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Rail transport in South Africa

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A Metrorail train pulling out of Kalk Bay station in Cape Town

Rail transport in South Africa is the most important element of the country's transport infrastructure.[citation needed] All major cities are connected by rail, and South Africa's railway system is the most highly developed in Africa.[1] The South African rail industry is publicly owned.

History

Rail network in 1892

The first track for steam-powered locomotives was a line of about 3.2 kilometres (2 mi) by the Natal Railway Company, linking the town of Durban with Harbour Point, opened on 26 June 1860.[2] Cape Town had already started building a 72-kilometre (45 mi) line, track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), linking Cape Town to Wellington in 1859 but was hampered by delays and could only open the first section of the line to the Eerste River on 13 February 1862. However Cape railway construction began a massive expansion, after the formation in 1872 of the Cape Government Railways.[3]

In the north, in the independent South African Republic, railway construction was done by the Netherlands-South African Railway Company (NZASM), which constructed two major lines: one from Pretoria to Lourenço Marques in Portuguese East Africa Colony, and a shorter line connecting Pretoria to Johannesburg. A national "link-up" was established in 1898, creating a national transport network.[4] This national network was largely completed by 1910.[1] Though railway lines were also being extended outside of South Africa, as far north as Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia),[5] the vision of Cecil John Rhodes, to have a rail system that would run from the "Cape to Cairo", would never materialise.

Upon the merger of four provinces to establish the modern state of South Africa in 1910, the railway lines across the country were also merged. South African Railways and Harbours (SAR & H) was the government agency responsible for, amongst other things, the country's rail system.

Electrification of the railways began in the 1920s with the building of the Colenso Power Station for the Glencoe to Pietermaritzburg route and the introduction of the South African Class 1E.[6]

During the 1980s, the transport industry was reorganised. Instead of being a direct government agency, it was modelled along business lines into a government-owned corporation called Transnet. Transnet Freight Rail (until recently known as Spoornet) is the division of Transnet that runs the rail system.[7] Though there are no plans to end government-ownership of the national rail network, some small portions of the rail system have recently been privatised.[8]

Network

The rail network of South Africa

Transnet (and previously Spoornet and its predecessor) became famous for its luxury rail lines, most notably the Blue Train, which runs from Cape Town to Johannesburg. The Blue Line has frequently been named the best luxury train line in the world, and the 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) run is a popular tourist attraction for South Africa.[8]

With the increasing coverage provided by the nation's highway system, long-distance passenger travel has declined in South Africa. While many commuters still use rail for their daily commute, nationally, only half of the nation's 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi) of track is being fully utilised, and some 35% of the nation's track carries no activity or very low activity.[1] Accordingly, Transnet is moving towards an emphasis on freight, rather than passengers, to keep the rail system profitable.

For a look at the South African transport network, including the railways, view this map from the United Nations.

A high-speed rail link has been proposed, between Johannesburg and Durban.[9]

Maps

Specifications

Nearly all railways in South Africa use a 1,070 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge track (Cape gauge).[10][11][12] This was selected in the 19th century to reduce the cost of building track across and through the mountains found in several parts of the country.[8] The Gautrain rapid transit railway uses 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge). Ultimately, the hope is that the conversion to standard gauge will also enhance rail's potential as a freight carrier.[citation needed]

During the late 19th century and the early 20th century numerous 2-foot narrow gauge railways were constructed.

South African trains connect through the AAR coupler, developed in the United States at the end of the 19th century. Remarkably, though South Africa has long been ahead of Europe in coupling systems, it has lagged behind most of the world in its braking system; most trains in South Africa continue to use vacuum braking. However, the conversion to air brakes has finally commenced.

Between 50% to 80% of the rail lines in South Africa are electrified.[8] Different voltages are used for different types of trains. Most electrified trains run 3000 V DC (overhead); this is used primarily for commuter lines, and has been in use since the 1920s. During the 1980s, higher voltages (25 kV AC and—much less frequently—50 kV AC (both overhead) have been used for heavy duty lines (also more sleepers per kilometre), primarily in the transport of iron ore.

Rolling stock

Main article: List of South African locomotive classes

South Africa uses a variety of rolling stock from a number of manufacturers.

In 1957 Union Carriage & Wagon was founded in Nigel for local production of rolling stock.[13]

Accidents and incidents

Rail systems in nearby countries

The following countries mostly use 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge and are mostly connected together. Countries beyond those listed are of other gauges.

Further reading

  • The South African Railways – History, Scope and Organisation. South African Railways Public Relations Department. June 1947.
  • Bullock, Richard (November 2009). AICD Background Paper 17 – Off Track: Sub-Saharan African Railways (PDF). Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c South Africa – ICOMOS World Report on Monuments and Sites in Danger 2002: Heritage @ Risk
  2. ^ Talbot, Frederick Arthur Ambrose. Railway wonders of the world. Cassell and Company. p. 606.
  3. ^ Burman, Jose (1984), Early Railways at the Cape, Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, ISBN 0-7981-1760-5
  4. ^ SAR & Transnet History
  5. ^ SA Railway History
  6. ^ "South African Railways Power Plant". Electric Railway Journal. 60 (24): 914. 9 December 1922. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  7. ^ Spoornet history
  8. ^ a b c d South Africa :: Railways and roads – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  9. ^ "Railway Gazette: Ambitious plans will still need funding". Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  10. ^ "Freight Rail International Joint Ventures". Transnet – Freight Rail.
  11. ^ "Rail Engineering Wheels Business". Transnet – Rail Engineering.
  12. ^ "Railway Transportation in South Africa" (PDF). Global View.
  13. ^ "History". Union Carriage & Wagon. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  14. ^ "Train crash death toll false, say police". Independent Online. Retrieved 18 November 2006.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rail transport in South Africa.
External images
image icon The South African Railways "History, Scope and Organisation (1947)"
image icon The Cape Town Foreshore Plan (1947)
image icon Meet the South African Railways (1975)
image icon Meet the South African Railways (1979)
image icon A collection of SAR&H Publicity and Travel Department photographs
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