lost his right eye to a friend's pocket knife at the age of six, while the two were attempting to cut some string, and adequate treatment was delayed because of his family's lack of money at the time, ultimately resulting in the loss of the eye. Udall wore a glass eye for the rest of his life. The loss would later influence his personality and politics.

He described his early rural/small-town life in the desert as harsh and primitive, in a town where "everybody worked." Noting they had "no tractors" he added "we had horses and plows."

Military service

Udall attempted to enlist in the United States Army during World War II, and almost succeeded, by covering his glass eye each time he was told to alternate during the eye exam. After he was medically cleared, another potential enlistee complained that he had been medically rejected for flat feet, while Udall had passed with one eye. The examiners retested Udall under closer scrutiny, and he was rejected. Later, medical standards changed and Udall served in the Army, in a non-combat role in the U.S., until the end of the war.

An official biography at the University of Arizona—his alma mater, where his personal papers are archived—says that "He entered the United States Army-Air Force as a private in 1942 and was discharged as a captain in 1946, having served in the Pacific Theater."

The New York Times reports that he commanded an all-black squadron for two years, in Louisiana. Udall later claimed "That really shaped my life," claiming that he had "I fought their fights with them... over local discrimination." The Times adds that he served in the South Pacific and achieved the rank of Captain in the Army Air Corps.

Education and athletics

While in high school, despite the lost eye, Udall was a star athlete in basketball, and in football as quarterback leading an undefeated team. He also marched in the school band, wrote a political column for the school paper, and took the lead in the school play.

Later, Udall attended the University of Arizona, where he was a star basketball player (team co-captain), President of the Associated Student Government, and a member of Sigma Chi Fraternity.

For one year following graduation, Udall played professional basketball with the Denver Nuggets during the 1948–49 National Basketball League season. However, neither Udall nor his team performed notably.

At the same time, he attended the University of Denver school of law, and then returned to the University of Arizona for law school, where he graduated in 1949 with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) law degree.

Personality and philosophy

Udall was a tall (6'5"), Lincolnesque figure with a self-deprecating wit and easy manner. Because of his wit, columnist James J. Kilpatrick deemed him "too funny to be president", which also ended up being the title of his autobiography in the 1980s.

He once said that his physical stature and one eye kept him from ever having a date in high school, and led to his use of self-deprecating humor to survive.

Known for his humor, his irreverent and casual style (particularly his colorful western wear and cowboy boots), and his ethics, Udall was summarized by leading political journalist James M. Perry as "funny, smart, down-to-earth, honest, sassy, patient."

Raised Mormon, his spiritual views began to change. He ceased being active in church by the time he returned from military service. While in college, as he read philosophy and history, his discarded his Mormon faith. In particular, he rejected the Mormon teachings of the time (since repealed) that black people were "cursed.".

Early career

In 1949 Udall, with his brother, Stewart, started the law firm of Udall & Udall in Tucson, Arizona, practicing law in Tucson until 1961.

Udall also was elected as the Pima County chief deputy attorney (1950-1952) and county attorney (1953-1954). In 1954, though, he failed in a bid to be nominated for a Superior Court judgeship.

He taught labor law at the University of Arizona law school (1955, 1956), and in 1961, became vice-president of the Arizona Bar Association. Udall co-founded the Bank of Tucson, and the Catalina Savings and Loan Association, and in 1960 became president of Tucson's YMCA.

Political career

Throughout his early life, Udall dreamed of public office, but—under pressure from his wife—deferred a Congressional race opportunity to his older brother, Stewart Udall, who won the Arizona's 2nd congressional district seat in 1954. His hopes for a seat on the Arizona Supreme Court (where his father had served) were dashed when the seat went to his ultra-conservative uncle, instead.

Congressman

In 1961, his brother Stewart Udall, the congressman for Arizona's 2nd congressional district, was appointed Secretary of the Interior in the Kennedy administration. Mo Udall won a special election for his brother's vacant seat by only 2,000 votes—with 51% of the vote. He won the seat in his own right in 1962, and was reelected 13 more times. He only faced one other close race, in 1978, when he received 52 percent of the vote. He held the post until his resignation May 4, 1991.

