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List of natural disasters in Australia

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This is a list of all major natural disasters in Australian European history. The natural disasters included here are all the notable events that resulted in significant loss of life or property due to natural, non-biological processes of the Earth within Australian territory. Due to inflation, the monetary damage estimates are not comparable. Unless otherwise noted, the year given is when the currency's valuation was calculated. References can be found in the associated articles noted.

Year Disaster Event Death toll Material destruction Estimated cost Notes
1851 bushfire Black Thursday bushfires 12 50,000 square kilometres (12,000,000 acres; 5,000,000 ha) burnt

One million sheep and thousands of cattle

1852 Flood 1852 Gundagai flood 89 Destroyed the entire town A severe flash flood destroyed the town of Gundagai.[1][2]
1860 Flood Nowra Flood 16 The flood led to the rebuilding of Nowra as it was originally located in a low-lying area near the Shoalhaven River. The village of Terara was also abandoned and its residents moved to the relocated Nowra.
1875 Cyclone Sinking of the SS Gothenburg 98–112 Sinking of the SS Gothenburg In February 1875 Gothenburg was wrecked by a cyclone on the Great Barrier Reef off the north coast of Queensland. 22 people survived in three lifeboats. Records of passengers vary.[3][4][5]
1887 Cyclone Unnamed Cyclone (1887) 140 Around 20 boats lost.[6][7] A late season cyclone hit the Eighty Mile Beach area (then known as Ninety Mile Beach), devastating the pearling fleet there.[6][7]
1893 Flood 1893 Brisbane flood 35 A$4 million (1893 figures) Occasionally referred to as the Great Flood of 1893 or the Black February flood
1894 Cyclone 1894 January 4th unnamed tropical cyclone 40+ 12 luggers and the steamer Anne sunk, 15000 sheep killed £15,000 On 4 January 1894 and 9 January 1894 – Within the space of five days, two cyclones crossed the Pilbara coast. The first caused damage to many buildings at Roebourne and Cossack. The second cyclone caused more significant damage to the area completely washing away the previously damaged sea wall at Cossack.
1894 January 9th unnamed tropical cyclone
1895–1896 Heat wave 1895–1896 Australian heat wave 437 Widespread heat wave killed 437, including 47 in Bourke, New South Wales.[8]
1896 Cyclone Cyclone Sigma 23–26
1897 Cyclone 1897 Darwin cyclone 28 Destroyed the city of Darwin £150,000 (1897 AUD) The cyclone is considered the worst cyclone to strike the Northern Territory of Australia prior to Cyclone Tracy in 1974.[9][10] Prior to contemporary naming conventions, the storm became known as the "Great Hurricane".[11]
1898 Bushfire Red Tuesday bushfires 12 Two thousand buildings
1899 Cyclone Cyclone Mahina 300–410
1903 Cyclone Cyclone Leonta 14 £250,000 damage (1903 AUD) 12 people killed in Townsville and 2 in Charters Towers and caused massive property damage across North Queensland
1907–1908 Heat wave 1907–1908 Australian heat wave 246 There were 105 deaths in South Australia alone (between 7 December 1907 and 8 February 1908).[12]
1909 Flood 1909 Western Victorian floods 4
1909–1910 Heat wave 1909–1910 Australian heat wave 109 1909 Dec – 1910 Feb[13]
1911 Cyclone Sinking of the SS Yongala[14] 122 SS Yongala[14] En route from Melbourne to Cairns she steamed into a cyclone and sank south of Townsville. The wreak is one of the largest and well-preserved shipwrecks of Queensland's seas.
1911–1912 Heat wave 1911–1912 Australian heat wave 143 [15]
1912 Cyclone Sinking of the SS Koombana and Balla Balla cyclone 173+ The SS Koombana was lost in a cyclone between Port Hedland and Broome with all 158 on board. The cyclone crossed the Western Australia coast around Balla Balla, early on 22nd. Several other ships and vessels were also wrecked in the cyclone, claiming another 15 lives.
