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Silver Springs (attraction)

Coordinates: 29°13′05″N 82°03′16″W / 29.21806°N 82.05454°W / 29.21806; -82.05454
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Silver Springs
Park entrance
Map
29°13′05″N 82°03′16″W / 29.21806°N 82.05454°W / 29.21806; -82.05454
Date opened1878 (When the glass-bottom boat was created)
Date closedSeptember 15, 2013 (as an attraction)
LocationSilver Springs, Florida, United States of America
Major exhibitsGlass-bottom boat rides
OwnerState of Florida
Websitewww.silversprings.com

Silver Springs is a group of artesian springs that feed into the Silver River in Marion County, Florida. It is the largest artesian spring in the world and Florida's oldest tourist attraction. In 1971 it was designated as a National Natural Landmark. Related amenities developed include glass-bottom boat tours on the river and an amusement park. Long privately owned and operated, the springs area and all associated elements were taken over by the state and made part of Silver Springs State Park in October 2013.

Developed in the late 19th century, the park became a tourist destination for Northerners following the Civil War. Over the years, it changed hands and various operators introduced boat rides and built related attractions, of varying scientific and entertainment quality. It was first used as a location for a Hollywood film in 1916, but became popular with the series of Tarzan films in the 1930s and into the 1950s. The first thorough scientific studies of the Springs were conducted beginning in 1993, and wildlife rehabilitation was started. That year the state bought the underlying land, but private operators continued to conduct the concessions.

Environmental issues such as nitrate runoff, related to development in the region, have affected the health of the park and tourist revenues were declining. On January 23, 2013 the Florida Cabinet announced that the state would take over the facility after the end of the 2013 summer season; the park operators would pay a $4 million buyout of their lease. The state plans to clean up the area and make it part of the adjacent Silver River State Park.[1][2]

History

1800s

The springs were the first tourist attraction in Florida.[3] In the 1860s, Samuel O. Howse bought the 242 acres[3] surrounding the headwaters of the Silver River. Several years after the American Civil War, the springs began to attract tourists from the North.[4] In the late 1870s, Hullam Jones and Phillip Morell developed the general Glass-bottom boat and the glass bottom rowboat, respectively; these were used to take visitors on the river to give them a spectacular and unique view of the springs. Silver Springs gained national attention through journals and guidebooks, and became a mandatory stop on the "grand tour" of Florida. In 1880 former president Ulysses S. Grant visited the area. In the 1890s commercial-sized glass-bottom boats were developed. H.L. Anderson purchased Silver Springs and the surrounding area from Howse in 1898.

1900-1920

C. Carmichael bought 80 acres of land from Anderson in 1909 for less than $3,000. He soon refitted the tour boats with cushioned seats and canopies to enhance their comfort. The Seven Swans was filmed on location at Silver Springs in 1916; it was the first known use of the Springs as a setting for cinematography. President Calvin Coolidge visited the Springs in the 1920s.

1920s-1962

Ocalans W. Carl Ray and W. M. "Shorty" Davidson became partners and bought the land around the Springs in 1924. They incorporated improvements for the tour boats, adding gasoline engines in 1925. Ross Allen, a noted herpetologist, opened the "Ross Allen Reptile Institute" on some of the land near the head of the Springs. It attracted thousands of tourists to the site for many decades.

In the 1930s Colonel Tooey, a concessionaire who operated the "Jungle Cruise" boat ride, established the first troop of wild rhesus monkeys on an island in the Silver River. He planned to use the attraction of the colony as one of the sights on his Jungle Cruise, but did not know that the rhesus monkeys were excellent swimmers. They quickly escaped the island, forming their own feral troops along the river. Rhesus monkeys are still seen along the river.[5] In 1932 the glass-bottom boats were equipped with electric motors.

The Seven Swans was filmed at Silver Springs in 1916, but it was not until 1932 that the location become popular as a filming hot-spot. It was the location for filming of Tarzan the Ape Man, featuring Johnny Weissmuller. During the 1930s and early 1940s, five more of these original Tarzan movies were filmed at Silver Springs. In 1954 Creature from the Black Lagoon was filmed there.

