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Sonny Liston
File:Charles Sonny Liston.jpg
Liston in 1963
Born
Charles L. Liston

unknown
Sand Slough, Arkansas, U.S.
Died(1970-12-30)December 30, 1970
Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
NationalityUnited States
Other namesSonny
The Big Bear
Statistics
Weight(s)Heavyweight
Height6 ft 0.5 in (1.84 m)
Reach84 in (2.13 m)[1][2]
StanceOrthodox
Boxing record
Total fights54
Wins50
Wins by KO39
Losses4

Charles L. "Sonny" Liston (died December 30, 1970) was an American professional boxer known for his toughness, punching power and intimidating appearance. A long-avoided contender, he became world heavyweight champion in 1962 by knocking out Floyd Patterson in the first round, repeating the knockout in a defense of the title.

Although widely regarded as unbeatable, Liston lost the title in 1964 to 7–1 underdog Muhammad Ali. Controversy followed with claims he had been drinking heavily the night before the fight. In the rematch Liston suffered a shocking first round knock-out that led to unresolved suspicions of a fix. He was still a world-ranked boxer when he died in mysterious circumstances. Underworld connections—along with his unrecorded date of birth—added to the enigma. The Ring magazine ranked Liston as the seventh greatest heavyweight of all time.

Early life

Family

Charles "Sonny" Liston was born into a sharecropping family who farmed the poor land of Morledge Plantation near Johnson Township, St. Francis County, Arkansas. His father, Tobe Liston, was in his mid-40s when he and his wife, Helen Baskin, who was almost 30 years younger than Tobe, moved to Arkansas from Mississippi in 1916. Helen had one child before she married Tobe, and Tobe had 13 children with his first wife. Tobe and Helen had 12 children together. Sonny was the second youngest child.[3][4]

Date of birth

There is no record of Liston's birth, though in the 1940 census he was listed as 10 years old.[5][6] It has been suggested Liston may not have known what year he was born, as he was not precise on the matter. He finally settled on a date of birth of May 8, 1932 for official purposes but by the time he won the world title an aged appearance added credence to rumors that he was actually several years older.[6][7][8][9][10]

Youth

Tobe Liston inflicted whippings so severe on Sonny that the scars were still visible decades later. "The only thing my old man ever gave me was a beating," Liston said.[11] Helen Baskin moved to St. Louis, Missouri, with some of her children, leaving Liston—aged around 13, according to his later reckonings—in Arkansas with his father. Sonny thrashed the pecans from his brother-in-law's tree and sold them in Forrest City. With the proceeds he traveled to St. Louis and reunited with his mother and siblings. Liston tried going to school but quickly left after jeers about his illiteracy; the only employment he could obtain was sporadic and exploitative.[3]

Liston turned to crime and led a gang of toughs who committed muggings and armed robberies. He became known to the St. Louis police as the "Yellow Shirt Bandit", due to the shirt he wore during robberies. Liston was caught in January 1950. He gave his age as 20, while the St. Louis Globe-Democrat reported that he was 22.[3] Liston was convicted and sentenced to five years in Missouri State Penitentiary. His time in prison started on June 1, 1950.[7]

Liston never complained about prison, saying he was guaranteed three meals every day.[12] The athletic director at Missouri State Penitentiary, Rev. Alois Stevens, suggested to Liston that he try boxing, and his obvious aptitude, along with an endorsement from Stevens, who was also a priest, aided Liston in getting an early parole. Stevens organized a sparring session with a professional heavyweight named Thurman Wilson to showcase Liston's potential. After two rounds, Wilson had taken enough. "Better get me out of this ring, he is going to kill me!" he exclaimed.[13]

Amateur boxing career

After he was released from prison on October 31, 1952, Liston had a brief amateur career which spanned less than a year. Liston captured the Chicago Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions on March 6, 1953, with a victory over 1952 Olympic Heavyweight Champion Ed Sanders. He then outpointed Julius Griffin, winner of the New York Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions, to capture the Intercity Golden Gloves Championship on March 26. Liston was dropped in the first round, but he came back to control the next two rounds and had Griffin hanging on at the end.[citation needed]

Liston competed in the 1953 National Amateur Athletic Union Tournament and lost in the quarterfinals to 17-year-old Jimmy McCarter on April 15. Liston would later employ McCarter as a sparring partner.[14]

Liston boxed in an International Golden Gloves competition at Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis on June 23, and knocked out Hermann Schreibauer of West Germany at 2:16 of the first round. The previous month, Schreibauer had won a bronze medal in the European Championships.[15] At this time, the head coach of the St. Louis Golden Gloves team, Tony Anderson, stated that Liston was the strongest fighter he had ever seen.[citation needed]

Professional boxing career

Liston signed a contract in September 1953, exclaiming: "Whatever you tell me to do, I'll do."[13] The only ones who had been willing to put up the necessary money for him to turn professional were close to underworld figures, and Liston supplemented his income by working for racketeers as an intimidator-enforcer. The connections to organized crime were an advantage early in his career, but were later used against him.[16]

Liston made his professional debut on September 2, 1953, knocking out Don Smith in the first round in St. Louis, where he fought his first five bouts. Though not particularly tall for a heavyweight at 6 ft 0.5 in (1.84 m), he had an exceptionally powerful physique and disproportionate reach at 84 inches (2.13 m)[1][2] Liston's fists measured 15 inches (38 cm) around, the largest of any heavyweight champion. Sports Illustrated writer Mort Sharnik said his hands "looked like cannonballs when he made them into fists." Liston's noticeably more muscular left arm, crushing left jab and powerful left hook lent credence to the widely held belief that he was left-handed but utilized an orthodox stance.[citation needed]

