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New York City Transit Authority

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New York City Transit Authority
The New York City Transit Authority (trading as MTA New York City Transit) provides bus, subway, and paratransit service throughout New York City.
The New York City Transit Authority (trading as MTA New York City Transit) provides bus, subway, and paratransit service throughout New York City.
Overview
OwnerMetropolitan Transportation Authority (bus)
City of New York (subway)
LocaleNew York City
Transit typeSubways, Buses and BRT
Number of lines
Chief executiveSarah Feinberg (acting)[2][3]
Headquarters2 Broadway, New York, NY 10004 US
Operation
Began operation1953
Operator(s)NYCT Department of Buses (bus)
NYCT Department of Subways (subway)
SIRTOA (Staten Island Railway)
Number of vehicles
  • 4,451 buses[1]
  • 6,418 subway cars[1]
  • 63 SIR cars[1]

The New York City Transit Authority (also known as NYCTA, the TA[4] or simply Transit,[5] and branded as MTA New York City Transit) is a public authority in the U.S. state of New York that operates public transportation in New York City. Part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the busiest and largest transit system in North America,[6] the NYCTA has a daily ridership of 8 million trips (over 2.5 billion annually).[7]

The NYCTA operates the following systems:

Name

Headquarters in Brooklyn

As part of establishing a common corporate identity, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1994 assigned popular names to each of its subsidiaries and affiliates.[8] The New York City Transit Authority is now known popularly as MTA New York City Transit (NYCT), (or more specifically on the vehicles, MTA New York City Bus and MTA New York City Subway), though the former remains its legal name for documents and contracts. Newer contracts and RFPs, however, have also used the popular name.[9]

The Authority is also sometimes referred to as NYCT (for New York City Transit), or simply the TA (for Transit Authority).

Management structure

The chairman and members of the MTA, by statute, also serve as the chairman and members of the Transit Authority, and serve as the directors of the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority. The executive director of the MTA is, ex officio, executive director of the Transit Authority.

The Transit Authority has its own management structure which is responsible for its day-to-day operations, with executive personnel reporting to the agency president. The position of president is vacant as of February 1, 2020, following the resignation of its most recent president, Andy Byford.[10][11]

History

1962–1968 logo

Background

The subway system today is composed of what once were three separate systems in competition with one another. Two of them were built and operated by private companies: August Belmont's Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT). The third, the public Independent Subway System (IND) was owned and operated by the City of New York. The IRT and BMT systems were acquired by the city on June 1, 1940, for $317,000,000 and consolidated with the IND into the New York City Board of Transportation (NYCBOT).[12][13]

The buses on Staten Island had been operated by a private company operating under a franchise that expired in 1946. When it became known that the company would not renew its franchise, a group of residents in the borough organized the Isle Transportation Company, to continue operation. This group ran into financial difficulties and the city took over the company on February 23, 1947. The city then controlled all of the bus routes on Staten Island. On March 30, 1947, the City took over the bus lines of the North Shore Bus Company, which comprised half of the privately owned lines in Queens, after that company went into financial troubles. On September 24, 1948, the City acquired five bus lines in Manhattan for similar reasons.[13][14]

The surface operation of the BOT was a costly operation, resulting from the various equipment that was required, including trolley cars, trolley coaches, gasoline and diesel buses, of which many were obsolete and in need of replacement.[13]

During World War II, the New York City Transit System showed an operating surplus on the five-cent fare, because gasoline was rationed and auto riders had to abandon their cars for subway and bus travel. Factories began to work around the clock, and therefore business boomed. Transit repairs were kept at a minimum as basic materials were in short supply for civilian use. Operating revenues were raised and maintenance costs were reduced, but as a result, the future problems of deferred maintenance and falling ridership. In 1946, costs rose and profits turned to losses, and to obtain needed funds, the fare was raised in 1948 to ten cents on the subways and elevated, and to seven cents on the surface lines. This increase only produced a revenue surplus for a single year. In 1951 a uniform ten-cent fare was established on both the rapid transit and surface lines. Operating deficits continued to add up and public dissatisfaction with the transit system grew, as equipment was deteriorating, and train schedules being difficult to abide by.[13]