The Silver Springs attraction was restricted to white patrons only during its first several decades of operation. Carl Ray and W.M. Davidson opened an adjacent attraction, Paradise Park, which was "for colored people only", in 1949. Paradise Park became a popular attraction for Black American tourists, and closed in 1969 after Silver Springs became integrated.[6][7]

By 1950 the number of guests annually at Silver Springs was more than 800,000 people. On June 17, 1955, a fire destroyed many buildings by the entrance of Silver Springs, including ticket offices, the gift shop, the cafe, and a storage building. The buildings were rebuilt, and a new building was added across from the dock, with space for retail stores and restaurants. It survives today. In 1958, episodes of the television series Sea Hunt were filmed at Silver Springs, continuing to the end of the series in 1961.

1962-1983

On May 1, 1962, the local newspaper reported that Ray and Davidson were talking to the American Broadcasting Company about selling Silver Springs for $7.5 million, but Ray's son W. C. (Buck) Ray Jr., general manager of the park, denied it.[8] On May 29, representatives announced that Silver Springs was being sold to ABC-Paramount.[9] The sale was completed on October 31, 1962.[10] The sale included the "lease of the Springs, all of the buildings and about 3,900 acres of land from the head of the Springs to the Ocklawaha River". The sale did not include independent concessions such as the Ross Allen Reptile Institute and Tommy Bartlett's Deer Ranch.

ABC wanted to control all the attractions, and in June 1963 gave Bartlett a 30-day notice to move his business or sell it to them. Media attention was drawn, as Bartlett said his lease had been extended to January 29, 1967 before Ray and Davidson sold the park to ABC. The parties had a pre-trial conference planned for April 15, 1965, but settled on April 9, 1965; Bartlett turned over the Deer Ranch and all of its contents to ABC.[11] Allen also eventually made a deal with Silver Springs Inc. and sold his Institute. Their agreement allowed him to stay as director of the Institute, which he did for years until his retirement.

In October 1971, the natural Silver Springs were declared a National Natural Landmark, recognized as a national resource. In 1973 Silver Springs started a wildlife rehabilitation program.

From 1974 to 1978 ABC expanded development at Silver Springs and the surrounding area. In 1974 they started to renovate a 5-acre island. Cypress Island opened as an attraction in November 1974, with formal opening in the spring. Developments included the Cypress Gift Shop and an open-air beer pavilion. Activities and exhibits on the island included a new facility for the Ross Allen Reptile Institute, with three large wooden amphitheaters for reptile shows, and some animal exhibits. The Jungle Cruise loading dock was moved to the island.

ABC developed a sister water park, Wild Waters, giving 450 press representatives a tour of all the Silver Springs facilities on April 28, 1978, before opening the next day to the public.[12][13]

1984-1999

In 1984, ABC sold the land occupied by Silver Springs and Wild Waters to Florida Leisure Attractions. In 1989 Florida Leisure Acquisition Corporation bought the land. It opened a 35-acre "Jeep Safari" in 1990. Visitors are taken into the forest to see wild animals, such as the rhesus monkeys, or entertainment artifacts, such as the tree house built for use in filming the 1930s Tarzan movies. In 1991 "Lost River Voyage" opened to the public. The boat dock was located where the TV series Sea Hunt was filmed. The boat tour took guests 1 mile down the Silver River to a small island where zookeepers showcased native animals. The boat then returned to dock with its passengers.

In 1993 the first comprehensive scientific study of Silver Springs' main spring was conducted, including geological, paleontological and biological studies of the spring. It is the largest artesian spring in the United States. Later in 1993, Florida Leisure Acquisition Corporation (FLAC) sold the land occupied by the Silver Springs and Wild Waters to the State of Florida, but continued to manage the parks under a long-term lease.

In 1994, FLAC opened "A Touch of Garlits," a museum of antique cars and race cars. It opened the White Alligator exhibit a year later in 1995. In 1996, Ogden Entertainment of Florida, Inc. acquired the lease for Silver Springs and Wild Waters. It initiated a multimillion-dollar expansion project in 1997, finishing in early 1999. The largest expansion in Silver Springs history, this project developed the attractions of "World of Bears", "Big Gator Lagoon", "Panther Prowl", "Kids Ahoy!", the Twin Oaks Mansion, and other elements in the park. It moved the Giraffe exhibit. In 1999, Steve Irwin, notable as "Crocodile Hunter," visited the park.

2000-present

On January 14, 2000, the state renamed Cypress Island as Ross Allen Island in honor of the late herpetologist who directed his institute at the park from the 1930s until the 1970s. On January 14, the "Florida Natives" exhibit was opened to the public. Later in 2000, SmartParks, Inc. acquired the lease to Silver Springs and Wild Waters. In March 2002, SmartParks failed to pay the $1.2 million annual lease payment to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.