Early in his career, Liston faced capable opponents. In his sixth bout, he faced John Summerlin (18-1-2) on national television and won by an eight-round decision. In his next fight, he had a rematch with Summerlin and again won an eight-round decision. Both fights were in Summerlin's hometown of Detroit, Michigan.[17]

Liston suffered his first defeat in his eighth fight on September 7, 1954, losing against Marty Marshall, a journeyman with an awkward style. In the third round, Marshall nailed Liston—reportedly while he was laughing—and broke his jaw. A stoic Liston finished the fight but lost by an eight-round split decision. On April 21, 1956, Liston defeated Marshall in a rematch, dropping him four times en route to a sixth-round knockout. They had a rubber match on March 6, 1956, which Liston won by a lopsided ten-round unanimous decision.[citation needed]

Liston's criminal record, compounded by a personal association with a notorious labor racketeer, led to the police stopping him on sight, and he began to avoid main streets. On May 5, 1956, a cop confronted Liston and a friend about a cab parked near Liston's home. Liston assaulted the officer, breaking his knee and gashing his face. He also took his gun. Liston claimed the officer used racial slurs. A widely publicized account of Liston resisting arrest—even after nightsticks were allegedly broken over his skull—added to the public perception of him as a nightmarish "monster" who was impervious to punishment. He was paroled after serving six months of a nine-month sentence and prohibited from boxing during 1957. After repeated overnight detention by the St. Louis police and a thinly veiled threat to his life, Liston left for Philadelphia.[18]

In 1958, Liston returned to boxing. He won eight fights that year, six by knockout. Liston also got a new manager in 1958: Joseph "Pep" Barone, who was a front man for mobsters Frankie Carbo and Frank "Blinky" Palermo. The year 1959 was a banner one for Liston: after knocking out contender Mike DeJohn in six rounds, he faced Cleveland Williams, a fast-handed fighter who was billed as the hardest-hitting heavyweight in the world. Against Williams, Liston showed durability, power and skill, nullifying Williams' best work before stopping him in the third round. This victory is regarded by some as Liston's most impressive performance. He rounded out the year by stopping Nino Valdez and Willi Besmanoff.[citation needed]

In 1960, Liston won five more fights, including a rematch with Williams, who lasted only two rounds. Liston's physique was artificially enhanced with towels under his robe when he entered the ring. Roy Harris, who had gone 13 rounds with Floyd Patterson in a title match, was crushed in one round by Liston. Top contender Zora Folley was stopped in three rounds and the run of knockouts led to Liston being touted as a "champion in waiting."[citation needed]

Liston's streak of nine straight knockout victories ended when he won a unanimous twelve-round decision against Eddie Machen on September 7, 1960. Machen's mobility enabled him to go the distance. However, Machen's taunting and his spoiling tactics of dodging and grappling—at one point almost heaving Liston over the ropes—so alienated the audience that Liston received unaccustomed support from the crowd.[19] Before his bout with Liston, Muhammad Ali consulted Machen and was advised that the key to success was to make Liston lose his temper.[19]

Boxing style

Writer Gilbert Rogin assessed Liston's style and physique after his win over Foley. He said that Liston was not quick with his hand- or foot-work, that he relied too much on his ability to take a punch, and that he could be vulnerable to an opponent with more hand speed. "But can he hit!" Rogin wrote. "There is power in both his left and his right, even though the fists move with the languor of motoring royalty or as if passing through a gaseous envelope more dense than air." Rogin called Liston's body "awesome—arms like fence posts, thighs like silos." His defense was described as "the gate-crossing of arms a la Archie Moore."[20]

Title challenge delay

Liston became the No. 1 contender in 1960, but the handlers of World Heavyweight Champion Floyd Patterson refused to give him a shot at the title because of Liston's links to organized crime.[21] Ironically, Patterson's manager, Cus D'Amato, associated with racketeers and had his manager's license revoked by the New York State Athletic Commission for alleged misconduct in connection with the Floyd Patterson-Ingemar Johansson title fight in June 1959.[22]

Civic leaders were also reluctant, worrying that Liston's unsavory character would set a bad example to youth. The NAACP had urged Patterson not to fight Liston, fearing that a Liston victory would hurt the civil rights movement.[23] Many African-Americans disdained Liston. Asked by a young white reporter why he wasn't fighting for freedom in the South, Liston deadpanned, "I ain't got no dog-proof ass."[24] However, in the aftermath of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Liston broke off a European boxing exhibition tour to return home and was quoted as saying he was "ashamed to be in America."[25]

United States President John F. Kennedy also did not want Patterson to fight Liston. When Patterson met with the president in January 1962, Kennedy suggested that Patterson avoid Liston, citing Justice Department concerns over Liston's ties to organized crime.[26]

Jack Dempsey spoke for many when he was quoted as saying that Sonny Liston should not be allowed to fight for the title. Liston angrily responded by questioning whether Dempsey's failure to serve in World War I qualified him to moralize.[27] Frustrated, Liston changed his management in 1961 and applied pressure through the media by remarking that Patterson, who had faced mostly white challengers since becoming champion, was drawing the color line against his own race.[28]

Liston vs. Patterson

Patterson finally signed to meet Liston for the world title on September 25, 1962, in Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois.[29] Leading up to the fight, Liston was an 8-5 betting favorite, though many picked Patterson to win. In an Associated Press poll, 64 of 102 reporters picked Patterson. Sports Illustrated predicted a Patterson victory in 15 rounds, stating: "Sonny has neither Floyd's speed nor the versatility of his attack. He is a relatively elementary, one-track fighter." Former champions James J. Braddock, Jersey Joe Walcott, Ezzard Charles, Rocky Marciano and Ingemar Johansson all picked Patterson to win. Muhammad Ali (at the time a rising contender named Cassius Clay) predicted a knockout by Liston in the first five rounds.[citation needed]