1913–1914 Heat wave 1913–1914 Australian heat wave 122 [16]
1916 Flood Clermont flood of 1916 65 On 28 December floods in Clermont, Queensland from a cyclone in the Whitsunday Passage which led to cyclonic rains.[17][18]
1918 Cyclone Mackay cyclone 30 Cyclone and storm surge that caused heavy damage in Mackay, Rockhampton and surrounding areas on 20 January 1918.[19]
1918 Cyclone Innisfail cyclone 37–97 On 10 March 1918, a cyclone passed over Innisfail. Only 12 houses in the town of 3500 residents survived being blown flat or unroofed, and damage was also widespread in Cairns,100 km to the north, Babinda, and inland to the Atherton Tableland.[19]
1920–1921 Heat wave 1920–1921 Australian heat wave 147 [20]
1926 Bushfire 1925–26 Victorian bushfire season 60 1,000 buildings were destroyed.[21][22] The worst fires occurred on 14 February (Black Sunday) in the Gippsland region and other areas, where 31 people died at Warburton, Victoria.[23] Houses and buildings were destroyed in many places including Erica and Belgrave.[24] The town of Noojee was destroyed, with only the hotel left standing.[25][26] In all, over the two-month period, 60 people died and 1,000 buildings were destroyed.[21][22]
1926–1927 Heat wave 1926–1927 Australian heat wave 130 1926 Dec – 1927 Jan[27]
1929 Flood 1929 Tasmanian floods 22 Eight drowned when truck ploughed into river and 14 died when dam collapsed and wall swept into town.[28]
1932 Bushfire 1932 West Gippsland fires 9 206,000 ha burnt Six of the nine killed were mill workers who became trapped in the town Erica.
1934 Flood 1934 Victorian floods 36 400 houses[29] Torrential rainfall of up to 350 millimetres (14 in). Yarra River becomes raging torrent. Extensive damage with 35 dead, 250 injured,[30][31] and 6,000 homeless. Of the dead, 18 died from drowning.[29]
1938 Bushfire Black Sunday 5 A rough surf pulled in swimmers at Bondi Beach, Sydney, leading to 245 people saved with 60 receiving treatment and 35 revived from unconsciousness.[32]
1938–1939 Heat wave Black Friday bushfires 438 Heat wave killed 438 and sparked the Black Friday bushfires (see below).[33]
Bushfire 71 3,700 buildings
1939–1940 Heat wave 1939–1940 Australian heat wave 112 [34]
1943–1944 Bushfire 1943–44 Victorian bushfire season 51 500 buildings Bushfires broke out in various parts of Victoria from late December 1943 to mid February 1944, resulting in 51 deaths, and destroying 500 buildings.[35][36]
1947 Hailstorm Sydney hailstorm 0 45,000,000 AUD (2007)
1951 Volcano Mount Lamington eruption 2,942 Occurred in the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea.[37] Deadliest natural disaster in Australian history.