In July 2002, SmartParks sold Silver Springs/Wild Waters to Palace Entertainment.[14] Palace signed a 20-year management agreement with the state.[3] On March 8, 2004 it closed the "Jungle Cruise" and sold all the associated animals to the Micanopy Zoological Preserve.[15] The attraction was redesigned to show guests Florida history, and was named the Fort King River Cruise, opening in the summer of 2004. Also in 2004, Palace built "The Lighthouse" ride and the Fantastic Fountains water show. These three new attractions were opened on July 8, 2004.[16][17]

The springs began to exhibit problems affecting many springs in Florida, associated with modern development: fertilizer runoff and septic outflow contain nitrates, which resulted in the overgrowth of brown algae.[3] Thick algae mats have formed on the water, and alligators use them for sunning, but the algae is destroying the river habitat.[18] Increased development in the surrounding area has drawn more water from the aquifer, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the volume of water from the springs. Since before 2000, flow has dropped from 510 million gallons per day (mgd) to 346 mgd in 2012.[19]

The pollution has had other adverse effects: a study concluded that the fish population has decreased 90% compared to 1950s levels. To prevent storm runoff from carrying pollution into the springhead, the parking lot will be moved from the area along the waterway.[3]

The last two giraffes at Silver Springs, Kimba and Khama, died on November 7, 2011 and December 19, 2012. They were mates, and were both born at Silver Springs (in 1982 and 1987, respectively). "Frank the Tank", an Aldabra tortoise who had lived in the park for nearly 40 years, died on April 19, 2012. He was the oldest animal in the park, being approximately over 100 years old.[20]

The Tampa Bay Times reported that the park's profit margin over ten years had fallen from 23.5% to a meager 5.3%, and Palace wanted out of their lease before they began losing money. In January 2013, the State of Florida announced it would begin managing the park on October 1 of that year. Palace Entertainment agreed to pay a $4 million buyout to end their lease.[3] The private park closed as of September 21, 2013; it became part of the state park system.

Areas

Although Silver Springs does not have official "areas", the following are areas of attractions and animal exhibits.

Entrance

The main gift shop is located near the entrance. Three flagpoles mark a fork in the path, and the head of Silver Springs. A 1972 plaque identifies Silver Springs as a National Natural Landmark. To the left are shops and restaurants. To the right is a waiting area and loading dock for tours by glass-bottomed boats.

Ross Allen Island

Ross Allen Island, known as Cypress Point Island, Cypress Point and Cypress Island at various times, is a man-made boardwalk area on a 5 1/2-acre island.[21] It opened in November 1974.[22] In 1975 it mainly contained the re-vamped Ross Allen Reptile Institute, which included three wooden amphitheaters for animal shows, and multiple exhibits for reptiles such as alligators, turtles and snakes.

Also, the Jungle Cruise boat dock was moved to the island soon after it opened, and had 6 new boats that were electrically powered (rather than by diesel engine), could hold 70 people, and had a speed of 8-knots when fully loaded.[23] When it opened, the island also had a gift shop (Cypress Market), a snack shop and an open-air beer pavilion (Billy Bowlegs Cafe).[21] During the 1997-1998 expansion of Silver Springs, "Big Gator Lagoon" and "Panther Prowl" were added to Cypress Island.

The area was renamed to "Ross Allen Island" on January 14, 2000, in honor of Allen's long-time contribution to Silver Springs through the Ross Allen Reptile Institute. Also on January 14, the "Florida Natives" exhibit was opened to the public.[24][25]

Ross Allen Island was closed in March 2013 in preparation for the State of Florida's takeover of the park in October that year. All of the animals have been sold, and most of the structures on the island will be torn down, including the Fort King River Cruise (formerly Jungle Cruise) dock and the show amphitheaters. According to the Ocala Star-Banner, new bridges will be built linking the boardwalks.

Twin Oaks Mansion area

Located between the glass-bottom boat dock and the World of Bears area, attractions here have included the Twin Oaks Mansion, built in 1997-1998 in antebellum style; Kiddie Korral, Giraffe exhibit, and the Silver River Showcase Theater. All have been closed.

Twin Oaks Mansion was solely used for the Silver Springs annual Concert Series. Giraffes held in the park were moved to this exhibit during the 1997-98 expansion. The Silver River Showcase Theater is an outdoor "theater" which hosted the Wings of the Springs show.