The fight turned out to be a mismatch. Liston, with a 25-pound weight advantage (214 lb (97.07 kg) to 189 lb (85.73 kg)), knocked out Patterson at 2:06 of the first round, putting him down for the count with a powerful left hook to the jaw. Sports Illustrated writer Gilbert Rogin wrote: "that final left hook crashed into Patterson's cheek like a diesel rig going downhill, no brakes." It was the third-fastest knockout in a world heavyweight title fight and the first time the champion had been knocked out in round one.[citation needed]

Rogin wrote that Patterson backers expected him to "go inside on Liston, fire away and then run like a thief in the night. He would not close in until the accumulated inside damage and Liston's own frustration had sapped the challenger's strength and will." Patterson's mistake was that he "did not punch enough and frequently tried to clinch with Liston....In these feckless clinches he only managed to tie up one of Liston's arms. A grateful Liston found there was no need to give chase. The victim sought out the executioner." Rogin discounted speculation that Patterson had thrown the fight, writing: "The genesis of all this wide-eyed theorizing and downright baloney was the fact that many spectators failed to see the knockout blows."[30][31]

Heavyweight Champion of the World

On winning the Heavyweight Championship of the World, Liston had a speech prepared for the crowd that friends had assured him would meet him at the Philadelphia airport. But upon arrival, Liston was met by only a handful of reporters and public relations staff. Writer Jack McKinney said, "I watched Sonny. His eyes swept the whole scene....You could feel the deflation, see the look of hurt in his eyes....He had been deliberately snubbed. Philadelphia wanted nothing to do with him."

During an era when white journalists still described black sportsmen in stereotypes, Liston had long been a target of racially charged slurs; he was called a "gorilla" and "a jungle beast" in print. Larry Merchant, then a writer with the Philadelphia Daily News, wrote: "A celebration for Philadelphia's first heavyweight champ is now in order....Emily Post would probably recommend a ticker-tape parade. For confetti we can use torn-up arrest warrants." He also wrote that Liston's win over Patterson proved that "in a fair fight between good and evil, evil must win." Some writers thought Liston brought bad press on himself by a surly and hostile attitude toward journalists. He also had a reputation for bullying people such as porters and waitresses.[32]

Liston's run-ins with the police had continued in Philadelphia. He particularly resented a 1961 arrest by a black patrolman for loitering, claiming to have merely been signing autographs and chatting with fans outside a drug store.[33] One month later, Liston was accused of impersonating a police officer by using a flashlight to wave down a female motorist in Fairmount Park, although all charges were later dropped. Subsequently, Liston spent some months in Denver where a Catholic priest who acted as his spiritual adviser attempted to help bring his drinking under control. After he won the title, Liston relocated to Denver permanently, saying, "I'd rather be a lamppost in Denver than the mayor of Philadelphia."[24]

Liston vs. Patterson II

Patterson and Liston had a rematch clause in their contract. Patterson wanted a chance to redeem himself, so they had a rematch on July 22, 1963, in Las Vegas, Nevada. Patterson, a 4-1 betting underdog, was knocked down three times and counted out at 2:10 of the first round. The fight lasted four seconds longer than the first one.[24] Liston's victory was loudly booed. "The public is not with me. I know it," Liston said afterward. "But they'll have to swing along until somebody comes to beat me."[32]

Liston vs. Ali

Main article: Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston

Liston made his second title defense against Muhammad Ali—at the time Cassius Clay—on February 25, 1964, in Miami Beach, Florida. Liston was a 7–1 betting favorite. In a pre-fight poll, 43 of 46 sportswriters picked Sonny Liston to win by knockout. Some were surprised during the referee's instructions to see that Ali was a couple of inches taller than Liston, the so-called "Big Bear."

Liston charged Ali at the opening bell, looking to end the fight quickly and decisively. However, Ali's superior speed and movement were immediately evident, as he slipped most of Liston's lunging punches, making the champion look awkward. Ali clearly gained confidence as the round progressed. He hit Liston with a combination that electrified the crowd with about 30 seconds left in the round and began scoring repeatedly with his left jab (the round lasted an extra 20 seconds because referee Barney Felix didn't hear the bell).

Liston settled down somewhat in round two. At one point, he cornered Ali against the ropes and hit him with a hard left hook. Ali later confessed that he was hurt by the punch, but Liston failed to press his advantage. Two of the official scorers awarded the round to Liston and the other had it even.

In the third round, Ali began to take control of the fight. At about 30 seconds into the round, he hit Liston with several combinations, causing a bruise under Liston's right eye and a cut under his left, which eventually required eight stitches to close. It was the first time in his career that Liston had been cut. At one point in this attack, Liston's knees buckled and he almost went down as he was driven to the ropes.[34] A clearly angered Liston rallied at the end of the round, as Ali seemed tired, and delivered punishing shots to Ali's body. It was probably Liston's best moment in the entire fight.[35] Sitting on his stool between rounds, Liston was breathing heavily as his cornermen worked on his cut.

During the fourth round, Ali coasted, keeping his distance. However, when he returned to his corner, he started complaining that there was something burning in his eyes and he could not see. "I didn't know what the heck was going on," Angelo Dundee, Ali's trainer, recalled on an NBC special 25 years later. "He said, 'cut the gloves off. I want to prove to the world there's dirty work afoot.' And I said, 'whoa, whoa, back up baby. C'mon now, this is for the title, this is the big apple. What are you doing? Sit down!' So I get him down, I get the sponge and I pour the water into his eyes trying to cleanse whatever's there, but before I did that I put my pinkie in his eye and I put it into my eye. It burned like hell. There was something caustic in both eyes." Biographer Wilfrid Sheed wrote in his book, Muhammad Ali: A Portrait in Words and Photographs, that Ali's protests were heard by ringside members of the Nation of Islam who initially suspected Dundee had blinded his fighter and that the trainer deliberately wiped his own eyes with the corner sponge to demonstrate to Ali's approaching bodyguards that he had not intentionally blinded him.