Formation of the TA

In March 1953, the Board of Transportation was abolished, and was replaced by the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA). The NYCTA formally succeeded the BOT on June 15, 1953, being composed of five unsalaried members. Hugh Casey was elected as the agency's chairman at the authority's first meeting.[12][15][16][17] The new Transit Authority was modeled after the existing Port of New York Authority which now calls itself the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, the latter of which is also now part of the MTA.[12][15][18] At this time, the city government leased the IRT, BMT, and IND subway lines and the surface system (buses and, until 1956 street cars). A major goal of the formation of the NYCTA was to remove transit policy, and especially the setting of the transit fare, from City politics. The fare was increased to fifteen cents on July 25, 1953, and a token was introduced for paying subway and elevated fares. Bus and trolley fares continued to be paid by cash only.[12]

In July 1953, the NYCTA proposed spending $1,065,000,000 over six years, expanding the city's subway system through new lines and connections between the IND and BMT Divisions. The most important new lines were a Second Avenue subway, including a Chrystie Street connection to the Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridge and a rebuilt DeKalb Avenue junction in Brooklyn, IRT Utica Avenue and Nostrand Avenue extensions into southeast Brooklyn, and the extension of subway service to the Rockaway Peninsula using the Long Island Railroad's Rockaway Beach Branch. Only the Chrystie Street connection, the rebuilt DeKalb Avenue Junction, and the Rockaway Line were built between 1954 and 1967.[12]

One provision in the 1953 law that created NYCTA demanded that by July 1955, the agency create a plan to sell its bus and trolley routes to private operators. In the beginning of 1955, it was reported that the NYCTA's surface operations cost seven million dollars more to operate annually than it collected in revenue from the fare box. By privatizing the surface operations, and as a result focusing on subways, the NYCTA could then meet its operating costs. Two Manhattan private operators, New York City Omnibus and Surface Transportation, in March 1955, expressed interest in taking control of the five-route NYCTA bus operation in that borough. In the other boroughs there was no interest in taking over the routes in Brooklyn and Staten Island, and there was little interest in Queens. In April 1955, laws were passed by the New York State legislature to change the NYCTA into a three-member salaried panel to become in effect on July 1, 1955. This allowed its members to devote their full-time to managing New York's transit system. As part of this law, the provision that required surface operations to be sold was removed. The Chairman of the NYCTA then became Charles Patterson.[12]

One major problem that the NYCTA inherited from the Board of Transportation was the age of the subway cars from the IRT and BMT. The first new cars were the R16s, numbered 200, which first appeared in January 1955 being put in service on the J train. These cars were introduced with automatic thermostats and dampers to control the heat and ventilation systems based on the air temperature outside. Additional subway cars were also ordered and delivered between 1960 and 1965; the R27s, the R30s and R32s for the IND/BMT lines, and R29s, R33s and R36s for the IRT (2,350 cars). Between 1966 and 1969, an additional 1,000 cars, split between the R38, R40, and R42 orders, were placed into service.[12] The last of the original BMT Standard stock was retired by 1969, along with the last prewar IRT equipment.

On July 5, 1966, the fare was increased to twenty cents.[12]

Today, all of the subways are owned by New York City and leased to the Transit Authority for operation.

As with all mass transit in the United States the TA requires assistance for its capital costs and to cover operational needs, however, the very high ridership of New York City's subway system has enabled it to pay 67% of its operating costs from fares and advertising.[19] Historically, the TA's capital requirements were met by the city and state jointly, but this support was withdrawn, primarily by Governor Rockefeller, in the 1960s.