1954 Cyclone The Gold Coast Cyclone 26–30 A tropical cyclone (known as The Gold Coast Cyclone) crossed the coast late evening on 20 February 1954 at Coolangatta.[38][39] Extreme rainfall associated with the cyclone produced record totals, including 900mm at Springbrook, Queensland in the 24 hours crossing and 809mm at Dorrigo, New South Wales in 24 hours to 9 am on 21st.[39] There was widespread severe flooding over many areas of NSW.[40]
1955 Bushfire Black Sunday bushfires 2
1955 Flood 1955 Hunter Valley floods 25 Most deaths were around Singleton and Maitland, but most other river systems in the state were also in flood.[41][42]
1959 Heat wave 1959 Australian heat wave 105–145 1959 Jan – Feb heat wave in southern regions of Australia. Some sources puts the death toll as high as 145.[43][44][45][46]
1961 Bushfire Western Australian bushfires 0 160 homes
1965 Bushfire Chatsbury bushfires 3 59 homes
1967 Bushfire Tasmanian fires 62 1,293 homes Now known as Black Tuesday, 7000 left homeless as over a hundred fires burned in southern Tasmania.[47]
1969 Bushfire 1969 bushfires 23[48] 230 houses, 21 other buildings and more than 12,000 stock Occurred on 8 January 1969. 17 casualties at Lara[49][48]
1970 Cyclone Cyclone Ada 14 12,000,000 AUD (1970)
1971 Flood 1971 Canberra flood. 7
1971 Tornado Kin Kin tornado 3 100,000 AUD A tornado swept through the town of Kin Kin.[50]
1974 Bushfire 1974-75 Australian bushfire season 6 Farmers' crops, 57,000 farm animals, and 10,200 kilometres (6,300 mi) of fencing Fire burned up 117 million hectares (290 million acres), which is 15% of Australia's land.[51]
1974 Flood Brisbane flood 16 980,000,000 AUD
1974 Cyclone Cyclone Tracy 71 645,350,000 USD (1974) Cyclone Tracy destroys the city of Darwin on Christmas Day 1974. Top wind gust recorded was 217 kilometres per hour (135 mph).[52] On 17 March 2005, a Northern Territory Coroner's Inquest outcome increased the official death toll from 65 to 71.[53]
1978 Cyclone Cyclone Alby 7 45,000,000 USD (1978)
1983 Bushfire Ash Wednesday bushfires 75 2,400 homes
1989 Cyclone Cyclone Orson 5 16,800,000 USD (1989)
1989 Earthquake Newcastle earthquake 13 4,000,000,000 AUD
1990 Flood Cyclone Nancy 6 Tropical Cyclone Nancy crossed the coast near Byron Bay, then moving back out to sea. It brought extremely heavy rain which led to flash flooding, with 6 lives lost to drowning.[54][55]
Cyclone
1993–1994 Bushfire Eastern seaboard fires 4 225 homes
1996 Landslide Gracetown landslide 9 About 30 tonnes of rock and sand fell from a cliff to the below spectators of a school surf event.[56]
1997 Landslide Thredbo landslide 18 One victim was found alive after 60 hours of being buried.[57]
1998 Flood Cyclone Les (1998) 3
Cyclone
1998 Flood 1998 Townsville and Thuringowa city floods 1 $100,000,000 AUD
1998 Bushfire Linton Bushfire 5
1998 Thunderstorm Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race 6 30,000,000 AUD A supercell storm caused chaos during the annual Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, with only 44 out of 115 yachts finishing.[58]
1999 Cyclone Cyclone Vance 0 100,000,000 USD (1999)
1999 Hailstorm Sydney hailstorm 1 2,300,000,000 AUD
2001–2002 Bushfire Black Christmas bushfires 0 121 homes
2002 Cyclone Cyclone Chris 12 929,000 USD (2002)
2003 Thunderstorm 2003 Melbourne thunderstorm 0 The Australian Bureau of Meteorology called the storm a "once in 100-year event".