World of Bears

The World of Bears area was mainly constructed during the 1997-98 expansion of Silver Springs. The things in that area include the World of Bears, Wilderness Trail ride, a gift shop, Kids Ahoy! Playland, the carousel, and used to be the location of the "Lost River Voyage" boat ride. During the 2013 state takeover of the park, this entire area was shut down, and most of the facilities will be destroyed.

Rides and activities

Rides

Located near "Kids Ahoy! Playland" and "Kritter Korral", the 40-passenger carousel features endangered animal figures.

Glass Bottom Boat Rides

Silver Springs' world-renowned "Glass Bottom Boats" take guests on tours of the Silver River, which has its head waters within the park. From the glass bottom boats guests can observe many of the rivers springs and wildlife.[26]

Lighthouse Ride

Located near the headwaters of the Silver River, the Lighthouse Ride combines the features of a carousel and a gondola ride. Passengers rise up to 80 feet above ground to get a panoramic view of the Silver River and the land around it.[27] It was deconstructed in 2013 before the state took over operations in October.

Wilderness Trail Ride

The "Wilderness Trail Ride" is a JEEP ride where guests are taken through a 35-acre section of forest surrounding the park to see many of the native species of animals and see more Silver Springs history (such as Rhesus Monkeys and Tarzan's house from the original Tarzan movies filmed in the 1930s).[27]

Activities

"Wings of the Springs" Show

The "Wings of the Springs" show is located in the outdoor Silver River Showcase Theater, near the Giraffe exhibit. It showcases many birds from around the world. Some of those birds including Parrots, Ducks, Raptors (Eagles, Hawks, Owls, etc.), and other birds.[27]

The current show times are as follows: 12:00 noon on weekdays; 12:00 noon and 2:00 PM on Saturday and Sunday.

Other

Kids Ahoy! Playland

This playland allowed kids to climb ropes, use slides, crawl through tubes, and more. A small ride had miniature motorboats.

Animal exhibits

These are all of the former animal exhibits at Silver Springs. They are all former because all of the remaining exhibits were shut down in 2013 to make way for the state's takeover of the park.

Big Gator Lagoon

Big Gator Lagoon is a multiple-acre exhibit that housed over 20 American alligators at its time of closure in 2013. It maintained a swamp look to coincide with the alligators' natural habitat. It was constructed during the 1997-98 expansion of Silver Springs, and was closed with Ross Allen Island in March 2013.

"Florida Natives" exhibit

The Florida Natives exhibit was opened to the public on January 14, 2000.[24][25] It featured animals and reptiles native to Florida, including otters, many types of snakes, and other reptiles. The otter exhibit was closed in 2012. The entire exhibit was closed and animals relocated in March 2013.

Giraffe exhibit

The Giraffe exhibit in Silver Springs dates back to the early 1980s, and is likely even older than that. The current exhibit is a large roped area with a barn for the giraffes in the center of it. It isn't actually "closed", but it is empty since "Khama", the last Giraffe at Silver Springs, died on December 19, 2012.

Panther Prowl

Panther Prowl, was built during the 1997-98 expansion of Silver Springs. It was accessible from Ross Allen Island; as of March 2013, when it was closed, it housed one Florida Panther and two Western Cougars.

World of Bears

World of Bears was the bear exhibit at Silver Springs. It housed three Kodiak bears and five Black bears when it closed in May 2013. When it was built in 1997, it housed many species of bears, such as Black bears, Kodiak bears, Spectacled bears, and even a Polar bear in the winter. Its last day of operation was on May 23, 2013.

Rides, exhibits and activities

These rides and exhibits are listed in the order they were closed.

Silver Springs Reptile Institute

Founded by Ross Allen in 1929,[3] the Silver Springs Reptile Institute (more commonly known as the Ross Allen Reptile Institute) was a site for research as well as exhibit. Allen developed many snake anti-venoms, including dried anti-venom. He also imported venoms for medical and biochemical purposes.

Originally located near the current entrance to the park, the Institute was demolished and moved to the Cypress Island in the 1970s. It was enlarged on 1974 to include three amphitheaters for animal shows. The park operators used the premises until 2013 for less dangerous animal shows and animal exhibits; they exhibited diverse crocodile and similar species.

"A Touch of Garlits"

Opened in 1994, this museum featured antique cars and race cars.[28] It was a branch of the Don Garlits Museum of Drag Racing, located nearby in Ocala.

Lost River Voyage

Opened in 1991, this boat tour started where the television series Sea Hunt was filmed and continued one mile down the Silver River.[28] It was closed in 2011.