For his first term, he represented the entire state outside of Maricopa County. After the 1960s round of redistricting, his district was cut back to the southern portion of the state, centered on Tucson. After a mid-decade redistricting ordered as a result of Wesberry v. Sanders, his district absorbed some outer portions of the Phoenix area.

From 1977 until his retirement in 1991, Udall chaired the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (one which he'd served since 1963). He also served as ranking member of the Committee of the Post Office and Civil Service, chairman of the Office of Technology Assessment and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs

Vietnam war

Udall first gained national political notoriety for a speech October 23, 1967, in Tucson at a major regional civic meeting, with an audience of 2,800—largely civic leaders, mostly supportive of President Johnson's policy on the Vietnam War. Despite their leanings, Udall gave a firm and direct speech calling the nation's involvement in Vietnam "a mistaken and dangerous road." He called for reversing American escalation of the war, and eventual U.S. withdrawal—the first major figure in the U.S. Democratic Party to openly oppose the Democratic President on the war. The speech drew a standing ovation, and reverberated nationwide, drawing national media and political attention, and initiating the Democratic Party's gradual split over the war.

Labor legislation

On labor legislation, however, Udall was less liberal. Though he opposed right-to-work laws that undermined labor unions, his constituents very strongly supported it, so Udall did, too—particularly in a 1965 Congressional vote that labor leaders held against him for years.

Conservation & the Environment

On conservation and environmental protection, Udall's record was mixed—and extreme in both directions—though he is largely credited with being generally a defender of those causes (he first joined the House Interior committee in 1961), particularly as chairman of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. He fought for environmental protection, and expansion of the National Park System, ushered legislation through Congress absorbing 8 million acres into the federal wilderness system across 20 states, and attempted to restructure the energy industry.

An important exception was his defense of planned dam-and-reservoir projects in Arizona that threatened to inundate key wilderness areas, including a hydroelectric dam that threatened to flood some of the Grand Canyon. Hostile campaigning by the nation's leading conservation organization, the Sierra Club, led to Udall's bitter fight with them, and the eventual loss of their tax-exempt status, which some have blamed on Udall's complaints about them to the Internal Revenue Service. The projects were eventually abandoned, replaced with coal-fired powerplants that Udall thought more polluting than the dams would have been.

However, in the opposite extreme, Udall's "proudest achievement" was passage of an Alaska lands bill, permanently preserving 104.3 million acres of extraordinarly scenic wilderness, over the furious opposition of many in Alaska and in the natural resource industries.

In 1973, Udall was named "Legislator of the Year" by the National Wildlife Federation.

However, in 1974, his Land Use Bill was defeated—some environmentalists blaming Udall's inability to work the bill effectively on the floor of the House.

From the beginning of his work on the Interior committee in 1961, Udall had been interested in limiting the controversial practice of strip mining, blamed for massive destruction of wilderness and extensive environmental damage, particularly across the American West. However, it took several years of wrangling with industry, Congress and administrations (Republican President Gerald R. Ford vetoed the legislation twice), before he was able to pass a limited bill, into law (signed by Democratic President Jimmy Carter), which constrained the strip-mining of coal, and forced the reclamation of millions of acres of strip-mined areas.

Udall helped helped write and pass the Alaska Lands Act of 1980, and landmark 1982 legislation addressing nuclear waste management.

Government legislative reform

Udall challenged the arcane and Byzantine rules and protocols of the House of Representatives, demanding a reduction in the ability of powerful leaders to covertly control legislation and dominate committees. Udall's efforts eventually led to substantial reform of Congressional rules and operations.

Udall gained early national political notoriety for being the first Congressman in the 20th Century to challenge a sitting Speaker of the House for his seat—going up against Rep. John McCormack, in 1968. Though defeated, Udall tried again two years later, against the House Majority Leader, Hale Boggs—again losing, but shaking the foundations of the House seniority system, which eventually was reformed—largely as a result of the revolt begun by Udall.

