Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
| Princess Sophia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Princess Sophia (1777-1848).jpg Princess Sophia, c. 1825, painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence | |||||
| Born | 3 November 1777 Buckingham House, London | ||||
| Died | 27 May 1848 (aged 70) Kensington Palace, London | ||||
| Burial | |||||
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| House | House of Hanover | ||||
| Father | George III of the United Kingdom | ||||
| Mother | Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | ||||
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The Princess Sophia (Sophia Matilda; 3 November 1777 – 27 May 1848) was the twelfth child and fifth daughter of King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Sophia is perhaps best known for the rumours surrounding a supposed illegitimate child to which she gave birth as a young woman.
In her youth, Sophia was closest to her father, who preferred his daughters over his sons; however, she and her sisters lived in fear of their mother. The princesses were well-educated but raised in a rigidly strict household. Though he disliked the idea of matrimony for his daughters, King George had intended to find them suitable husbands when they came of age. However, the King's reoccurring bouts of madness, as well as the Queen's desire to have her daughters live their lives as her companions, stopped would-be suitors from offering for the most of the princesses. As a result, Sophia and all but one of her sisters grew up in their mother's cloistered household, which they frequently referred to as a "Nunnery".
Though she never wed, rumours spread that Sophia became pregnant by Thomas Garth, an equerry of her father's, and gave birth to an illegitimate son in the summer of 1800. Other gossip declared the child was the product of rape by her elder brother the Duke of Cumberland, who was deeply unpopular. Historians are divided on the validity of these stories, as some believe she gave birth to Garth's child while others call them tales spread by the Royal Family's political enemies.
The efforts of the Prince Regent to gain his sisters increased independence were further hastened along with Queen Charlotte's death in 1818. In her last years, Sophia resided in the household of her niece Princess Victoria of Kent (the future Queen Victoria), at Kensington Palace. There, she fell under the sway of Victoria's comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who took advantage of her senility and blindness; rumours also circulated that Sophia was in awe of Conroy because of his ability to deal effectively with the "bullying importunities" of Sophia's supposed illegitimate son. Sophia frequently served as his spy on the Kensington household as well as on her two elder brothers, while Conroy squandered most of her money. The princess died on 27 May 1848 at her residence in Vicarage Place, Kensington Palace.
Early life
The Princess Sophia was born at Buckingham House, London on 3 November 1777, the twelfth child and fifth daughter of her parents.[1][2] Her parents were the reigning British monarch, George III, and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The young princess was christened on 1 December 1777 in the Great Council Chamber at St James's Palace[3] by Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury. Her godparents were Prince August of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (her first cousin once-removed), The Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (her first cousin twice-removed) and The Duchess of Mecklenburg (wife of her first cousin once-removed), all of whom were represented by proxies.[4]
Upon Sophia's birth, King George ensured his daughters and younger sons would have allowances; through a provision of Parliament, Sophia and her elder sisters each were to receive an annual income of £6,000 either upon their marriages or the king's death.[5] The royal household was very rigid and formal, even when only the royal family were together in private. For instance, when the King entered a room, his daughters were expected to stand up, remain silent until addressed, and not leave until given permission.[6] Queen Charlotte made attempts to be economical where possible; the younger princesses wore country-made dresses, which were less expensive, and ate plain food.[7] Sophia's early life was focused on education.[8] Lady Charlotte Finch served as Sophia's governess, a role she performed for all the royal children.[9] As with the strict education and discipline received by her brothers, Lady Charlotte through the sub-governesses chosen by Queen Charlotte arranged expert tutors who actually gave the princesses lessons in English, French, music, art, and geography; Sophia and her sisters were also allowed to play sports and boisterous games with their brothers.[10] The queen sought to combine her daughters' entertainments with educational benefits.[11] Sophia and her siblings were brought up with an exposure to theatre, and were entertained with special performances.[12] Princess Sophia's first appearance in public occurred when she accompanied her parents and elder siblings to a commemoration for George Frideric Handel, held at Westminster Abbey on 26 May 1784.[13]