"Reptiles of the World" Show

Located on Ross Allen Island, this exhibit featured Alligators, Crocodiles and Turtles.[27] It was located in one of the three wooden amphitheaters built in the 1970s for the Silver Springs Reptile Institute. It was closed in March 2013 along with the rest of Ross Allen Island.

Non-Venomous Snake Show

This show featured non-venomous snakes and gave visitors a chance to interact with and learn about many such species from around the world. Visitors were also taught about the snakes' place in the local environment.[27] Located in one of the three amphitheaters on Ross Allen Island, it closed in March 2013.

Fort King River Cruise

This tour carried visitors up the Fort King Waterway. On that voyage, historical scenes and exhibits from Silver Spring's past are featured, including replicas of a Seminole Indian village, 1830s Fort King Army stockade, and a pioneer "Cracker" homestead.[29] In the 2000s, park operators started removing non-native animals from attractions and refocused on the regional environment and history. It was closed in March 2013 along with the rest of Ross Allen Island.

References

  1. ^ Stone, Rick (January 24, 2013). "Silver Springs, Oldest Florida Tourist Attraction, Will Become A State Park". WLRN News. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  2. ^ Thompson, Bill (January 24, 2013). http://www.silversprings.com/heritage.html "State lets Palace Entertainment out of Silver Springs lease". Ocala Star~Banner. Retrieved 24 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Rockwell, Lilly (June 20, 2013). "Spring woes in Florida". Florida Trend. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  4. ^ "Silver Springs' Heritage". Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  5. ^ "Silver Springs' Heritage". Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  6. ^ Rizzo, Marian (August 22, 2013). "Paradise Park was a haven for black community". Ocala.com. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  7. ^ Coursen, Liz (March 15, 2016). "Paradise Segregated". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  8. ^ Moorhead, Jim (May 1, 1962). "Silver Springs official denies report world famous attraction has been sold". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  9. ^ Moorhead, Jim (May 29, 1962). "Sale of Silver Springs is confirmed". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  10. ^ Sherer, Ed (October 31, 1962). "ABC-Paramount new owners of Springs as final papers signed". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  11. ^ "Silver Springs purchases Tommy Bartlett's Deer Ranch". Ocala Star-Banner. April 9, 1965. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  12. ^ "Wild Waters Ad". Ocala Star-Banner. April 27, 1978. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  13. ^ "Wild Waters". Ocala Star-Banner. April 29, 1978. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  14. ^ Daniels, Harriet (July 10, 2002). "Sold again". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved June 14, 2013. California company buys Silver Springs, Wild Waters for undisclosed price
  15. ^ Daniels, Harriet (March 9, 2004). "'Real Florida'". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Silver Springs replacing Jungle Cruise with ride depicting Fort King
  16. ^ Conley, Ryan (May 4, 2004). "Coming Attractions". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved June 14, 2013. Silver Springs adding new features
  17. ^ Ricks, Laureen (July 9, 2004). "Big picture". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved June 14, 2013. Visitors have mixed reactions to new features
  18. ^ Pittman, Craig (November 23, 2012). "Florida's vanishing springs". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  19. ^ Pittman, Craig (November 23, 2012). "Silver Springs backers fight proposed cattle ranch". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  20. ^ Medina, Carlos (April 20, 2012). "More than 100-year-old tortoise at theme park dies". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  21. ^ a b "Askew coming to Silver Springs". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida. March 18, 1975. Retrieved February 3, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |deadurl= and |trans_title= (help)
  22. ^ "A welcome to our Governor: A salute to Silver Springs". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida. March 19, 1975. Retrieved February 2, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |deadurl= and |trans_title= (help)
  23. ^ "Springs see dynamic changes". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida. February 2, 1975. Retrieved February 3, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |deadurl= and |trans_title= (help)
  24. ^ a b "Spirit lives on". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida. January 15, 2000. Retrieved February 3, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |deadurl= and |trans_title= (help)
  25. ^ a b "Right at home". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida. February 4, 2000. Retrieved February 3, 2013. Silver Springs' new exhibit shows Florida species in their native habitat {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |deadurl= and |trans_title= (help)
  26. ^ "Silver Springs Boat Rides". Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Silver Springs Rides & Activities". Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  28. ^ a b "Silver Springs' Heritage: Historical timeline". Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  29. ^ "Silver Springs Boat Rides". Retrieved January 26, 2013.
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