2003 Bushfire Canberra bushfires 4 Close to 500 homes 350,000,000 AUD (2003)
2003 Bushfire Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires 3 41 homes
2005 Bushfire Eyre Peninsula bushfire, 2005 9 93 homes
2006 Bushfire Junee Bushfire 0
2006 Cyclone Cyclone Glenda 0 965,000 USD (2006)
2006 Bushfire Mount Lubra bushfire 2
2006 Cyclone Cyclone Larry 1 1,100,000,000 USD (2006)
2006 Bushfire Pulletop bushfire 0
2007 Bushfire Kangaroo Island bushfires 1
2007 Cyclone Cyclone George 5 15,700,000 USD (2007)
2007 Flood/Storm 2007 New South Wales storms 10
2008 Thunderstorm Queensland storms 2 500,000,000 AUD
2009 Heat wave 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave 374[59] A nine-day heat wave in early 2009 in which Adelaide recorded six consecutive days over 40 °C (104 °F), a high of 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) and a record overnight minimum of 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) on 28 January.[60][61] Sparked the Black Saturday bushfires (see below). Health authorities attribute 374 deaths to the heat wave.[62]
2009 Bushfire Black Saturday bushfires 173 2,029 homes, 2,000 other structures
2009 Cyclone Cyclone Hamish 2 38,800,000 USD (2009)
2010 Flood March 2010 Queensland floods 0 200,000,000+ AUD
2010 Flood March 2010 Victoria storms 0 2000+ houses 500,000,000+ AUD
2010 Flood 2010 Western Australian storms 0 $1,080,000,000 AUD It is the costliest natural disaster in Western Australian history
2010 Flood September 2010 Victoria floods 0 250
2010 Flood 2010 Gascoyne River flood 0 two thousand head of cattle perished 100,000,000 AUD ( preliminary) The most severe flood to take place along the Gascoyne River in Western Australia on record.
2010–2011 Flood 2010–11 Queensland floods 33 2,390,000,000 AUD
2011 Cyclone Cyclone Yasi 1 3,600,000,000 USD (2011)
2011 Flood 2011 Victoria floods 2 $2,000,000,000 AUD
2011 Flood 2011 Wollongong floods 0
2013 Bushfire Tasmanian bushfires 1 170+ buildings
2013 Bushfire New South Wales bushfires 1
2013 Cyclone Cyclone Oswald 7 2,520,000,000 USD (2013)
2014 Hailstorm Brisbane hailstorm 0 1,100,000,000 AUD
2014 Cyclone Cyclone Ita 0 1,150,000,000 USD (2014)
2015 Bushfire Sampson Flat bushfires 0
2015 Bushfire Esperance bushfires 4
2015 Bushfire Pinery bushfire 2
2017 Bushfire Carwoola bushfire 0 56 buildings
2017 Cyclone Cyclone Debbie 14 2,730,000,000 USD (2017)
2018 Flood 2018 Broome flood 0 The rainfall was caused by Cyclone Joyce, which struck Broome on 12 January 2018. Another tropical low struck the area two weeks later, which delivered further rains. Cyclone Kelvin then hit on 16 February.
2018 Bushfire Tathra bushfire 0 69 homes
2019 Flood 2019 Townsville flood 5 1500 homes rendered uninhabitable 1,243,000,000
2019–2020 Bushfire 2019–20 bushfire season 34 direct[a][63][64] 9,352 buildings
  • 3,500 homes[65]
  • 5,852 outbuildings[66] Approximately 24,300,000 hectares (60,000,000 acres)[67] to 33,800,000 hectares (84,000,000 acres).,[67]
 103,000,000,000 AUD
445 indirect (smoke inhalation)[68]
2021 Bushfire Wooroloo bushfire 0 86 buildings,[69] 10,900 hectares (27,000 acres)
2021 Flood 2021 Eastern Australia floods 3 A$1,000,000,000 (estimate) A widespread weather event with heavy rain over several days caused flooding in Western Sydney and the Far North Coast, extending into South East Queensland. At least 18,000 people were evacuated.[70]
2021 Cyclone Cyclone Seroja 1[b][71] 70% of homes in Northampton and Kalbarri sustaining damage or destruction.[72] Areas along the cyclone track receiving less but still considerable damage, including Geraldton, Morawa, Mingenew, Mullewa, Perenjori down to Merredin. $200m AUD estimate in Western Australia[73][74] Significant damage to the towns of Northampton and Kalbarri in Western Australia with 70% of homes sustaining damage or destruction.[72]
2022 Cyclone Cyclone Seth 2[75]
2022 Flood 2022 eastern Australia floods 28 $4,800,000,000
2022 Flood 2022 New South Wales floods 1 $379 million (2022 USD)
2022 Flood 2022 south eastern Australia floods 7
2022 - 2023 Cyclone

2022 Kimberley floods

2023 Cyclone 2023 Cyclone Freddy
2023 Cyclone 2023 Cyclone Gabrielle
2023 Cyclone 2023 Invest 94S

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ At least 34 (as of 24 Jan 2020)
  2. ^ In addition to at least 181 in Indonesia and at least 42 in East Timor

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Potted History of Gundagai". Gundagai Shire Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  2. ^ "Gundagai Floods 1852". FloodList. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  3. ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS ALONG THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1858 TO 2000" (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  4. ^ "Shipwrecks – Gothenburg". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  5. ^ "Off Home Hill, Qld: Shipwreck in Cyclone". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  6. ^ a b "Tropical cyclones affecting Broome". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  7. ^ a b Bankoff, Greg; Christensen, Joseph, eds. (2016). Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian Ocean World: Bordering on Danger. Springer Nature. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-349-94857-4. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  8. ^ "Southern Regions, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2006.