Uncommon for the period, Sophia's father was an involved parent in her early years, and preferred his daughters to his sons.[10][14] When possible he attended the princesses' birthday parties and other special events, and was kept informed on their progress in the schoolroom. A family friend once remarked, "I never saw more lovely children, nor a more pleasing sight than the King's fondness for them."[15] On the other hand, Queen Charlotte invoked fear in her daughters and, according to royal historian A.W. Purdue, she was not "benignly maternal".[10]
Adulthood
By 1792 Sophia and her sister Mary were being included in more family activities,[17] and at age fourteen, Sophia debuted at court on her father's birthday, 4 June 1792.[18] According to biographer Christopher Hibbert, in her young adulthood Sophia was a "delightful though moody girl, pretty, delicate and passionate."[19] As within her childhood, Sophia was devoted to her father, though she occasionally found him exasperating. She wrote that "the dear King is all kindness to me, and I cannot say how grateful I feel for it."[19] Prior to 1788, King George had told his daughters that he would take them to Hanover and find them suitable husbands[20] despite misgivings he had, which stemmed from his sisters' own unhappy marriages.[21] He remarked, "I cannot deny that I have never wished to see any of them marry: I am happy in their company, and do not in the least want a separation."[22] However, the King suffered his first bout of madness that year, when Sophia was aged eleven. Sophia remarked of her father's behaviour, "He is all affection and kindness to me, but sometimes an over kindness, if you can understand that, which greatly alarms me."[23] Further lapses into insanity occurred in 1801 and 1804, thus forestalling talk of marriage for his daughters. The question of matrimony was rarely raised; Queen Charlotte feared the subject, something which had always discomforted the King, would push him back into insanity. Furthermore the queen, strained from her husband's illness, wanted the princesses to remain close to her.[10][22][24][25]
As a result, like most of her sisters, Princess Sophia was forced to live her life as a companion of her mother. The princesses were not allowed to mix with anyone outside of the Royal Court, and rarely came into contact with men other than pages, equerries, or attendants. Constantly chaperoned, the girls frequently complained about living in a "Nunnery".[25][26][27] For entertainment, the queen read sermons to them[25] and the princesses practised embroidery.[28] On one occasion Sophia wrote their days were so "deadly dull... I wished myself a kangaroo."[23]
The Princess Royal was the only daughter who was able to marry while relatively young. The rest of the princesses were not without suitors, but most of the various men's efforts were stopped by Queen Charlotte. Most of the girls longed for families and children of their own, and often asked the Prince of Wales, to whom they remained close, for help, either in finding spouses, allowing them to marry their loves, or allowing them to live outside of Queen Charlotte's household.[10] A grateful Sophia once jokingly wrote to her brother, saying "I wonder you do not vote for putting us in a sack and drowning us in the Thames."[29] Before George became regent, he had little power to oblige his sisters. His ascension to the regency in 1811 led to Sophia and the other remaining unmarried princesses to receive increases in their allowances, from £10,000 to £13,000.[30] He also supported their desire to venture out into society. Queen Charlotte was outraged at these attempts, and the Prince-Regent had to reconcile the two parties carefully so that his sisters could still enjoy some independence.[10][31]
Illegitimate child
During Sophia's lifetime, there were various rumours about her alleged incestuous relationship with her brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, who later became the King of Hanover.[33][34] The Prince Regent supposedly warned his sisters not to be alone in the same room with the Duke,[35] and Cumberland was deeply unpopular with the British people. It is unclear whether there was truth to these rumours or whether they were circulated by the Duke's numerous political enemies.[36]
Limited in exposure to eligible men, Sophia and several of her sisters became involved with courtiers and equerries. Sophia entered into a relationship with her father's chief equerry, Major-General Thomas Garth, a man thirty-three years her senior. He had a large purple birthmark on his face, causing Sophia's sister Mary to refer to him as "the purple light of love"[10] and courtier and diarist Charles Greville to call him a "hideous old devil".[37] Despite this, one lady-in-waiting noted "the princess was so violently in love with him that everyone saw it. She could not contain herself in his presence."[37] Greville wrote about Sophia and her sisters' affairs in a diary entry, "women fall in love with anything – and opportunity and the accidents of the passions are of more importance than any positive merits of mind or of body... [The princesses] were secluded from the world, mixing with few people – their passions boiling over and ready to fall into the hands of the first man whom circumstances enabled to get at them."[38]