The commotion wasn't lost on referee Barney Felix, who was walking toward Ali's corner. Felix later said Ali was seconds from being disqualified.[36] The challenger, his arms held high in surrender, was demanding that the fight be stopped and Dundee, fearing the fight might indeed be halted, gave his charge a one-word order: "Run!"

Many theorized that a substance used on Liston's cuts by Joe Pollino, his cutman, may have inadvertently caused the irritation.[37]

Ali later said in round five he could only see a faint shadow of Liston during most of the round, but by circling and moving frantically he managed to avoid Liston and somehow survive. At one point, Ali was wiping his eyes with his right hand while extending his left arm—"like a drunk leaning on a lamppost" Bert Sugar wrote—to keep Liston at bay.[38] By the sixth round, Ali's sight had cleared, and a clearly enraged Ali fought a blisteringly aggressive round landing combinations of punches at all angles seemingly at will.[39]

Liston failed to answer the bell for the seventh round, and Ali was declared the winner by technical knockout. It was the first time since 1919—when Jack Dempsey defeated Jess Willard—that a World Heavyweight Champion had quit on his stool. Liston said he quit because of a shoulder injury. Dr. Alexander Robbins, chief physician for the Miami Beach Boxing Commission, diagnosed Liston with a torn tendon in his left shoulder. However, David Remnick, for his book, King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero, spoke with one of Liston's cornermen, who told him that Liston could have continued: "[The shoulder] was all BS. We had a return bout clause with Clay, but if you say your guy just quit, who is gonna get a return bout. We cooked up that shoulder thing on the spot."[40] Hall of Fame matchmaker Teddy Brenner also disputed the shoulder injury, claiming he saw Liston use the same arm to throw a chair in his dressing room after the match.[41]

Liston vs. Ali II

Liston trained hard for the rematch, which was scheduled to take place November 13, 1964, in Boston, Massachusetts. Time magazine said Liston had worked himself into the best shape of his career. However, there were again rumors of alcohol abuse in training.[42] The extent to which Liston's heavy drinking and possible drug use may have contributed to his surprisingly poor performances against Ali is not known.[11]

Three days before the fight, Ali needed emergency surgery for a strangulated hernia. The bout would need to be delayed by six months.[43] The new date was set for May 25, 1965. But as it approached, there were fears that the promoters were tied to organized crime and Massachusetts officials, most notably Suffolk County District Attorney Garrett Byrne, began to have second thoughts. Byrne sought an injunction blocking the fight in Boston because Inter-Continental Promotions was promoting the fight without a Massachusetts license. Inter-Continental said local veteran Sam Silverman was the promoter. On May 7, backers of the rematch ended the court battle by pulling the fight out of Boston.[44] The promoters needed a new location quickly, whatever the size, to rescue their closed circuit television commitment around the country. Governor John H. Reed of Maine stepped forward, and within a few hours, the promoters had a new site: Lewiston, Maine, a mill town with a population of about 41,000 located 140 miles (230 km) north of Boston.

The ending of the fight remains one of the most controversial in boxing history. Midway through the first round, Liston threw a left jab and Ali went over it with a fast right, knocking the former champion down. Liston went down on his back. He rolled over, got to his right knee and then fell on his back again. Many in attendance did not see Ali deliver the punch. The fight quickly descended into chaos. Referee Jersey Joe Walcott, a former World Heavyweight Champion himself, had a hard time getting Ali to go to a neutral corner. Ali initially stood over his fallen opponent, gesturing and yelling at him, "Get up and fight, sucker!"

When Walcott got back to Liston and looked at the knockdown timekeeper, Francis McDonough, to pick up the count, Liston had fallen back on the canvas. Walcott never did pick up the count. He said he could not hear McDonough, who did not have a microphone. Also, McDonough did not bang on the canvas or motion a number count with his fingers. McDonough, however, claimed Walcott was looking at the crowd and never at him. After Liston arose, Walcott wiped off his gloves. He then left the fighters to go over to McDonough. "The timekeeper was waving both hands and saying, 'I counted him out—the fight is over,'" Walcott said after the fight. "Nat Fleischer [editor of The Ring] was sitting beside McDonough and he was waving his hands, too, saying it was over." Walcott then rushed back to the fighters, who had resumed boxing, and stopped the fight—awarding Ali a first-round knockout victory.[45] Strict interpretation of the knockdown/count rule states it is the referee's count and not the timekeeper's that is the official count. Furthermore, that count cannot be started until the fighter scoring the knockdown goes to and remains in a neutral corner. Ali did neither. Walcott never began a count in the ring because of Ali's non-compliance and his physical struggle with getting Ali to go to that neutral corner. The interference of ringside reporters regarding interpretation of the rules, the fight stoppage and the controversy after the fight had not been seen since The Long Count Fight between Champion Gene Tunney and challenger Jack Dempsey in 1927.

The fight ranks as one of the shortest heavyweight title bouts in history. Many in the small crowd had not even settled in their seats when the fight was stopped. The official time of the stoppage was announced as 1:00 into the first round, which was wrong. Liston went down at 1:44, got up at 1:56, and Walcott stopped the fight at 2:12.