Like any freshman Congressman, Udall struggled to adapt to the office during his first term; but in his second term, he responded to the experience by organizing a school for other incoming freshmen Congressman, to teach them the complex and subtle ways of the House of Representatives, and the how to navigate the Washington bureaucracy. To aid this effort, Udall wrote a 1966 guidebook, The Job of a Congressman.

Government campaign reform

Udall co-sponsored the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and was a key factor in its success—the first major campaign-finance reform legislation since 1925—requiring campaign finance reports from candidates. (It later ensnared President Richard Nixon in the Watergate scandal). He also co-sponsored the 1974 Campaign Reform Act, signed by President Ford. He fought for financial disclosure legislation, and disclosed his own finances and tax returns.

Government administrative reform

Reforming Civil service and the U.S. Post Office were a major focus of Udall's efforts in Congress. On the Committee of the Post Office and Civil Service since 1961, he eventually became the ranking member. He attempted to revise pay scales for federal employees and establish merit pay.

Ultimately, Udall was one of the principal leaders effecting the first substantial reform of the U.S. civil service system since the 1883 creation of that merit-based government-employment system. The bill created performance incentives for workers in the bureaucracy, and made firing federal workers easier. Though it wasn't his idea (rather a favorite project of President Carter, whom Udall disliked), Udall pushed the bill through Congress, against numerous roadblocks thrown up by federal employees (and by Congressmen representing districts that employed many of them). Udall compromised until getting a consensus bill before the whole House, fighting through additional opposition to success.

Udall sought to change the Post Office Department from a purely governmental agency into a semiprivate organization (today, it is: the U.S. Postal Service), and was a key force in passage of the Postal Regulation Act. (This is probably a misnomer; more likely it was the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970.)

Other issues

His childhood eye loss, attributed to poor medical care owing to inadequate family finances, left him with the belief that people should have access to competent medical care regardless of financial condition.

In 1963, Udall attempted to get cigarettes (and other tobacco) regulated by the Food and Drug Administation (FDA).

On the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Udall opposed Reagan administration policies towards Central America.

Presidential campaign

In 1976, Udall ran for the Democratic nomination for President as a liberal alternative to Jimmy Carter, the former Governor of Georgia. Carter had gone from obscure maverick to front runner after a string of early caucus and primary victories, beginning in Iowa and New Hampshire. At the time of the Wisconsin primary in April, most of the original 10 candidates had dropped out, leaving Udall, Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson of Washington, Governor George Wallace of Alabama, and Carter. Udall looked set to win the primary and as the returns ticked in, it looked like he would win it. This might have slowed down the Carter momentum. Udall was projected the winner, exclaiming "Oh, how sweet it is". But as the election night progressed, Carter began chipping away at Udall's lead, eventually going into the lead.

Mo Udall with John F. Kennedy at the White House, May 18, 1961.

Some newspapers actually proclaimed Udall the winner because of his lead the night before, not unlike the famous incident in the 1948 presidential election, in which the headlines of the Chicago Tribune erroneously proclaimed "Dewey Defeats Truman."

Carter's win was by 1%, which was no more than 7,500 votes. He won 37% to Udall's 36%, gaining one more convention delegate than Udall. Despite the small margins, Carter got the headlines and a further boost to his momentum, pulling away from Udall and the other candidates. In the end, Udall finished second in the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, New York, Michigan, South Dakota, and Ohio primaries, and won the caucuses in his home state of Arizona, while running even with Carter in the New Mexico caucuses. Udall finished a distant second place to Carter at the Democratic National Convention, where his name was placed in nomination by Archibald Cox, and Udall's speech received great applause from his supporters.

During the Michigan primary, the Carter campaign had Coleman Young, the mayor of Detroit, accuse Udall of racism for belonging to the LDS church, which at the time, did not allow blacks to serve in the church's priesthood (since changed in 1978 by LDS Church President, Spencer W. Kimball). Udall had been a longtime critic of that church policy, and had ceased being an active member because of it. Carter's subsequent sweeping of the black vote in the Michigan primary was key to his crucial and narrow victory in Michigan.

