Rape schedule
The rape schedule is a concept in feminist theory that describes the restrictions or alterations to lifestyle and behaviour that are placed on women by the prevalent fear of sexual assault. Choosing certain routes whilst walking home, planning in advance of being alone, or avoiding certain areas at night are often given as examples of such behaviour.[citation needed] Some people do not think about their rape schedules often because it becomes a habit, which they may not even be aware of. Such habits that are often unthought of as preventative measures are: walking with one's keys in their hand while walking to the car or using the buddy system, which is taught from a young age.[citation needed] A woman leaving her friend's house early so she would not have to take the subway home at night is an example of how having a rape schedule can interfere with a person's daily life.[1]
Background
Women are more likely to be raped than men: 1 in 7 women and 1 in 71 men will experience rape in their lifetime.[2] The rape schedule is generally used by women, not men.[citation needed] Rape schedules can supply a steady stream of fear into a person's mind and make a person very cautious of their actions. Those that do not have rape schedules are seen as privileged, as they may not have to think a rape schedule or live by one as opposed to a person that does.[citation needed]
Privilege
Jody Miller has explained that as prostitutes cannot adhere to a rape schedule due to the fact it would leave them 'unable to work', adhering to a rape schedule could be seen to be 'born of privilege'.[3] As men are generally not the targets of sexual assault and thus do not need to adhere to a rape schedule, such a concept could be said to illustrate gender inequality at a very basic level.[citation needed]
Influencing factors
Fear
There are many people in the world that have never been the victim, but yet are far from being carefree and are highly concerned with doing everything they possibly can to avoid a tragic instance, such as rape. A particular quote by Jessica Valenti in her book Full Frontal Feminism stated, "When I was in college, a teacher once said all women live by a 'rape schedule.'"[4] This goes to show that men see women as easier targets and thus they fall victim more easily to rape and live in constant fear.[5]
Fear of sexual assault is a fear that is commonly shared among many individuals in today's society, particularly women.[6] This fear often forces individuals to make alterations within their everyday life, whether by compelling changes in behavior, daily routines, or even avoiding being alone as much as possible. According to Susan Griffin in 1971, "rape and the fear of rape are a daily part of every woman's consciousness. The fear of rape keeps women off the streets at night. Keeps women at home. Keeps women passive and modest for fear they be thought provocative."[6] In addition to affecting behaviors and routines, rape schedules can affect the emotional stability of an individual.[7] When thinking of the term "rape victim", people often assume the victim is a woman as opposed to a man. This is because in today's society, women are viewed as weaker than men, thus making them an easier target.[5] As a result of the fear of rape, individuals then begin living by this rape schedule, which in turn, leaves woman feeling powerless and eventually woman begin to view themselves and their own self-worth somewhere between low to non-existent.[8]
Mental health disorders
Rape also leads to mental health disorders such as PTSD. According to Dean G. Kilpatrick in The Mental Health Impact of Rape "Rape victims were 6.2 times more likely to develop PTSD than women who had never been victims of crime". Because of these severe incidents, women develop these rape schedules to help them try to avoid the possibility of rape occurring in the future.[7]
Vulnerability
According to statistics provided by National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC), one in five women will be sexually assaulted at some point in their lifetime; this far outweighs similar statistics regarding men and sexual assault: 1:71. Rape, this report argues, is one of the most unreported crimes in America.[9] Of men surveyed in an informal survey mentioned by Mary Dickson in her article, "A Women's Worst Nightmare", many reported that they do not feel fear when walking down the street. However, in that same survey, women listed numerous things they feared. A man stated "as a man, I'm afraid of very little." Whereas when women were asked what they were afraid of, they created a list. One female responded, "I'm always afraid in a situation where there's somebody that could overpower me easily. I lock my doors, park in lighted areas, don't run in dark areas."[10] This informal survey suggests that women feel a great deal of vulnerability as opposed to men.
Origin of concept
The term first appeared in the Dianne Herman essay "Rape Culture",[2] where it is explained that "women live [our] lives according to a rape schedule", and was later popularised by the Jessica Valenti book Full Frontal Feminism.[11] The concept has since been discussed by feminist academics such as criminologist Jody Miller and lawyer Catharine Mackinnon, with Mackinnon explaining that the 'dread and terror of rape and anticipation of its possibility can set limits on women’s freedom of action and access to a full life.'[12] It has also been suggested that the fear of rape and its effect on how women live their day-to-day lives impacts on their relationships with others and may also lower their own self-worth.[13]
References
- ^ "My Rape Schedule". Women's Glib. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
- ^ a b D. Herman, "The Rape Culture," in Changing Our Power 260 (J.W. Cochran & D. Langton eds., 1988)
- ^ Jody Miller, "Researching Violence Against Street Prostitutes: Issues of Epistemology, Methodology, and Ethics" in Researching Sexual Violence Against Women: Methodological and Personal Perspectives (Martin D. Schwartz ed., 1997). 144, 150.
- ^ Valenti, Jessica (2007). Full Frontal Feminism. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. pp. 63–64.
- ^ a b Herman, D.; Cochran, J.W.; Langton, D. (1988). "The Rape Culture". Changing Our Power: 260.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Fisher, Emmy. "Living Life By A Rape Schedule". Feminspire. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
- ^ a b Kilpatrick, Dean G. "The Mental Health Impact of Rape". University of South Carolina. National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
- ^ Gold, Stephen R. "Review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives". Oxford University.
{{cite web}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "Statistics About Violence" (PDF). NSVRC. National Sexual Violence Resource Center.
- ^ "A Woman's Worst Nightmare". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
- ^ Valenti, Jessica. Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters. Seal Press, (2007). 63
- ^ Catharine A MacKinnon, Sex Equality, Foundation Press (2007) 339
- ^ Stephen R. Gold's review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives, Edited by David M. Buss and Neil M. Malamuth. Oxford University, Press, New York, 1996 as cited in 'Theories of Rape' http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/vaw00/theories_of_rape.html.