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PDF/Universal Accessibility
Filename extension
.pdf
Type code'PDF ' (including a single space)
Magic number%PDF
Developed byISO
Initial release15 July 2012 (2012-07-15)
Latest release
Part 1:2014
18 December 2014; 9 years ago (2014-12-18)
Extended fromPDF
StandardISO 14289

PDF/UA (PDF/Universal Accessibility) is the informal[1] name for ISO 14289, the International Standard for accessible PDF technology. A technical specification intended for developers implementing PDF writing and processing software, PDF/UA provides definitive terms and requirements for accessibility in PDF documents and applications.[2] For those equipped with appropriate software, conformance with PDF/UA ensures accessibility for people with disabilities who use assistive technology such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, joysticks and other technologies to navigate and read electronic content.[3]

On February 18, 2015 the US Access Board announced its Proposed Rule for US federal policy on accessibility, commonly known as Section 508. The proposed rule identifies PDF/UA as equivalent to WCAG 2.0 for "appropriate content".[4]

Description

PDF/UA is not a separate file-format but simply a way to use the familiar PDF format invented by Adobe Systems and now standardized as ISO 32000.[5]

In general PDF/UA requires Tagged PDF (ISO 32000-1, 14.8), but adds a variety of qualitative requirements, especially regarding semantic correctness of the tags employed:[6][7]

PDF/UA complements WCAG 2.0,[8] and should be used to make PDF files that also conform with WCAG 2.0.[9]

The 2014 update to PDF/UA, published in December 2014, is the first fully accessible standard ISO has ever published; the PDF file distributed by ISO itself conforms to PDF/UA.[10]

Requirements for conforming PDF files (Clause 7)

  • Complete tagging of "real content" in logical reading order
  • Tags must correctly represent the document's semantic structures (headings, lists, tables, etc)
  • Problematic content is prohibited, including illogical headings, the use of color/contrast to convey information, inaccessible JavaScript, and more
  • Meaningful graphics must include alternative text descriptions
  • Security settings must allow assistive technology access to the content
  • Fonts must be embedded, and text mapped to Unicode

Requirements for conforming PDF processors (Clause 8)

  • The ability to fully process tags and artifacts in PDF files
  • The ability to announce relevant actions to users
  • The ability to process and represent digital signatures, annotations and Optional Content
  • The ability to navigate the document by a variety of means

Requirements for conforming assistive technology (AT) (Clause 9)

  • The ability to represent information provided by a PDF/UA conforming reader to the AT user
  • The ability to navigate the document by a variety of means

The formal name of PDF/UA is "ISO 14289-1 Document management applications -- Electronic document file format enhancement for accessibility -- Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-1 (PDF/UA-1)".[11]

Audience & Benefits

While the PDF/UA-specification is written for software developers, PDF/UA support is of interest to persons with disabilities who require or benefit from assistive technology when reading electronic content. With PDF/UA conforming files, readers and assistive technology, users are guaranteed – so far as the PDF format itself can provide – equal access to information.

The benefits of PDF/UA extend beyond people with disabilities. With support for PDF/UA, reader software will be able to reliably reflow text onto small screens, provide powerful navigation options, transform text appearance, improve search engine functionality, aid in the selection and copying of text, and more.

History

The PDF/UA project began in 2004 as an AIIM Standards Committee.[12] The PDF/UA wiki, operated by AIIM, contains agendas, meeting-minutes and public-access documents pertaining to the development of PDF/UA.

Chaired since 2005 by President of Document Solutions, Inc. Duff Johnson, in 2009 AIIM's PDF/UA Committee became the U.S. Committee for ISO/AWI (Accepted Work Item) 14289 with Cherie Ekholm of Microsoft as International Project Leader.

The US Committee continued as the main driver of the standard's development through the WD, CD, DIS and FDIS Phases of ISO standards development, with review, comment and balloting by the member bodies of ISO TC 171.

ISO 14289-1:2012 (PDF/UA) was published in July, 2012. A minor update (ISO 14289-1:2014) was published in December 2014. The document is available directly from the ISO's webstore.[13]

In October 2012 the US Library of Congress added PDF/UA to their list of archivable file formats.[14] The LoC's guidance states that PDF/UA is "...a preferred format for page-oriented content by the Library of Congress."

Adobe Systems, the largest implementer of interactive PDF software, has announced its intention[15] to support PDF/UA.