In 1965, mayoral candidate John Lindsay pledged to use the toll revenues from the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) to offset the NYCTA's deficits. In January 1966, New York State, with the help of Governor Nelson Rockefeller. purchased the Long Island Rail Road, from its corporate parent, the Pennsylvania Railroad, becoming part of the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority (MCTA). Rockefeller saw the difficulty that John Lindsay, who had since won the mayoral election, had in his plan to use the TBTA surpluses for the NYCTA, and decided to expand the MCTA to give it oversight to the NYCTA and the TBTA. The MCTA would be renamed the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Tied to a bill with the creation of the MTA was a $2.5 billion bond issue that would be approved or disapproved by voters in November 1967. A majority of the bonds would go to the state's mass transit systems, with a majority going to New York City, and to Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Orange Counties. The day prior to the election, two brand new R40 cars were displayed on the IND Sixth Avenue Line at Herald Square. The bond issue passed, and the MTA was set to take over the NYCTA in 1968. The night before December 31, 1967, the NYCTA and the TWU made an agreement to avoid a strike. The deal gave NYCTA workers the ability to retire with about half-pay after twenty years if the employee was over fifty years old. This would later cause problems, as large numbers of transit workers would retire to take advantage of these benefits. On March 1, 1968, the NYCTA, and its subsidiary, the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority (MaBSTOA), were placed under the control of, and are now affiliates of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA).[12]

Presidents

NYCTA presidents (1973–present)
John G. DeRoos 1973–1979
John D. Simpson 1979–1984
David L. Gunn 1984–1990
Alan F. Kiepper 1990–1996
Lawrence G. Reuter 1996–2007
Howard Roberts 2007–2009
Thomas Prendergast 2009–2013
Carmen Bianco 2013–2015
Veronique "Ronnie" Hakim 2016–2017
Andy Byford 2018–2020
Sarah Feinberg (Acting) 2020-

Strikes

The original livery for NYC Transit Authority buses in the 1950s.
Interior view of one of the buses from 1958

Employees of the New York City Transit Authority assigned to the New York City Subway and in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and the Bronx are members of the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100, with Queens and Staten Island bus personnel represented by various Amalgamated Transit Union locals.

In 1949, the Transport Workers Union and the Board of Transportation, under Mayor Willian O'Dwyer signed a Memorandum of Understanding that gave the right to represent all of the system's workers to the TWU. In 1954 an NYCTA-wide representation election took place. It gave TWU exclusive collective bargaining rights for all hourly workers for the NYCTA, except for those in the Queens and Staten Island Bus Divisions, which remained a part of the Amalgamated Association of Street Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employees of America, which became the Amalgamated Transit Union in 1964. After looking at the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers as their model, NYCTA motorman formed their own union in 1954, a Motormen's Benevolent Association (MBA) to further their interests. In 1956 they went on strike on a hot June day, tying up service on the BMT Division. Its president, Theodore Loos, and its leadership were fired after the strike, but were reinstated after agreeing not to strike again.[12]

On December 16, 1957, another representation election for the TWU was scheduled, and the motormen from the MBA did not want to have a small role in the TWU, and threatened to strike, but were stopped by court injunctions. As a result, the motormen wanted to hold an election for the representation of their craft independent of the NYCTA-wide elections. The management of the NYCTA did not recognize the MTA as a bargaining unit as the TWU officially represented the motormen. A request for a separate election was denied, and as a result the motormen wanted to show their power and to acquire their own representation. As a result, on December 9, 1957, the motormen went on strike, resulting in subway service being reduced in half for eight days. Riders using the IND lines in Queens, the Bronx, and Upper Manhattan, and the southern Brooklyn lines of the BMT were the hardest hit. The leaders of the MBA were punished after going against injunctions prohibiting strikes. Afterwards, the MBA leaders were punished, and on the first morning of the strike, the MBA President Theodore Loos and three other MBA officials were arrested and sent to jail. In 1958, the TWU and the MBA reached a settlement. The motormen became a separate United Motormen's Division within the TWU and benefitted from a fund for skilled craft workers. Theodore Loos became its head.[12]

On New Year's Day, in 1966, a 12-day strike was started with the aid of Michael J. "Mike" Quill. This strike started after the union member's contracts had expired, and with large economic demands from the union. After the 1966 New York City transit strike, the Taylor Law was passed making public employee strikes illegal in the state of New York.[12]

Despite the Taylor Law, there was still an 11-day strike in 1980. Thirty-four thousand union members struck in order to call for increased wages.

