Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)

Republic of the Congo (1960–1964) République du Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971) République démocratique du Congo
1960–1971
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Justice – Paix – Travail" (French) "Justice – Peace – Work"
Anthem: Debout Congolais (French) Arise, Congolese File:National Anthem of Democratic Republic of the Congo by US Navy Band.ogg
Capital	Léopoldville (renamed Kinshasa in 1966)
Common languages	French (official) Lingala · Kikongo · Kiswahili Tshiluba (national)
Government	Parliamentary republic
President
• 1960–1965	Joseph Kasa-Vubu
• 1965–1971	Joseph-Desiré Mobutu
Prime Minister
• 1960	Patrice Lumumba
• 1961–1964	Cyrille Adoula
• 1965	Évariste Kimba
Historical era	Cold War
• Independence	30 June 1960
• Kasai defeated	30 December 1961
• Katanga defeated	15 January 1963
• Country renamed DRC	1 August 1964
• Coup d'état	25 November 1965
• Name changed to Zaire	27 October 1971
Area
2,345,410 km2 (905,570 sq mi)
Currency	Congolese franc
ISO 3166 code	CG
Preceded by Succeeded by Belgian Congo South Kasai State of Katanga Zaire
Today part of	Democratic Republic of Congo

1964 Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo

The Republic of the Congo (Template:Lang-fr) or Congo-Léopoldville was a state founded after independence was granted to the former Belgian Congo in 1960. The country's post-independence name remained until 1 August 1964, when it was changed to Democratic Republic of the Congo to distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), formerly the French Congo. The period between 1960 and 1965 is referred to as the First Congolese Republic while the current Democratic Republic of the Congo is the Third Republic.

Unrest and rebellion plagued the government until 1965, when Lieutenant General Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, by then commander-in-chief of the national army, seized control of the country. Mobutu changed the country's name to Zaire in 1971, and remained its president until 1997.

Colonial rule

Main article: Belgian Congo

The conditions in the Congo improved following the Belgian government's takeover from the Congo Free State in 1908. Select Bantu languages were taught in primary schools, a rare occurrence in colonial education. Colonial doctors greatly reduced the spread of African trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness.

The colonial administration implemented a variety of economic reforms that focused on the improvement of infrastructure: railways, ports, roads, mines, plantations and industrial areas. The Congolese people, however, lacked political power and faced legal discrimination. All colonial policies were decided in Brussels and Léopoldville. The Belgian Colony-secretary and Governor-general, neither of whom was elected by the Congolese people, wielded absolute power.

Among the Congolese people, resistance against their undemocratic regime grew over time. In 1955, the Congolese upper class (the so-called "évolués"), many of whom had been educated in Europe, initiated a campaign to end the inequality.

During World War II, the small Congolese army achieved several victories against the Italians in East Africa. The Belgian Congo, which was also rich in uranium deposits, supplied the uranium that was used by the United States to build the atomic weapons that were used in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

Congo Crisis

Main article: Congo Crisis

In May 1960, the MNC party or Mouvement National Congolais, led by Patrice Lumumba, won the parliamentary elections, and Lumumba was appointed Prime Minister. Joseph Kasa-Vubu of ABAKO was elected President by the parliament. Other parties that emerged include the Parti Solidaire Africain (or PSA, led by Antoine Gizenga) and the Parti National du Peuple (or PNP led by Albert Delvaux and Laurent Mbariko).

The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name "Republic of Congo" or "Republic of the Congo" ("République du Congo"). As the French colony of Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) also chose the name "Republic of Congo" upon receiving its independence, the two countries were more commonly known as "Congo-Léopoldville" and "Congo-Brazzaville", after their capital cities. Following a constitutional referendum in 1964 it was renamed the "Democratic Republic of the Congo", and in 1971 it was changed again to "Republic of Zaïre".

Secessionist movements

Shortly after independence, the provinces of Katanga (with Moise Tshombe) and South Kasai engaged in secessionist struggles against the new leadership.

Subsequent events led to a crisis between President Kasavubu and Prime Minister Lumumba. On 5 September 1960, Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba from office. Lumumba declared Kasavubu's action "unconstitutional" and a crisis between the two leaders developed.

Lumumba had previously appointed Joseph Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army, Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC). Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasavubu and Lumumba, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to create sentiment sufficient to inspire mutinous action. With financial support from the United States and Belgium, Mobutu made payments to his soldiers to generate their loyalty. The aversion of Western powers towards communism and leftist ideology in general influenced their decision to finance Mobutu's quest to maintain "order" in the new state by neutralizing Kasavubu and Lumumba in a coup by proxy.

On 17 January 1961, Katangan forces, supported by the Belgian government's desire to retain rights to mine for copper and diamonds in Katanga and South Kasai and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's desire to remove any leftist sympathizers in the region, assassinated Patrice Lumumba. Through 1960 to 1964 the peacekeeping effort was the largest, most complex, and most costly operation ever carried out by the United Nations. Amidst widespread confusion and chaos, a temporary government led by technicians (College des Commissaires) with Evariste Kimba, and several short governments Joseph Ileo, Cyrille Adoula, Moise Tshombe took over in quick succession.

Coup d'etat (1965)

Following five years of extreme instability and civil unrest, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, now Lieutenant General, overthrew Kasavubu in a 1965 Central Intelligence Agency-backed coup. He had the support of the United States for his staunch opposition to Communism, which would presumably make him a roadblock to Communist schemes in Africa.

Mobutu declared himself president for five years, saying that he needed that long to undo the damage that the politicians had done in the country's first five years of independence. However, within two years, he had set up the Popular Movement of the Revolution as the country's only legal party. In 1970, he appeared alone on the ballot in the country's first direct presidential election. Two weeks later, a single list of MPR candidates was elected to the legislature. For all intents and purposes, the Democratic Republic of the Congo had effectively come to an end, though it would be another year before Mobutu officially changed the country's name to Zaire.

Flags of the Republic of the Congo

• 
  Flag used from 1960 to 1963
• 
  Flag used from 1963 to 1966
• 
  Flag used from 1966 to 1971

See also

• History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Sourcing note

• This image is available from the United States Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division under the digital ID {{{id}}}
  This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Wikipedia:Copyrights for more information.
  - Zaire

Further reading

• Frank R. Villafaña, Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2012.