In December 2014 ISO published ISO 14289-1:2014, a minor revision of the original 2012 document.[16]

In March 2016 AIIM and ANSI published PDF/UA as an American National Standard:.[17]

AIIM's US Committee for PDF/UA has published the following documents in support of PDF/UA:

  • Achieving WCAG 2.0 with PDF/UA[18]
  • PDF/UA-1 Technical Implementation Guide: Understanding ISO 14289-1 (PDF/UA-1)[19]
  • PDF/UA-1 Technical Implementation Guide: Understanding ISO 32000-1 (PDF 1.7)[20]

Ongoing ISO and AIIM Committee Activities

Work on ISO 14289-2 (PDF/UA-2) is ongoing. PDF/UA-2 will be based on PDF 2.0, expected for publication in early 2017.

Committee Organization & Leadership

AIIM's US Committee for PDF/UA led development of the document from 2004 until 2010, when the draft became an ISO NWI. Both US and ISO Committees maintain their work on AIIM's PDF Standards wiki.[21]

  • Project Leader, International Committee: Cherie Ekholm and Duff Johnson
  • U.S. Chair & Spokesperson: Duff Johnson, Independent Consultant
  • TC 171 SC 2 WG 9 Secretary: Betsy Fanning, AIIM
  • Convener, International Committee: Matthew Hardy, Adobe Systems

Participation by subject matter experts, software developers and other interested parties is invited and encouraged.

PDF Association Activities

The PDF Association helps promote PDF/UA in a variety of ways.

PDF/UA Competence Center

In 2011 the PDF Association created the PDF/UA Competence Center as a way for vendors to develop educational resources and share experiences regarding implementation of PDF/UA.[22] The Matterhorn Protocol (see below) is a product of the PDF/UA Competence Center.

NVDA goes PDF/UA Project

In 2012 and 2013 the PDF Association helped raise money and awareness for NV Access's NVDA to further development of the world's first PDF/UA conforming screen reader.[23]

The Matterhorn Protocol

In August 2013 the PDF Association's PDF/UA Competence Center published the Matterhorn Protocol, a set of 31 checkpoints and 136 failure conditions to help software developers make it easier for document authors to create fully accessible PDF files and forms.[24]

The PDF/UA Reference Suite

In June 2014 the PDF Association's PDF/UA Competence Center published the first iteration of the PDF/UA Reference Suite, a set of reference-quality documents conforming to PDF/UA-1.[25]

The Tagged PDF Best Practice Guide

In December 2015 the PDF Association's PDF/UA Competence Center unveiled the first public draft of its Tagged PDF Best Practice Guide.[26] Publication is expected by the summer of 2016.

Seminars, Books and Brochures

The PDF Association conducted numerous educational seminars on PDF/UA throughout Europe, North America and Australia in 2012 and 2013. A book, "PDF/UA in a Nutshell",[27] was produced in both English and German. An informational brochure[28] was also produced in both languages.

References

  1. ^ The US Committee for PDF/UA
  2. ^ What is PDF/UA about anyway?
  3. ^ PDFlib whitepaper: "A Technical Introduction to PDF/UA (PDF)
  4. ^ Board Proposes Updated ICT Accessibility Requirements
  5. ^ A new standard for PDF accessibility: PDF/UA
  6. ^ PDF/UA in a Nutshell
  7. ^ The PDF/UA standard for universal accessibility
  8. ^ WCAG 2.0 PDF Techniques
  9. ^ WCAG 2.0 and PDF/UA - your questions answered
  10. ^ PDF/UA-1:2014 now published!
  11. ^ ISO 14289 from iso.org
  12. ^ WCAG 2.0 and PDF/UA
  13. ^ [1] ISO 14289 available from ISO.org
  14. ^ PDF/UA on the Library of Congress's Digital Preservation website, checked 2013-10
  15. ^ Adobe Systems' Statement on WCAG 2.0 and PDF/UA
  16. ^ ISO 14289 on iso.org
  17. ^ AIIM / ANSI / ISO 14289-1:2016
  18. ^ Achieving WCAG 2.0 with PDF/UA
  19. ^ PDF/UA-1 AIIM's Technical Implementation Guide to PDF/UA
  20. ^ PDF/UA-1 Technical Implementation Guide: Understanding ISO 32000-1 (PDF 1.7)
  21. ^ PDF Standards Wiki
  22. ^ PDF/UA Competence Center
  23. ^ NVDA goes PDF/UA! The PDF Association Steps Up to Fund Development of the World's First PDF/UA Conforming Screen Reader
  24. ^ "The Matterhorn Protocol". PDF Association. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
  25. ^ "The PDF/UA Reference Suite". PDF Association. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  26. ^ PDF/UA Competence Center Tagged PDF Best Practice Guide
  27. ^ The PDF Association's PDF/UA in a Nutshell
  28. ^ PDF Association brochures
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