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Skene's gland

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Skene's gland
Skene's gland opening is pictured.
Details
PrecursorUrogenital sinus
Identifiers
Latinglandulae vestibulares minores
TA98A09.2.01.017
TA23564
FMA20083
Anatomical terminology
"Periurethral glands" redirects here. For for the male periurethral glands, see Urethral gland.

In female human anatomy, Skene's glands or the Skene glands (/skiːn/; Template:USdict; also known as the lesser vestibular glands, periurethral glands, paraurethral glands,[1] or female prostate) are glands located on the anterior wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra. They drain into the urethra and near the urethral opening and may be near or a part of the G-spot. These glands are surrounded with tissue (which includes the part of the clitoris) that reaches up inside the vagina and swells with blood during sexual arousal.

Structure and function

See also: G-spot § Female prostate, and Female ejaculation

The location of the Skene's gland is the general area of the vulva, glands located on the anterior wall of the vagina around the lower end of the urethra. They are homologous with the prostate gland in males.[2] The Skene's ducts are a pair of ducts leading from the Skene's glands to the surface of the vulva, to the left and right of the urethral opening.

It has been postulated that the Skene's glands are the source of female ejaculation.[3] Female ejaculate, which may emerge during sexual activity for some women, especially during female orgasm, has a composition somewhat similar to the fluid generated in males by the prostate gland,[4][5] containing biochemical markers of sexual function like human urinary protein 1[6] and the enzyme PDE5 where women without the gland had lower concentrations.[7] When examined with electron microscopy, both glands show similar secretory structures,[8] and both act similarly in terms of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase studies.[9][10][11][12] Because they are increasingly perceived as merely different versions of the same gland, some researchers are moving away from the term Skene's gland and are referring to it instead as the female prostate.[13]

In 2002, Emanuele Jannini of University of L'Aquila in Italy showed that there may be an explanation both for female ejaculation and for the frequent denials of its existence. Skene's glands have highly variable anatomy, and in some extreme cases they appear to be absent entirely. If Skene's glands are the cause of female ejaculation and G-spot orgasms, this may explain the absence of the phenomenon in many women.[14][15]

It has been demonstrated that a large amount of fluid can be secreted from this gland when stimulated from inside the vagina.[16] Some reports indicate that embarrassment regarding female ejaculation, and the debated notion that the substance is urine, can lead to purposeful suppression of sexual climax, leading women to seek medical advice and even undergo surgery to "stop the urine".[17]

Clinical significance

Disorders of or related to the Skene's gland include:

A Skene's duct cyst, pressing the urethral opening towards the right side of the image.
  • Skene's duct cyst[20]

History

While the glands were first described by the French surgeon Alphonse Guérin (1816-1895), they were named after the Scottish gynaecologist Alexander Skene, who wrote about it in Western medical literature in 1880.[21][22][23]

See also

References

  1. ^ "paraurethral glands" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  2. ^ Zaviacic M, Jakubovská V, Belosovic M, Breza J (2000). "Ultrastructure of the normal adult human female prostate gland (Skene's gland)". Anat Embryol (Berl). 201 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1007/PL00022920. PMID 10603093.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Rabinerson D, Horowitz E (February 2007). "[G-spot and female ejaculation: fiction or reality?]". Harefuah (in Hebrew). 146 (2): 145–7, 163. PMID 17352286.
  4. ^ Kratochvíl S (1994). "Orgasmic expulsions in women". Cesk Psychiatr. 90 (2): 71–7. PMID 8004685.
  5. ^ Wimpissinger F, Stifter K, Grin W, Stackl W (2007). "The Female Prostate Revisited: Perineal Ultrasound and Biochemical Studies of Female Ejaculate". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 4 (5): 1388–93. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00542.x. PMID 17634056.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Zaviacic M, Danihel L, Ruzicková M, Blazeková J, Itoh Y, Okutani R, Kawai T (March 1997). "Immunohistochemical localization of human protein 1 in the female prostate (Skene's gland) and the male prostate". Histochem J. 29 (3): 219–27. doi:10.1023/A:1026401909678. PMID 9472384.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Nicola Jones (3 July 2002). "Bigger is better when it comes to the G-Spot". New Scientist.
  8. ^ Zaviacic M, Jakubovská V, Belosovic M, Breza J (January 2000). "Ultrastructure of the normal adult human female prostate gland (Skene's gland)". Anat Embryol (Berl). 201 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1007/PL00022920. PMID 10603093. Retrieved 22 June 2007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Zaviacic M, Ruzicková M, Jakubovský J, Danihel L, Babál P, Blazeková J (November 1994). "The significance of prostate markers in the orthology of the female prostate". Bratisl Lek Listy. 95 (11): 491–7. PMID 7533639.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Wernert N, Albrech M, Sesterhenn I, Goebbels R, Bonkhoff H, Seitz G, Inniger R, Remberger K (1992). "The 'female prostate': location, morphology, immunohistochemical characteristics and significance". Eur Urol. 22 (1): 64–9. PMID 1385145.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Tepper SL, Jagirdar J, Heath D, Geller SA (May 1984). "Homology between the female paraurethral (Skene's) glands and the prostate. Immunohistochemical demonstration". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 108 (5): 423–5. PMID 6546868.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Pollen JJ, Dreilinger A (March 1984). "Immunohistochemical identification of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in female periurethral glands". Urology. 23 (3): 303–4. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(84)90053-0. PMID 6199882.
  13. ^ Zaviacic M, Ablin RJ (January 2000). "The female prostate and prostate-specific antigen. Immunohistochemical localization, implications of this prostate marker in women and reasons for using the term "prostate" in the human female". Histol Histopathol. 15 (1): 131–42. PMID 10668204.
  14. ^ Jannini EA, Simonelli C, Lenzi A (2002). "Sexological approach to ejaculatory dysfunction". Int J Androl. 25 (6): 317–23. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00371.x. PMID 12406363.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Jannini EA, Simonelli C, Lenzi A (2002). "Disorders of ejaculation". J Endocrinol Invest. 25 (11): 1006–19. doi:10.1007/bf03344077. PMID 12553564.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Heath D (1984). "An investigation into the origins of a copious vaginal discharge during intercourse: "Enough to wet the bed" - that "is not urine"". J Sex Res. 20 (2): 194–215. doi:10.1080/00224498409551217.
  17. ^ Chalker, Rebecca (2002). The Clitoral Truth: The secret world at your fingertips. New York: Seven Stories. ISBN 1-58322-473-4. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  18. ^ Miranda EP, Almeida DC, Ribeiro GP, Parente JM, Scafuri AG (2008). "Surgical Treatment for Recurrent Refractory Skenitis" (PDF). TheScientificWorldJOURNAL. 8: 658–660. doi:10.1100/tsw.2008.92. PMID 18661053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Gittes RF, Nakamura RM (May 1996). "Female urethral syndrome. A female prostatitis?". Western Journal of Medicine. 164 (5): 435–438. PMC 1303542. PMID 8686301.
  20. ^ S. Gene McNeeley, MD (December 2008). "Skene's duct cyst". Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Merck. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  21. ^ Skene's glands at Who Named It?
  22. ^ Skene A (1880). "The anatomy and pathology of two important glands of the female urethra". Am J Obstet Dis Women Child. 13: 265–70.
  23. ^ synd/2037 at Who Named It?
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