Udall supported Senator Edward Kennedy's challenge to President Carter in 1980, and Kennedy won the Arizona caucuses, one of only three wins for Kennedy in the west. Udall delivered the keynote speech at the 1980 Democratic convention, which was a typically witty Udall speech. Udall considered running for president again in 1984, but he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1980 and his illness kept him on the sidelines. At the convention that summer, Udall introduced his old foe, President Carter.

Legacy

In 1992, the US Congress founded the Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy Foundation. It is an agency of the executive branch of the federal government, and among other functions, gives scholarships to students of environmental policy. In 2009, Congress added Mo's brother, Stewart Udall, into the foundation by renaming it the Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation.

Federal funds for Parkinson's research are designated through the Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Act of 1997. The legislation funded a national network of "Centers of Excellence" to diagnose and treat Parkinson disease patients and to refer patients into research protocols.

In 1996 Morris received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Clinton.

Udall was married three times. He married Patricia Emery in 1949, with whom he had six children. Udall's first wife, who hated politics, suffered from arthritis and spent much time on a wheelchair. She and Udall rarely saw each other due to his hectic political schedule. By Mo Udall's own account, Pat had become unsatisfied with her life caused by her disinterest in politics and illnesses. Pat was also a high-spirited person who had a tendency to frequently start arguments. Pat Udall suffered emotionally due to the strain of raising six children while struggling with arthritis, and unwilling to undergo psychological counselling due to social stigma, she finally acquiesced and filed for divorce in 1966. Mo Udall, who was opposed to the divorce, did not object to the dissolution of the marriage mainly because he was more focused on politics than his family. She went on to marry and divorce three more times in the seven years following her split from Udall, all of which were brief marriages which she later regretted. Her divorce from Udall did not affect the children much, since they had anyways rarely seen their busy politician father. Both the Udalls later regretted the divorce, explaining that the marriage ended because she failed to get counseling or help and simply acquiesced to pressure and made a poor impulse decision. Pat Udall herself stated that she was "ashamed" by her decision to end the marriage. Two years later he married Ella Lee Royston, a marriage that would last until Royston's suicide in 1988. In 1989, he married his third wife, Norma Gilbert, who has two grown daughters and one grown son, and they remained together until his death in 1998. Udall and his first wife, who were not on the best terms after the divorce especially due to the stress caused by her illnesses, eventually reconciled after she recovered and remained close friends for the rest of his life.

Udall's relationship with his children was distant for most of his life. A workaholic, he rarely spent time with his children when they were growing up. His years in retirement were plagued by Parkinson's disease.

Morris Udall's son Mark Udall was elected to the U.S. Congress from Colorado's 2nd district in 1998 and to the U.S. Senate in 2008. His nephew Tom Udall of New Mexico was also elected to the U.S. Senate in 2008, while second cousin Senator Gordon Smith of Oregon was defeated for re-election the same year.

In Tucson, Arizona, the main post office and a city park are named in his honor.

Point Udall on Guam, considered the westernmost point of the United States, was named for him in 1987. The easternmost spot, Point Udall, U.S. Virgin Islands, was named for his brother Stewart in 1968. This means that "America's day ... begin(s) and end(s) at a Point Udall."

Books

With the exception of Udall's first book, his books have been described as "humorous and informative works."

• Arizona Law of Evidence (1960).
• The Job of a Congressman (1966) -- a guidebook for freshmen Congressmen.
• Education of a Congressman (1972).
• Too Funny to Be President (1988) - his autobiography.

See also

• Udall family (political family)
• Lee-Hamblin family

Further reading

• Carson, Donald W., and Johnson, James W., 2004, Mo: The Life and Times of Morris K. Udall . Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. (ISBN 0816524491)

External links

• United States Congress. "Mo Udall (id: U000001)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation
• Biography - at the Political Graveyard
• Morris K. Udall manuscript collection, the Library of the University of Arizona
• Appearances on C-SPAN