  9. ^ "History of Darwin Cyclones". Ntlib.nt.gov.au. 19 February 1942. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  10. ^ "Darwin, NT: Cyclone". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  11. ^ Murphy, Kevin (1984). Big blow up north: A history of tropical cyclones in Australia's Northern Territory. NT University Planning Authority. ISBN 0724506608.
  12. ^ "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2006.
  13. ^ "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  14. ^ a b "Coastal North Qld: Cyclone (incl Shipwreck)". Ema.gov.au. 16 March 1911. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  15. ^ "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 6 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ "Remembering the Clermont flood of 1916". ABC News. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  18. ^ "Flood - Clermont and Peak Downs, Queensland 1916 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  19. ^ a b National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Cyclone". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  20. ^ "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ a b Liz Williams (3 November 2011). "The worst bushfires in Australia's history". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  22. ^ a b "SE Victoria (incl Gippsland & Dandenongs): Bushfires". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  23. ^ "Past Bushfires". Forest Fire Management Victoria. State Government of Victoria. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  24. ^ "VICTORIA'S TERRIBLE EXPERIENCES". The Register (Adelaide). Vol. XCI, no. 26, 564. South Australia. 16 February 1926. p. 13. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ^ "DISASTROUS FIRES". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 24, 811. Victoria, Australia. 15 February 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ "DEVASTATING BUSH FIRES". The Mercury. Vol. CXXIV, no. 18, 189. Tasmania, Australia. 16 February 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  27. ^ "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  28. ^ "75th anniversary – The great floods of Northern Tasmania". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  29. ^ a b "Flood - Melbourne and Victoria, 1934 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  30. ^ "The December 1934 floods in Melbourne". National Library of Australia. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
  31. ^ "Southern Vic: Floods (incl Yarra River)". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  32. ^ "Maritime/Coastal - Black Sunday, Sydney, 1938 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
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  35. ^ "Western, Central and Southern Victoria: Bushfires". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  36. ^ "Volume I: The Fires and the Fire-Related Deaths – Appendixes" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. p. 11. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  37. ^ Taylor, Tony (1958). The 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington, Papua (PDF). Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Department of National Development (Australia).
  38. ^ "Gold Coast Cyclone, February 1954". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  39. ^ a b Jeff Callaghan. "Case Study: Gold Coast Cyclone, February 1954" (PDF). Harden Up. Green Cross Australia. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  40. ^ "The Great Gold coast cyclone February 1954". Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub. Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  41. ^ National Climate Centre (23 February 1955). "Australian Climate Extremes-Flood". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  42. ^ "Hunter Valley Weather – Hunter Floods of 1955 – 50-year commemoration". Hunterweather.com. 23 February 2005. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  43. ^ "Hazards, Disasters and Your Community" (PDF). pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  44. ^ "State Emergency Service – Listing – Response Roles – Heatwaves". Ses.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  45. ^ "Office of Climate Change". Longpaddock.qld.gov.au. 28 July 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  46. ^ Coates, Lucinda; Haynes, Katharine; o'Brien, James; McAneney, John; De Oliveira, Felipe Dimer (2014). "Exploring 167 years of vulnerability: An examination of extreme heat events in Australia 1844–2010". Environmental Science & Policy. 42: 33–44. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2014.05.003.