New York City Transit Learning Center, Brooklyn

On December 20, 2005, another strike occurred. Workers walked off at 3 a.m. and the NYCTA stopped operating. Later that day, State Supreme Court Justice Theodore Jones warned the transit union that there would be a fine of $1 million for each day the TA is shut down. Also for each day the workers missed during the strike they would be fined two days' pay. Ultimately, the Judge fined the union $2.5 million, charged employees two days' wages for every day they were out on strike, and imposed individual fines on the union's officers. Most significantly, the courts indefinitely suspended the Union's dues checkoff and refused to restore it for nearly 18 months. The strike was over by December 23, after several contract negotiations; the original contract, agreed to by Local 100 and the Transit Authority as a result of the strike, was ultimately imposed on both parties by an arbitrator. More than four months after the strike ended, the courts imposed a brief jail term on Local 100 President Toussaint for his role in the strike.

In 2008–09, MTA management once again refused to sign off on an agreement with Local 100 for a successor to the collective bargaining agreement, which expired early in 2009. This time, the Union chose to pursue the arbitration process provided by the Taylor Law rather than strike in support of its demands. On August 11, 2009, after months of community meetings and dozens of witnesses, the state arbitration panel issued its award. However, the MTA refused to comply with the award, forcing the Union to go to court to seek to enforce it. On December 11, 2009, State Supreme Court Justice Peter Sherwood issued a decision upholding the arbitration award in all respects. The MTA had not indicated whether it appealed this decision.

2020 Covid-19 pandemic

On April 22, 2020, COVID-19 was reported to have claimed 83 agency employees who had died during the first wave of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in New York City–with the agency announcing that their families would have eligibility for $500,000 in death benefits.[20][21]

In April 2020 four City Council members requested that subway service be temporarily suspended due to the spread of COVID-19 in the subway system.[22] The interim New York City Transit President, Sarah Feinberg, said: "It's not going to be on the table ... to be talking about (a shutdown) now feels misguided to me."[21] Feinberg also spoke in favor of hazard pay for front-line workers.[21]

TripPlanner

Then-NYCT President and former MTA Chairman & CEO Thomas F. Prendergast at the opening of the Court Square subway complex.

In December 2006, MTA New York City Transit launched TripPlanner, its online travel itinerary service. TripPlanner offers users customized subway, bus, and walking directions within all five boroughs of New York City, as well as service alerts and service advisories for planned track work. The service was developed and is maintained by NYC Transit and its outside vendor, Trapeze Group. It is accessed through the MTA website.

Similar to MapQuest, which offers driving directions, TripPlanner provides search fields for starting address and destination address, and allows end users to navigate the complexity of the subway and bus system by narrowing their options to subway, local bus or express bus only, minimizing the number of transfers or time, and adjusting the walking distance to and from the transit stop.

In October 2007, NYCT launched TripPlanner On the Go! This service allows users with mobile access to the web to obtain travel itineraries while away from a desk or laptop computer. TripPlanner On the Go! was made applicable for cellular phone, PDA, or Blackberry users, and offered the same three-option travel directions along with real-time service alerts. The back end programming for On the Go! was "developed using XHTML technology and the latest Microsoft Dot Net Framework in a clustered environment." By the end of October 2007, more than 5,000 daily customers were using TripPlanner.

In February 2008, NYCT announced an upgrade to the mapping system using NAVTEQ and Microsoft Virtual Earth software similar to mapping sites such as Google Maps and MapQuest. The new software offered more accurate street grids, included business and points of interest, and allowed users to view the maps in aerial, and 3-D points of view. To date, the aerial and 3D views are not available on TripPlanner's mobile service.

In June 2008, NYCT announced it had reached 10,000 daily visitors to TripPlanner. Since the announcement, the number of visits to the service eclipsed the number of telephone calls to the agency's travel information hotline. The following month, Trip Planner launched as a widget application, allowing users to add it to their personalized homepage, blog, or website.

The Trip Planner has since largely replaced the NYCTA call center on NYC Transit's phone number.

