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Pyridinium chlorochromate

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Pyridinium chlorochromate
Chemical structure of pyridinium chlorochromate
Ball-and-stick model of the pyridinium cation
Ball-and-stick model of the pyridinium cation
Ball-and-stick model of the chlorochromate anion
Ball-and-stick model of the chlorochromate anion
Names
IUPAC name
Pyridinium chlorochromate
Other names
PCC; Corey-Suggs reagent
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.043.253 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 247-595-5
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C5H5N.ClH.Cr.3O/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;;;;;/h1-5H;1H;;;;/q;;+1;;;-1 ☒N
    Key: LEHBURLTIWGHEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ☒N
  • InChI=1/C5H5N.ClH.Cr.3O/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;;;;;/h1-5H;1H;;;;/q;;+1;;;-1/rC5H5N.ClCrO3/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;1-2(3,4)5/h1-5H;/q;-1/p+1
    Key: LEHBURLTIWGHEM-YOEUSAHMAN
  • C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1.[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)Cl
Properties
C5H6ClCrNO3
Molar mass 215.56 g/mol
Appearance yellow-orange solid[1]
Melting point 205 °C (401 °F; 478 K)
Solubility in other solvents soluble in acetone, acetonitrile, THF
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Toxic, oxidizer, carcinogenic, strong environmental pollutant
GHS labelling:
GHS03: OxidizingGHS08: Health hazardGHS07: Exclamation markGHS09: Environmental hazard
Danger
H272, H317, H350, H410
P201, P221, P273, P280, P302+P352, P308+P313
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
[2]
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorusSpecial hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate
2
1
2
OX
Safety data sheet (SDS) external SDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is a yellow-orange salt with the formula [C5H5NH]+[CrO3Cl]−. It is a reagent in organic synthesis used primarily for oxidation of alcohols to form carbonyls. A variety of related compounds are known with similar reactivity. PCC offers the advantage of the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, whereas many other reagents are less selective.[1]

Structure and preparation

PCC consists of a pyridinium cation, [C5H5NH]+, and a tetrahedral chlorochromate anion, [CrO3Cl]−. Related salts are also known, such as 1-butylpyridinium chlorochromate, [C5H5N(C4H9)][CrO3Cl] and potassium chlorochromate.

PCC is commercially available. Discovered by accident,[3] the reagent was originally prepared via addition of pyridine into a cold solution of chromium trioxide in concentrated hydrochloric acid:[4]

C5H5N + HCl + CrO3 → [C5H5NH][CrO3Cl]

In one alternative method, formation of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2) fume during the making of the aforementioned solution was minimized by simply changing the order of addition: a cold solution of pyridine in concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to solid chromium trioxide under stirring.[5]

Uses

Oxidation of alcohols

PCC is used as an oxidant. In particular, it has proven to be highly effective in oxidizing primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The reagent is more selective than the related Jones reagent, so there is little chance of over-oxidation to form carboxylic acids as long as water is not present in the reaction mixture. A typical PCC oxidation involves addition of an alcohol to a suspension of PCC in dichloromethane.[6][7][8] The general reaction is:

2 [C5H5NH][CrO3Cl] + 3 R2CHOH → 2 [C5H5NH]Cl + Cr2O3 + 3 R2C=O + 3 H2O

For example, the triterpene lupeol was oxidized to lupenone:[9]

Babler oxidation

With tertiary alcohols, the chromate ester formed from PCC can isomerize via a [3,3]-sigmatropic reaction and following oxidation yield an enone, in a reaction known as the Babler oxidation:

The Babler-Dauben oxidation of cyclic tertiary allylic alcohols to cyclic enones using PCC.
The Babler-Dauben oxidation of cyclic tertiary allylic alcohols to cyclic enones using PCC.

This type of oxidative transposition reaction has been synthetically utilized, e.g. for the synthesis of morphine.[10]

Using other common oxidants in the place of PCC usually leads to dehydration, because such alcohols cannot be oxidized directly.

Other reactions

PCC also converts suitable unsaturated alcohols and aldehydes to cyclohexenones. This pathway, an oxidative cationic cyclization, is illustrated by the conversion of (−)-citronellol to (−)-pulegone.

PCC also effects allylic oxidations, for example, in conversion of dihydrofurans to furanones.[1]

Other more convenient or less toxic reagents for oxidizing alcohols include dimethyl sulfoxide, which is used in Swern and Pfitzner–Moffatt oxidations, and hypervalent iodine compounds, such as the Dess–Martin periodinane.

Safety

One disadvantage to the use of PCC is its toxicity, which it shares with other hexavalent chromium compounds.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Piancatelli, G.; Luzzio, F. A. (2007). "Pyridinium Chlorochromate". e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470842898.rp288.pub2. ISBN 978-0471936237.
  2. ^ "Safety Data Sheet". Acros Organics. 2015. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
  3. ^ Lowe, Derek. "The Old Stuff". In The Pipeline. Science. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
  4. ^ Corey, E. J.; Suggs, J. W. (1975). "Pyridinium Chlorochromate. An Efficient Reagent for Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds". Tetrahedron Lett. 16 (31): 2647–2650. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)75204-X.
  5. ^ Agarwal, S.; Tiwari, H. P.; Sharma, J. P. (1990). "Pyridinium Chlorochromate: An Improved Method for Its Synthesis and Use of Anhydrous Acetic Acid as Catalyst for Oxidation Reactions". Tetrahedron. 46 (12): 4417–4420. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)86776-4.
  6. ^ Paquette, L. A.; Earle, M. J.; Smith, G. F. (1996). "(4R)-(+)-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one". Organic Syntheses. 73: 36{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 9, p. 132.
  7. ^ Tu, Y.; Frohn, M.; Wang, Z.-X.; Shi, Y. (2003). "Synthesis of 1,2:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-erythro-2,3-hexodiulo-2,6-pyranose. A Highly Enantioselective Ketone Catalyst for Epoxidation". Organic Syntheses. 80: 1{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  8. ^ White, J. D.; Grether, U. M.; Lee, C.-S. (2005). "(R)-(+)-3,4-Dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one". Organic Syntheses. 82: 108{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 11, p. 100.
  9. ^ Lao, A.; Fujimoto, Y.; Tatsuno, T. (1984). "Studies on the Constituents of Artemisia argyi Lévl & Vant". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 32 (2): 723–727. doi:10.1248/cpb.32.723. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
  10. ^ Killoran, Patrick M.; Rossington, Steven B.; Wilkinson, James A.; Hadfield, John A. (2016). "Expanding the scope of the Babler–Dauben oxidation: 1,3-oxidative transposition of secondary allylic alcohols". Tetrahedron Letters. 57 (35): 3954–3957. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.076.

Further reading

  • Tojo, G.; Fernández, M. (2006). Tojo, G. (ed.). Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones: A Guide to Current Common Practice. Basic Reactions in Organic Synthesis. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-23607-0.
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