  47. ^ "Black Tuesday bushfires, 1967". Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub. Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  48. ^ a b "Major bushfires in Victoria". Department of Sustainability and Environment. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
  49. ^ "Major Bushfires in Victoria". Dse.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  50. ^ "Tornado - Kin Kin, Queensland 1971 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  51. ^ "New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire - New South Wales". Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha.
  52. ^ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  53. ^ "Darwin, NT: Cyclone Tracy". Ema.gov.au. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  54. ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS ALONG THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1858 TO 2000" (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  55. ^ "Southern Qld / Northern NSW: Floods". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  56. ^ "Landslide - Gracetown, Western Australia | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  57. ^ "Landslide - Thredbo, 1997 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  58. ^ "Maritime/Coastal - Sydney to Hobart Yacht race, 1998 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  59. ^ Cooper, Mex (6 April 2009). "Death toll soared during Victoria's heatwaves". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  60. ^ 75 excess deaths attributed to heat stress were recorded in the Adelaide metropolitan area, 33 in Melbourne and an unknown number in country areas.
  61. ^ "WMO's Newsletter:MeteoWorld". WMO. February 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  62. ^ Cooper, Mex (6 April 2009). "Death toll soared during Victoria's heatwave". The Age. Melbourne.
  63. ^ Tolhurst, Kevin. "It's 12 months since the last bushfire season began, but don't expect the same this year". The Conversation. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  64. ^ Nelson, Janice (26 June 2020). "Geoscience Australia's Oliver Discusses Use of Landsat during Country's Historic Fires". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  65. ^ Gourlay, Colin; Leslie, Tim; Martino, Mdrtuyvgtt; Spraggon, Ben (19 February 2020). "From a single lightning strike to Australia's largest bushfire". ABC News. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  66. ^ "Nation unites to say thanks, but threat remains". weeklytimesnow.com.au. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  67. ^ a b Binskin, Mark; Bennett, Annabelle; Macintosh, Andrew (28 October 2020). Royal Commission into Natural Disaster Arrangements. Commonwealth of Australia. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-921091-46-9. OCLC 1237798510.
  68. ^ Hitch, Georgia (26 May 2020). "Bushfire royal commission hears that Black Summer smoke killed nearly 450 people". www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 February 2021. Associate Professor Fay Johnston, from the Menzies Institute for Medical Research at the University of Tasmania, said her team estimated around 445 people died as a result of the smoke, over 3,000 people were admitted to hospital for respiratory problems and 1,700 people presented for asthma.
  69. ^ Medlen, Pamela; Searson, Amelia. "Perth Hills bushfire emergency warning zone shrinks as number of homes lost reaches 86". ABC News. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  70. ^ Cockburn, Paige; Nguyen, Kevin (21 March 2021). "Live: NSW facing 'dangerous situation' as more than 18,000 people are evacuated". www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  71. ^ Woolley, Summer. "Daybreak reveals widespread destruction caused by Cyclone Seroja". AAP/7 News. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  72. ^ a b Logan, Tyne (28 May 2021). "Cyclone Seroja damage report calls for WA area around Kalbarri to be classified as cyclonic". ABC News. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  73. ^ McNeill, Heather (15 April 2021). "Cyclone Seroja damage bill estimated at $200 million with 115 homes destroyed". WA Today. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  74. ^ Turnbull, Tiffanie (15 April 2021). "Seroja recovery to cost up to $200m: DFES". The West Australian. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  75. ^ "Second man dies in Queensland floods as hopes fade for missing teenager". the Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.

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