Numerous fans booed and started yelling, "Fix!" Many did not see the punch land and some of those who did see it land, didn't think it was powerful enough to knock Liston out. Skeptics called the knockout blow "the phantom punch." Ali called it "the anchor punch." He said it was taught to him by comedian and film actor Stepin Fetchit, who learned it from Jack Johnson.

There were some, however, who believed the fight was legitimate. World Light Heavyweight Champion José Torres said, "It was a perfect punch." Jim Murray of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it was "no phantom punch." And Tex Maule of Sports Illustrated wrote, "The blow had so much force it lifted Liston's left foot, upon which most of his weight was resting, well off the canvas."

Some found it hard to believe that the punch could have floored a man like Liston. Hall of Fame announcer Don Dunphy said, "Here was a guy who was in prison and the guards used to beat him over the head with clubs and couldn't knock him down." But others contend that he wasn't the same Liston. Dave Anderson of the New York Times said Liston "looked awful" in his last workout before the fight. Liston's handlers secretly paid sparring partner Amos Lincoln an extra $100 to take it easy on him. Arthur Daley of the New York Times wrote that Liston's handlers knew he "didn't have it anymore."[46]

Former champions Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Floyd Patterson and Gene Tunney, as well as contender George Chuvalo all stated that they considered the fight to be a fake. Some felt the knockdown was real but the knockout was fake. Ali biographer Wilfrid Sheed opines in his book, Muhammad Ali: A Portrait in Words and Photographs, that Liston planned to throw the fight for reasons unknown and used the legitimate first round knockdown to do so. Sheed says that the punch and the knockdown "may have been genuine, but when referee Joe Walcott blew the count and gave him all evening to get up, Liston's rendition of a coma wouldn't have fooled a possum."

While Liston publicly denied taking a dive, Sports Illustrated writer Mark Kram said that years later Liston told him, "That guy [Ali] was crazy. I didn't want anything to do with him. And the Muslims were coming up. Who needed that? So I went down. I wasn't hit."[47]

Subsequent fights

After the second loss to Ali, Liston stayed out of the ring for more than a year. He returned with four consecutive knockout victories in Sweden between July 1966 and April 1967, all four co-promoted by former World Heavyweight Champion Ingemar Johansson. One of the victories was over Amos Johnson, who had recently defeated British champion Henry Cooper.

Liston returned to the United States and won seven fights, all by knockout, in 1968. America's first look at Liston since the Ali rematch was when he fought fifth–ranked Henry Clark in a nationally broadcast bout in July 1968. Liston won by a seventh-round technical knockout and seemed on the verge of making a comeback to the big time. He talked of a fight with Joe Frazier, claiming, "It'd be like shooting fish in a barrel." Liston won fourteen consecutive bouts, thirteen by knockout, before fighting third-ranked Leotis Martin in December 1969. Liston decked Martin with a left hook in the fourth round and dominated most of the fight, but Martin came back and knocked Liston out cold in the ninth round. Unfortunately for Martin, his career ended after that fight because of a detached retina he suffered during the bout.

Liston won his final fight, a tough match against future world title challenger Chuck Wepner in June 1970.[48] The bout was stopped after the ninth round due to cuts over both of Wepner's eyes. Wepner needed 72 stitches and suffered a broken cheekbone and nose.

Personal life

Liston married Geraldine Chambers in St. Louis, Missouri, on June 10, 1950. Geraldine had a daughter from a previous relationship, and the Listons subsequently adopted a boy from Sweden. Liston biographer Paul Gallender claims that Liston fathered several children, though none with his wife. Geraldine remembered her husband as, "Great with me, great with the kids. He was a gentle man."[24]

Death

Following the win over Wepner, Liston was going to face Canadian champion George Chuvalo, but the fight never happened. "When I signed to fight him (in December 1970) he'd been dead for a week," Chuvalo stated years later. "He passed away after I'd sent a telegram to the promoter, agreeing terms to the fight at the Montreal Forum. A day or so later a news report flashes up saying former heavyweight champion of the world Sonny Liston found dead at his Las Vegas home. I'd actually signed a contract to face a dead man."[49]

Liston was found dead by his wife, Geraldine, in their Las Vegas home on January 5, 1971.[50] On returning home from a two-week trip, Geraldine had smelled a foul odor emanating from the main bedroom and on entering saw Sonny slumped up against the bed, a broken foot bench on the floor. Authorities theorized that he was undressing for bed when he fell over backward with such force that he broke the rail of the bench. Geraldine called Sonny's attorney and his doctor but didn't notify the police until two to three hours later.[51]

Sergeant Dennis Caputo of the Clark County Sheriff's Department was one of the first officers on the scene. Caputo found a quarter-ounce of heroin in a balloon in the kitchen and a half-ounce of marijuana in Liston's pants pocket, but no syringes or needles. Some found it suspicious that authorities could not locate any drug paraphernalia that Liston presumably would have needed to inject the fatal dose, such as a spoon to cook the heroin or a tourniquet to wrap around his arm. However, former Las Vegas police sergeant Gary Beckwith said, "It wasn't uncommon for family members in these cases to go through and tidy up...to save family embarrassment."[52]

Following an investigation, Las Vegas police concluded that there were no signs of foul play and declared Liston's death a heroin overdose. "It was common knowledge that Sonny was a heroin addict," said Caputo. "The whole department knew about it." The date of death listed on his death certificate is December 30, 1970, which police estimated by judging the number of milk bottles and newspapers at the front door.[citation needed]

Coroner Mark Herman said traces of heroin byproducts were found in Liston's system, but not in amounts large enough to have caused his death. Also, scar tissue, possibly from needle marks, was found in the bend of Liston's left elbow. The toxicology report said his body was too decomposed for the tests to be conclusive. Officially, Liston died of lung congestion and heart failure.[53] He had been suffering from hardening of the heart muscle and lung disease before his death.[54] Liston had been hospitalized in early December, complaining of chest pains.[55]