Fare collection

Main articles: MetroCard and OMNY

In November 1993,[23] a fare system called the MetroCard was introduced, which allows riders to use cards that store value who are then charged fares equal to the amount paid at a subway station booth or vending machine.[24] The MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours; several MetroCard-only transfers between subway stations were added in 2001.[25][26] With the addition of unlimited-ride MetroCards in 1998, the New York City Transit system was the last major transit system in the United States, with the exception of BART in San Francisco, to introduce passes for unlimited bus and rapid transit travel.[27] Unlimited-ride MetroCards are available for 7-day and 30-day periods.[28] One-day "Fun Pass" and 14-day cards were also introduced but have since been discontinued.[29]

In April 2016, MTA solicited proposals for a contactless "New Fare Payment System" to replace the MetroCard by 2022.[30] On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the MetroCard would be phased out and replaced by OMNY, a contactless fare payment system also by Cubic, with fare payment being made using Apple Pay, Google Pay, debit/credit cards with near-field communication technology, or radio-frequency identification cards.[31][32] The announcement calls for the expansion of this system to a general-use electronic fare payment system at 500 subway turnstiles and on 600 buses by late 2018, with all buses and subway stations using electronic fare collection by 2020. However, support for the MetroCard is slated to remain in place until 2023.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "The MTA Network". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  2. ^ "MTA appoints Sarah Feinberg as interim president of New York City Transit". Mass Transit. February 27, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  3. ^ "One-on-One with Interim Transit President Sarah Feinberg". Spectrum News NY1 | New York City. February 26, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  4. ^ "New York City Transit – History and Chronology". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
  5. ^ "The MTA 2006 ANNUAL REPORT: Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 1, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  6. ^ "MTA - Transportation Network". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  7. ^ "Facts and Figures". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  8. ^ McKinley Jr., James C. (August 28, 1994). "What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting". New York Times.
  9. ^ McKinley, James C., Jr. (August 28, 1994). "What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Goldbaum, Christina; Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (January 23, 2020). "Andy Byford Resigns as New York City's Subway Chief". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  11. ^ Guse, Clayton. "Andy Byford resigns from the MTA". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
  13. ^ a b c d Annual Report 1962–1963. New York City Transit Authority. 1963.
  14. ^ Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  15. ^ a b Roess, Roger P.; Sansone, Gene (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-30484-2.
  16. ^ Egan, Leo (June 2, 1953). "Authority Leases City Transit Lines; Fare Rise In Sight" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. 1, 33. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  17. ^ "Digest of Lease Agreement Between the City of New York and the Transit Authority" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. June 2, 1953. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  18. ^ Osman, Suleiman (March 9, 2011). The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-19-983204-0. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  19. ^ Freiss, Steve (December 28, 2004). "Better Luck for Vegas Monorail?". The Washington Post. p. A04. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
  20. ^ Guse, Clayton (April 14, 2020). "MTA promises $500k in death benefits for coronvirus victims". NEW YORK DAILY NEWS. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  21. ^ a b c "Sarah Feinberg is focused on the subway's survival | CSNY". Cityandstateny.com. March 25, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  22. ^ "Gov. Cuomo urged to shut down NYC subways to stop coronavirus spread". New York Post. April 18, 2020.
  23. ^ Salkin, Allen (June 15, 2000). "Old Metrocard Can Be a Fare-Ly Profitable Item". New York Post. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  24. ^ Faison, Seth (June 2, 1993). "3,000 Subway Riders, Cards in Hand, Test New Fare System". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  25. ^ Donohue, Pete (August 26, 2014). "With work on Greenpoint Tube set to end, advocates want free G-to-J/M transfer to be permanent". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  26. ^ "NYC Transit G Line Review" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 10, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  27. ^ Newman, Andy (July 3, 1998). "Hop On, Hop Off: The Unlimited Metrocard Arrives". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
  28. ^ Newman, Andy. "Guide to NYC Subway". FreshNYC. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  29. ^ "MTA: Say Goodbye to Fun Cards". WNYC. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  30. ^ Rivoli, Dan; Gregorian, Dareh (April 12, 2016). "MTA to solicit proposals for 'New Fare Payment System,' taking first step in finding MetroCard replacement". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  31. ^ Rivoli, Dan (October 23, 2017). "MTA approves plan to scrap MetroCards for 'tap' payment system". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  32. ^ a b Barron, James (October 23, 2017). "New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
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