Gossip soon spread of the existence of an illegitimate child. Some historians contend that, sometime before August 1800 in Weymouth, Sophia gave birth to a child fathered by Garth.[10][19][24][39][40] Flora Fraser believes the rumours that Sophia had a child, but has questioned whether the child was fathered by Garth, or Sophia's brother the Duke of Cumberland.[23] Historians further write that the child, baptised Thomas Garth like his father, was raised by his father in Weymouth,[10][37] where his mother would visit him occasionally.[24] In 1828, this child apparently tried to blackmail the royal family with certain incriminating documents from his father about his supposed parents' relationship, though this ended in failure.[10][24][36]
Conversely, Anthony Camp challenges the belief that Sophia had a child and provides a detailed summary of the available evidence.[41] In his book Royal Babylon: the Alarming History of European Royalty, author Karl Shaw writes of the possibility that the Duke raped his sister, citing evidence from Charles Greville's diaries, as well as other factors.[42][note 1] Historian Gillian Gill believes that Sophia secretly gave birth to the child and that this is the reason Sophia never married.[40] Alison Weir and others, however, write of a possible marriage between Sophia and Garth the same year as the child's birth,[24][43] but there is no evidence to back this assertion other than the presence of a wedding ring in a portrait of an aged Sophia.[39]
Later life
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Sophia was a favourite of her niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, as the young princess liked her gentle character and had a certain fascination for the gossip surrounding Sophia's past. Charlotte detested her other aunts, and once wrote, "I can hardly believe [Sophia] belongs to them- so wholly different is she in thoughts, opinions, matters. Her nobleness and rectitude of mind renders her no favourite here. The constant scenes of intrigue, of tracasseries, she can but ill support."[44] The Prince Regent's efforts to help his sisters led to the marriages of Mary and Elizabeth, and Queen Charlotte's death in 1818 allowed Augusta and Sophia their domestic freedom, though it was too late for them to marry.[10] From her mother Sophia inherited Lower Lodge at Windsor Great Park, which she in turn gave to the Prince Regent.[45][46] The death of Princess Augusta in 1840 resulted in Sophia inheriting Clarence House and Frogmore.[47]
After the queen's death, Sophia lived in Kensington Palace during her final years, next to her niece Princess Victoria of Kent, the future Queen Victoria.[10] As a result, Princess Sophia was one of the few paternal relatives that Victoria saw often. Like her sister-in-law the Duchess of Kent, Sophia fell under the spell of Victoria's comptroller Sir John Conroy and let him manage her money.[10] The princess became a part of the Duchess of Kent's social circle and, in return, Sophia spied for Conroy when he was absent from Kensington Palace.[40] Sophia also reported to Conroy on what she heard at St. James's Palace, as she had privileged access to courtiers as well as to her two elder brothers.[40] Gossipmongers speculated that Conroy's successful ability to deal with the "bullying inopportunities" of Sophia's illegitimate son endeared her to him,[27][48] while some historians write that Conroy took advantage of Sophia, who in her last years had become "dizzy, easily muddled... mourning her fading looks" and a "confused, nearly blind aunt."[49] Sophia often dined with the household, but the Duchess of Kent despised her.[48] Princess Victoria was aware her aunt was a spy and the two never became close.[10] Sophia's wealth allowed Conroy to live a rich lifestyle,[40] acquiring for himself a house in Kensington for £4000, as well as two other estates for £18,000.[27] Sophia was also responsible for certain members of Victoria's household gaining higher statuses; Victoria's governess Louise Lehzen, for instance, was made a Hanoverian baroness on the orders of George IV, and Conroy was named a Knight Commander of the Hanoverian Order.[27][50]
Death
After having been blind for over ten years,[36] on the morning of 27 May 1848, Princess Sophia became ill at her residence at Vicarage Place, Kensington; she was visited by her sister Mary, sister-in-law Queen Adelaide, and nephew-in-law Albert, Prince Consort. Sophia's death occurred at 6:30 later that day, when Mary, the Duchesses of Kent and Cambridge were present.[39][51] The princess was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery in London[52][53] rather than at Windsor Castle, as she wished to be near her brother, Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex. After her death, it was discovered that Conroy had squandered most of her money and that the princess had virtually no estate to bequeath.[10][36] Charles Greville wrote an entry in his diary on 31 May:
"The Princess Sophia died a few days ago, while the Queen [Victoria] was holding the Drawing-room for her Birthday. She was blind, helpless, and suffered martyrdom; a very clever, well-informed woman, but who never lived in the world."[54]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 2 November 1777 – 27 May 1848: Her Royal Highness The Princess Sophia
Arms
As of 1789, as a daughter of the sovereign, Sophia had use of the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a heart gules, the outer points each bearing a rose gules.[55]
Ancestors
See also
| British Royalty |
| House of Hanover |
|---|
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| George III |
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Notes
Sources
References
- ^ Fraser 2004, p. 53.
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 299.
- ^ Hall 1858, p. 307.