Many people who knew Liston insisted that he was afraid of needles and never would have used heroin. "He had a deadly fear of needles," said Davey Pearl, a boxing referee and friend of Liston's. "There was nothing Sonny feared more than a needle. I know!" said Liston's Philadelphia dentist, Dr. Nick Ragni. "He was afraid of needles," echoed Father Edward Murphy. "He would do everything to avoid taking shots." According to Liston's trainer, Willie Reddish, Liston cancelled a planned tour to Africa in 1963 because he refused to get the required inoculations. Liston's wife also reported that her husband would refuse basic medical care for common colds because of his dislike of needles.[56]

"The month before he died, some guy ran into Sonny while he was making a left turn. He had a whiplash, so they took him to the hospital," said boxing trainer Johnny Tocco. "He said: 'Look what they did!' and he was pointing at some little bandage over the needle mark in his arm. He was more angry about that shot than he was about the car wreck. A couple weeks later, he was still complainin' about that needle mark. To this day, I'm convinced that's what the coroner saw in his exam—that hospital needle mark."[57]

Some claim Liston was murdered. There are several theories as to why: (1) Publicist Harold Conrad and others believed that Liston was deeply involved as a bill collector in a loan-sharking ring in Las Vegas. When he tried to muscle in for a bigger share of the action, Conrad surmised that his employers got him very drunk, took him home, and stuck him with a needle. (2) Professional gambler Lem Banker insists that Liston was murdered by drug dealers with whom he'd become involved. Banker said he was told by police that Liston had been seen at a house that would be the target of a drug raid. Banker said, "Sheriff [Ralph] Lamb told me, 'Tell your pal Sonny to stay away from the West Side because we're going to bust the drug dealers.'" Banker later learned that the police told Liston the same thing to his face. He apparently was at the dealers' house shortly before they got busted. Because of that, the dealers may have thought Sonny ratted on them and they shot him with a hot dose as retribution. (3) The mob promised Liston some money to throw the second Ali fight but they never paid him. As the years passed and Liston's financial situation worsened, he got angry and told the mob he'd go public with the story unless they gave him the money. That got him killed. (4) Liston was supposed to take a dive when he fought Chuck Wepner six months earlier, and killing him was payback for his failure to do so.[55]

Some believe the police covered up what happened. On January 1, Liston's wife called Johnny Tocco and said she hadn't heard from her husband in three days and was worried. A few years before he died, Johnny Tocco allegedly told his good friend, Tony Davi, that he went to Liston's house and found the door locked and his car in the driveway. Tocco called the police, and they broke into the house. Tocco said that the living room furniture was in disarray but the house did not yet smell of death. He said they found Sonny lying on his bed with a needle sticking out of his arm. Johnny left the house before the police did. "Johnny wasn't a braggart," Davi told Liston biographer Paul Gallender. "He told me in the strictest confidence, but it was like he wanted to get it off his chest." Gallender claims, "A lot of officers knew Sonny was dead before Geraldine returned home on January 5, but they chose to let him rot."[55]

Liston is interred in Paradise Memorial Gardens in Las Vegas, Nevada. His headstone bears two words: A Man.[citation needed]

