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Mount Agung

Coordinates: 8°20′27″S 115°30′12″E / 8.34083°S 115.50333°E / -8.34083; 115.50333
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Mount Agung
Mount Agung, 2020
Highest point
Elevation3,031 m (9,944 ft)[1][2]
Prominence3,031 m (9,944 ft)[1]
Ranked 87th
ListingIsland high point
Ultra
Ribu
Coordinates8°20′27″S 115°30′12″E / 8.34083°S 115.50333°E / -8.34083; 115.50333[1]
Naming
Native nameᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂ​ᬅᬕᬸᬂ (Balinese)
English translationParamount, The Great Mountain
Geography
Mount Agung is located in Bali
Mount Agung
Mount Agung
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption2019[3]
Climbing
Easiest routeBesakih Temple

Mount Agung (Balinese: ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂ​ᬅᬕᬸᬂ, romanized: gunung āgung, Indonesian: Gunung Agung) is an active volcano in Karangasem Regency, Bali, Indonesia. It is located southeast of Mount Batur volcano, also in Bali.[4] It is the highest point on Bali, and dominates the surrounding area, influencing the climate, especially rainfall patterns. From a distance, the mountain appears to be perfectly conical. From the peak of the mountain, it is possible to see the peak of Mount Rinjani on the nearby island of Lombok, to the east, although both mountains are frequently covered in clouds. Agung is a stratovolcano, with a large and deep crater. Its most recent eruptions occurred from 2017–2019.[3]

History of eruptions

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1843 eruption

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Agung erupted in 1843,[5] as recorded in a report by Heinrich Zollinger:

"After having been dormant for a long time, this year the mountain began to be alive again. In the first days of the activity earthquake shocks were felt after which followed the emission of ash, sand and stones."[6]

1963–64 eruption

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The eruption of 1963 was one of the largest and most devastating eruptions in Indonesia's history.

On February 18, 1963, local residents heard loud explosions and saw clouds rising from the crater of Mount Agung. On February 24, lava began flowing down the northern slope of the mountain, eventually traveling 7 km in the next 20 days. On March 17, the volcano erupted (VEI 5), sending debris 8 to 10 km into the air and generating massive pyroclastic flows.[7] These flows devastated numerous villages, killing an estimated 1,100–1,500 people. Cold lahars caused by heavy rainfall after the eruption killed an additional 200. A second eruption on May 16 led to pyroclastic flows that killed another 200 inhabitants. Minor eruptions and flows followed and lasted almost a year.[8][9]

The lava flows missed, sometimes by mere metres, the Mother Temple of Besakih. The saving of the temple is regarded by Balinese as miraculous and a signal from the gods that they wished to demonstrate their power but not destroy the monument that the Balinese had erected.[10]

During the eruptions and earthquakes, the wreck of the US transport ship, USAT Liberty, which had been grounded at nearby Tulamben during World War II after being torpedoed by a Japanese submarine, slipped off the beach and settled totally underwater.

Andesite was the dominant lava type with some samples mafic enough to be classified as basaltic andesite.[11] The eruption had global effects on temperatures.[12] [13]

2017–2019 seismic activity and eruption

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Mount Agung erupting on 27 November 2017
Main article: 2017–2019 eruptions of Mount Agung

In late 2017, the area experienced 844 volcanic earthquakes, peaking at 300 to 400 earthquakes on 26 September. The frequency and intensity of these quakes caused much alarm among seismologists, as similar volcanoes have historically been known to erupt with even fewer warning signs.[8][14] Alert was raised to the highest level and about 122,500 people were evacuated from their houses around the volcano.[15] The Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority declared a 12-kilometre exclusion zone around the volcano on 24 September.[16]

Evacuees gathered in sports halls and other community buildings around Klungkung, Karangasem, Buleleng, and other areas.[17] By late October 2017, the activity of the volcano decreased significantly, leading to lowering of the highest status of emergency on 29 October.

On 21 November, activity increased once again. A phreatic eruption took place, with the ash cloud top reaching 3,842 metres (12,605 ft) above sea level.[18] Thousands of people immediately fled the area,[19] and over 29,000 temporary refugees were reported to be housed in over 270 locations nearby. Early on Saturday 25 November a magmatic eruption began.[20] The resulting eruption plume was reported to rise about 1.5–4 km above the summit crater, drifting towards the south and dusting the surroundings with thin layer of dark ash, leading some airlines to cancel flights bound for Australia and New Zealand. An orange glow was later observed around the crater at night, suggesting that fresh magma had indeed reached the surface.[21] On 26 November 2017, another eruption occurred, the second in less than a week.[20] Ngurah Rai International Airport was closed 26 November 2017,[22] leaving many tourists stranded. Lahars were reported in the Selat district south of the volcano.[23] More than 100,000 people in a 10 km (6 mi) radius of the volcano were ordered to evacuate.[24]

Australia's Bureau of Meteorology reported on 27 November that ash from the eruption had been observed at an altitude of 9,144 m.[25] By the beginning of December, the eruption reduced to minor emissions of steam and smoke. On 12 December, a picture of the crater was taken showing a steadily growing lava dome occupying approximately one third of the crater.[26]

In June 2018, Agung erupted with 2 km high plumes interrupting air traffic. On 3 July, a Strombolian explosion occurred, sending debris in all directions.[27] In late May 2019 an eruption spewed lava and rocks over about 3 km, with some ash falling on nearby villages and temporarily interrupting international flights.[28]

Influence on the climate

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In Bali, the wet or rainy season runs from November to March – but it does not wet the whole island equally. The mountain range of Gunung Agung divides the island between a dry northern part (narrower) and a wet southern part (broader). In the 1984–2009 period, the average annual rainfall in the northern part was 1761.3 mm / year, while the southern part received 2024.5 mm / year.[29]