- ^ Burke, John Bernard (1849). "The Patrician, Volume 6". The Patrician. London: Myers and Co. p. 100.
- ^ Fraser 2004, p. 59.
- ^ Hibbert 2000, p. 203.
- ^ Fraser 2004, p. 86.
- ^ Hall 1858, p. 308.
- ^ Beatty 2003, p. 226.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Purdue 2004.
- ^ Fraser 2004, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Hibbert 2000, p. 99.
- ^ Hall 1858, pp. 307–308.
- ^ Hibbert 2000, p. 98.
- ^ Hibbert 2000, pp. 98–99.
- ^ "Princess Sophia (1777–1848)". Royal Collection. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ Fraser 2004, p. 145.
- ^ Fraser 2004, p. 147.
- ^ a b c Hibbert 2000, p. 384.
- ^ Black 2006, p. 157.
- ^ Robinson, David (2 October 2004). "The Princess diaries". The Scotsman. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ a b Schiff, Stacy (24 April 2005). "'Princesses': All the King's Girls". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Burton, Sarah (25 September 2004). "Birds in a gilded cage". The Spectator. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Beatty 2003, p. 229.
- ^ a b c Black 2006, p. 156.
- ^ Hibbert 2000, p. 378.
- ^ a b c d Hibbert 2001, p. 26.
- ^ Williams 2010, p. 60.
- ^ Byrne, Paula (6 September 2004). "No fairytale princesses". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ Hall 1858, p. 331.
- ^ Beatty 2003, pp. 229–230.
- ^ "Princess Sophia (1777–1848)". Royal Collection. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ Gill 2009, p. 30.
- ^ Hibbert 2000, p. 368, 384.
- ^ Shaw 2001, pp. 213–214.
- ^ a b c d Panton 2011, p. 429.
- ^ a b c Williams 2010, p. 35.
- ^ David, Saul (2000). The Prince of Pleasure: The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency. Grove Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-8021-3703-2.
- ^ a b c Weir 2008, p. 300.
- ^ a b c d e Gill 2009, p. 47.
- ^ Camp, Anthony (2007). Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fiction 1714–1936. London: Anthony J. Camp. pp. 313–23. ISBN 0-9503308-2-5.
- ^ a b Shaw 2001, p. 214.
- ^ Black 2006, p. 159.
- ^ Williams 2010, pp. 61, 68.
- ^ Hall 1858, p. 330.
- ^ Roberts, Jane (1997). Royal landscape: the gardens and parks of Windsor. Yale University Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-300-07079-9.
- ^ Hall 1858, pp. 331–332.
- ^ a b Williams 2010, p. 177.
- ^ Williams 2010, pp. 176–177, 257.
- ^ Williams 2010, p. 203.
- ^ "Death of the Princess Sophia" (PDF). The Times. 29 May 1848. (subscription required for online access)
- ^ Hall 1858, p. 332.
- ^ "The Late Princess Sophia" (PDF). The Times. 7 June 1848. (subscription required for online access)
- ^ Greville, Charles (1885). The Greville Memoirs (Second Part): A Journal of the Reign of Queen Victoria From 1837–1852, Volume 3. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 184.
- ^ Velde, Francois. "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family". Heraldica.org. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Bibliography
- Beatty, Michael A. (2003). The English Royal Family of America, From Jamestown to the American Revolution. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-1558-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Black, Jeremy (2006). George III: America's Last King. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11732-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Fraser, Flora (2004). Princesses: The Six Daughters of George III. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6109-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Gill, Gillian (2009). We Two: Victoria and Albert: Rulers, Partners, Rivals. New York: Ballatine Books. ISBN 0-345-52001-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hall, Matthew (1858). The Royal Princesses of England: From the Reign of George the First. London: G. Routledge & Co. ISBN 1-146-51884-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hibbert, Christopher (2000). George III: A Personal History. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02724-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hibbert, Christopher (2001). Queen Victoria: A Personal History. De Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81085-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Panton, Kenneth J. (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarebrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-5779-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Purdue, A.W. (2004). "George III, Daughters of (act. 1766–1857)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42012. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) (subscription required for online access) - Shaw, Karl (2001). Royal Babylon: the Alarming History of European Royalty. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-7679-0755-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Weir, Alison (2008). Britain's Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-09-953973-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Williams, Kate (2010). Becoming Queen Victoria: The Tragic Death of Princess Charlotte and the Unexpected Rise of Britain's Greatest Monarch. Ballatine Books. ISBN 0-345-46195-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
External links