Professional boxing record

50 Wins (39 knockouts, 11 decisions), 4 Losses (3 knockouts, 1 decision), 0 Draws[58]
Res. Record Opponent Type Round Date Location Notes
Win 50–4 United States Chuck Wepner RTD 9 (10) June 29, 1970 United States Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, United States Wepner was down in the 5th round from a body punch. The fight was stopped by the ring doctor after round 9 because of multiple cuts on Wepner's face.
Loss 49–4 United States Leotis Martin KO 9 (12) December 6, 1969 United States International Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States For the vacant NABF Heavyweight title. Martin was down in round 4 and was behind on points when he KO'd Liston. Martin was forced to retire shortly afterward, as he suffered a detached retina in this bout.
Win 49–3 United States Sonny Moore KO 3 (10) September 23, 1969 United States Sam Houston Coliseum, Houston, Texas, United States
Win 48–3 United States George Johnson TKO 7 (10) May 19, 1969 United States Convention Hall, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win 47–3 United States Billy Joiner UD 10 March 28, 1969 United States Kiel Auditorium, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Win 46–3 United States Amos Lincoln KO 2 (10) December 10, 1968 United States Civic Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Win 45–3 United States Roger Rischer KO 3 (10) November 12, 1968 United States Civic Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Main event of a benefit card for Ben Anolik, Pennsylvania's first heart transplant patient.
Win 44–3 United States Willis Earls KO 2 (10) November 3, 1968 Mexico Bull Ring, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
Win 43–3 United States Sonny Moore TKO 3 (10) October 14, 1968 United States Veteran's Memorial Coliseum, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Win 42–3 United States Henry Clark TKO 7 (10) July 6, 1968 United States Cow Palace, Daly City, California, United States
Win 41–3 United States Billy Joiner RTD 7 (10) May 23, 1968 United States Grand Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States Joiner was down in the 3rd round. Joiner retired in his corner after round 7.
Win 40–3 United States Bill McMurray KO 4 (10) March 16, 1968 United States Coliseum, Reno, Nevada, United States
Win 39–3 United States Elmer Rush TKO 6 (10) April 28, 1967 Sweden Johanneshov, Stockholm, Sweden Rush was down twice in the 4th round, three times in 5th and four times in 6th.
Win 38–3 United States Dave Bailey KO 1 (10) March 30, 1967 Sweden Mässhallen, Gothenburg, Sweden
Win 37–3 United States Amos Johnson KO 3 (10) August 19, 1966 Sweden Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Win 36–3 Germany Gerhard Zech KO 7 (10) July 1, 1966 Sweden Johanneshov, Stockholm, Sweden
Loss 35–3 United States Muhammad Ali KO 1 (15) May 25, 1965 United States St. Dominic's Hall, Lewiston, Maine, United States For World Heavyweight title.
Loss 35–2 United States Muhammad Ali TKO 6 (15) February 25, 1964 United States Convention Hall, Miami Beach, Florida, United States Lost World Heavyweight title. Liston retired on his stool after round 6 citing an injured shoulder. Named 1964 Fight of the Year by The Ring magazine.
Win 35–1 United States Floyd Patterson KO 1 (15) July 22, 1963 United States Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Retained World Heavyweight Title. Patterson was knocked down three times.
Win 34–1 United States Floyd Patterson KO 1 (15) September 25, 1962 United States Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois, United States Won World Heavyweight Title. Liston made history by becoming the first man to win the heavyweight title with a first-round knockout.
Win 33–1 Germany Albert Westphal KO 1 (10) December 4, 1961 United States Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States This was the first time Westphal was knocked down in his career.
Win 32–1 United States Howard King TKO 3 (10) March 8, 1961 United States Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
Win 31–1 United States Eddie Machen UD 12 September 7, 1960 United States Sick's Stadium, Seattle, Washington, United States Liston was penalized three points for low blows.
Win 30–1 United States Zora Folley KO 3 (12) July 18, 1960 United States Coliseum, Denver, Colorado, United States Liston's sledge-hammer hands smashed Folley to the canvas twice in the 2nd round.
Win 29–1 United States Roy Harris TKO 1 (10) April 25, 1960 United States Sam Houston Coliseum, Houston, Texas, United States Harris was down three times.
Win 28–1 United States Cleveland Williams TKO 2 (10) March 21, 1960 United States Sam Houston Coliseum, Houston, Texas, United States Williams was down for an 8-count before the knockout.
Win 27–1 United States Howard King TKO 8 (10) February 23, 1960 United States Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
Win 26–1 Germany Willi Besmanoff TKO 7 (10) December 9, 1959 United States Arena, Cleveland, Ohio, United States Besmanoff absorbed a barrage of punches in the 6th round and was bleeding from several bad gashes over his eyes. The referee stopped the bout between rounds 6 and 7.
Win 25–1 Cuba Nino Valdez KO 3 (10) August 5, 1959 United States Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Win 24–1 United States Cleveland Williams TKO 3 (10) April 15, 1959 United States Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States Williams was knocked down twice in the 3rd round.
Win 23–1 United States Mike DeJohn TKO 6 (10) February 18, 1959 United States Exhibition Hall, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
Win 22–1 United States Ernie Cab TKO 8 (10) November 18, 1958 United States Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States The ring doctor stopped the bout due to Cab's left eye and nose being cut.
Win 21–1 United States Bert Whitehurst UD 10 October 24, 1958 United States Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, United States Whitehurst was knocked through the ropes and was attempting to climb back into the ring as the final bell rang at the count of seven.
Win 20–1 United States Frankie Daniels KO 1 (10) October 7, 1958 United States Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
Win 19–1 United States Wayne Bethea TKO 1 (10) August 6, 1958 United States Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Win 18–1 Cuba Julio Mederos RTD 2 (10) May 14, 1958 United States Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Win 17–1 United States Bert Whitehurst PTS 10 April 3, 1958 United States Kiel Auditorium, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Win 16–1 United States Ben Wise TKO 4 (10) March 11, 1958 United States Midwest Gymnasium, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Win 15–1 United States Billy Hunter TKO 2 (10) January 29, 1958 United States Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Win 14–1 United States Marty Marshall UD 10 March 6, 1956 United States Pittsburgh Gardens, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Marshall substituted on four days notice for Harold Johnson, who injured his shoulder in training.
Win 13–1 United States Larry Watson TKO 4 (10) December 13, 1955 United States Alnad Temple, East St. Louis, Illinois, United States
Win 12–1 United States Johnny Gray TKO 6 (10) September 13, 1955 United States Victory Field, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Win 11–1 United States Calvin Butler TKO 2 (8) May 25, 1955 United States Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Win 10–1 United States Emil Brtko TKO 5 (10) May 5, 1955 United States Duquesne Gardens, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Win 9–1 United States Marty Marshall TKO 6 (10) April 21, 1955 United States Kiel Auditorium, St. Louis, Missouri, United States Marshall was down once in round 5 and three times in round 6.
Win 8–1 United States Neal Welch PTS 8 March 1, 1955 United States Masonic Temple, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Loss 7–1 United States Marty Marshall SD 8 September 7, 1954 United States Motor City Arena, Detroit, Michigan, United States Liston suffered a broken jaw during round 4.
Win 7–0 United States Johnny Summerlin SD 8 August 10, 1954 United States Motor City Arena, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Win 6–0 United States Johnny Summerlin UD 8 June 29, 1954 United States Motor City Arena, Detroit, Michigan, United States Summerlin had suffered a fractured nose in a sparring session shortly before this fight.
Win 5–0 United States Stanley Howlett PTS 6 March 31, 1954 United States Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Win 4–0 United States Martin Lee TKO 6 (6) January 25, 1954 United States Masonic Temple, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Win 3–0 United States Bennie Thomas SD 6 November 21, 1953 United States Kiel Auditorium, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Win 2–0 United States Ponce de Leon PTS 4 September 17, 1953 United States Kiel Auditorium, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Win 1–0 United States Don Smith TKO 1 (4) September 2, 1953 United States Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, United States Smith apparently did not have a chance, as Liston swarmed all over him. After Referee Jimmy Parker halted the fight, it was discovered that Smith also was sporting a badly lacerated right eye.