Of the 27 wildfires recorded in Bali's forests and savannas in September 2023, 13 – nearly half – occurred in the area surrounding Mount Agung in the Karangasem Regency; 5 fires were in the Buleleng Regency (northern part of the island) and 5 were near Mount Batur in the Bangli Regency.[30] (Temperatures decrease from April to July, then rise again from August onward.[31])

Religious beliefs

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Balinese people[clarification needed] believe that Mt Agung is a replica of Mt Meru, the central axis of the universe. The most important temple on Bali, Pura Besakih, is high on the slopes of Gunung Agung.[32]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c "Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago". Peaklist.org. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  2. ^ "Parwata Agung, Indonesia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Agung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
  4. ^ Geiger, Harri; Troll, Valentin R.; Jolis, Ester M.; Deegan, Frances M.; Harris, Chris; Hilton, David R.; Freda, Carmela (2018-07-12). "Multi-level magma plumbing at Agung and Batur volcanoes increases risk of hazardous eruptions". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 10547. Bibcode:2018NatSR...810547G. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28125-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6043508. PMID 30002471.
  5. ^ Anwari Dilmy (October 1965). "Pioneer Plants Found One Year After the 1963 Eruption of Agung in Bali" (PDF). Pacific Science, Vol. XIX. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  6. ^ John Seach. "Agung Volcano". Volcano Live. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  7. ^ "Geology of Mt. Agung". Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi – VSI. Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  8. ^ a b Pichayada Promchertchoo (3 October 2017). "Once tremors detected, Bali volcano can erupt within hours: Volcanologist". CNA. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  9. ^ Zen, M. T.; Hadikusumo, Djajadi (December 1964). "Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt.Agung in Bali (Indonesia)". Bulletin Volcanologique. 27 (1). The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System: 269–299. Bibcode:1964BVol...27..269Z. doi:10.1007/BF02597526. S2CID 128691551.
  10. ^ Gertisser, R.; Deegan, F. M.; Troll, V. R.; Preece, K. (2018). "When the gods are angry: volcanic crisis and eruption at Bali's great volcano". Geology Today. 34 (2): 62–65. doi:10.1111/gto.12224. ISSN 1365-2451. S2CID 134991685.
  11. ^ Self, S., and M.R. Rampino, 2012: The 1963–1964 eruption of Agung volcano (Bali, Indonesia). Bull. Vulcanol., 74, 1521–1536
  12. ^ Ivanov, M.; Evtimov, S. (2009-09-03). "1963: The break point of the Northern Hemisphere temperature trend during the twentieth century". International Journal of Climatology. 30 (11): 1738–1746. doi:10.1002/joc.2002. ISSN 1680-7316.
  13. ^ Anstey, J.; Mitchell, D.; Gray, L.; Mehta, S. K.; Hibino, T.; Fujiwara, M. (2015-12-09). "Global temperature response to the major volcanic eruptions in multiple reanalysis data sets". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 15 (23): 13507–13518. Bibcode:2015ACP....1513507F. doi:10.5194/acp-15-13507-2015. hdl:2115/60660. ISSN 1680-7316.
  14. ^ Lamb, Kate (2017-09-26). "Bali volcano eruption could be hours away after unprecedented seismic activity". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
  15. ^ "Indonesian official: More than 120,000 flee Bali volcano". Fox News. 28 September 2017.
  16. ^ "Thousands evacuated as Bali volcano sparks fear". The Australian. 24 September 2017.
  17. ^ "Mount Agung: facts about Bali's imminent volcano eruption". UbudHood. September 23, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  18. ^ "Volcano Observatory Notice For Aviation: Agung 20171121/0939Z". MAGMA Indonesia. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  19. ^ "Bali's Mount Agung volcano erupts". BBC News. 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  20. ^ a b "Gunung Agung volcano (Bali, Indonesia): eruption has begun". Volcano Discovery. 2017-11-25. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
  21. ^ "'Get out now' 100,000 people told as Bali volcano continues to spew ash". Metro. 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  22. ^ Saifulbahri Ismail (27 Nov 2017). "Mount Agung eruption: Bali airport closed, flights cancelled". CNA. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  23. ^ "Locals Watch As Lahars From Mount Agung Sweep Away Rice Fields". VIVA Indonesia (in Indonesian). 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  24. ^ "Mount Agung: Bali volcano alert raised to highest level". BBC News. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  25. ^ "Volcanic ash update for Mount Agung". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  26. ^ "Agung volcano news & activity updates". Volcano Discovery. 2017-12-13.
  27. ^ "700 flee 'thunderous' explosions and lava as Mount Agung erupts again". Australia: ABC News. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  28. ^ "Mount Agung: Flights resume after Bali volcano disruption". BBC News. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  29. ^ Rahmawati, Novi; Lubczynski, Maciek W. (October 2018). "Validation of satellite daily rainfall estimates in complex terrain of Bali Island, Indonesia". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 134 (1–2): 1–20. Retrieved 2024-05-10. See p. 515, 517.
  30. ^ "Rain has returned to Bali. However, meteorologists predict a drought until the end of November". bali.live. November 6, 2023. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  31. ^ Sapteka, Anak Agung Ngurah Gde; Narottama, Anak Agung Ngurah Made; Yasa, Kadek Amerta; Widyatmika, Komang Agus (2024). "Temperature and Relative Humidity in Temukus, Besakih Village, Ren-dang District, Karangasem Re-gency, Bali Province". In Rasyid, M. U. H. Al; Muf, M. R. (eds.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science 2023 (iCAST-ES 2023), Advances in Engineering Research 230 (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  32. ^ Pringle 2004, pp. 4, 63.

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Agung.


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