Acting

Liston played a fist fighter in the 1965 film Harlow, made a cameo appearance in the 1968 film Head, which starred The Monkees, and played the part of The Farmer in the 1970 film Moonfire, which starred Richard Egan and Charles Napier. Also in 1970, Liston appeared on an episode of the TV series Love, American Style and in a television commercial for Braniff Airlines with Andy Warhol.[7][59]

Portrayal in film

In the 2001 film Ali, Liston was portrayed by former WBO Heavyweight Champion Michael Bentt.

Liston was the subject of a 2008 feature film based upon his life titled Phantom Punch. The film starred Ving Rhames as Liston and was produced by Rhames, Hassain Zaidi and Marek Posival.

In the 2015 British crime film Legend, Liston is played by Mark Theodore in a scene where gangster Reggie Kray poses for a picture with the boxer.

Portrayal in fiction

Liston appears as a character in James Ellroy's novel The Cold Six Thousand. In the novel, Liston not only drinks but also pops pills and works as a sometime enforcer for a heroin ring in Las Vegas. Liston also appears in the sequel, Blood's a Rover.

Thom Jones titled his 2000 collection of short stories Sonny Liston Was a Friend of Mine.[60]

Music

Liston has been referenced in many songs by artists such as Curtis Eller, Sun Kil Moon, The Animals, Tom Petty, Mark Knopfler, Phil Ochs, Morrissey, Freddy Blohm, Chuck E. Weiss, This Bike is a Pipe Bomb, The Roots, Wu-Tang Clan, Gone Jackals, Billy Joel, The Mountain Goats, Lil Wayne, and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Mark Knopfler's tribute to Liston, "Song for Sonny Liston," appeared on his 2004 album Shangri-La.

"Sonny Liston" is also the name of an indie folk band from Oxford, England.[61]

A wax model of Liston appears in the front row of the iconic sleeve cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. He is seen in the far left part of the row, wearing a white and gold robe, standing beside the original-look Beatle figures.[citation needed]

Print

Liston appeared on the December 1963 cover of Esquire magazine (cover photograph by Carl Fischer) "the last man on earth America wanted to see coming down its chimney".[62]

Elizabeth Bear wrote the short story "Sonny Liston Takes the Fall," published in The Del Rey Book of Science Fiction and Fantasy in 2008.[63] The story speculates that Liston threw the Ali match for the social good.

See also

Template:Wikipedia books

References

  1. ^ a b "Facts-Figures". Milwaukee Sentinel. February 25, 1964. p. 3-part 2.
  2. ^ a b Jersey Joe Walcott: A Boxing Biography, James Curl, 2012. Page 194 "Liston stood just slightly over six feet, ... reach of 84" ... fists that measured over 15" around"
  3. ^ a b c Remnick, David (1998). King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-330-37189-4.
  4. ^ Mee, Bob (2011). Ali and Liston: The Boy Who Would Be King and the Ugly Bear. New York: Skyhorse. ISBN 1616083697.
  5. ^ The Mysterious Birth of Sonny Liston
  6. ^ a b Puma, Mike (2007). "Liston was trouble in and out of ring".
  7. ^ a b c Tosches, Nick (2000). The Devil And Sonny Liston. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0316897752.
  8. ^ Tallent, Aaron (February 2, 2005). "The Mysterious Birth of Sonny Liston". Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  9. ^ ""United States Census, 1940", Charlie I Liston in household of Tobbie Liston, Smith Township, Cross, Arkansas, United States"". National Archives and Records Administration. April 23, 1940. Retrieved August 13, 2012. Charlie I Liston in household of Tobbie Liston, Smith Township, Cross, Arkansas, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 19-12B, sheet 13B, family 205, line 42
  10. ^ Toledo, Springs (August 31, 2012). "A Birthday for Sonny Liston". Retrieved March 18, 2014.
  11. ^ a b Reputations: Sonny Liston: The Champion Nobody Wanted (2001), 50 min, BBC Documentary
  12. ^ Sares, Ted (November 22, 2006). "Boxing's Hard Times, Good Times". East Side Boxing.
  13. ^ a b Mee, Bob (2010). Liston and Ali: The Ugly Bear and the Boy Who Would Be King. London, UK: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84596-622-5.
  14. ^ "Jacob's Beach by Kevin Mitchell: review". The Telegraph. September 20, 2009.
  15. ^ "Sonny Liston - From The Big House To The Big Time". Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  16. ^ Hudson, Jr., David L. (2012). Boxing in America. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. ISBN 0313379726.
  17. ^ Kisner, Ronald (January 21, 1971). "Death Voids Court". Jet: 52–55. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  18. ^ Ebony, August 1962
  19. ^ a b Watson, Emmett (September 19, 1960). "Really A Hug Fest". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  20. ^ Rogin, Gilbert (August 1, 1960). "Heavyweight In Waiting". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  21. ^ "Sonny Liston names George Katz manager". Ellensburg Daily Record. May 11, 1961. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  22. ^ "Dismayed D'Amato Is Expecting To Get Back Manager's License". Ocala Star-Banner. November 23, 1959. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  23. ^ Boyd, Todd. "Esquire covers commemorate boxing's prime". Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  24. ^ a b c d Nack, William (February 14, 1994). "O Unlucky Man". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  25. ^ Jet, October 3, 1963, pg. 57.
  26. ^ Stratton, W.K. (2012). Floyd Patterson: The Fighting Life of Boxing's Invisible Champion. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0151014302.
  27. ^ Ebony, August 1962, pg. 50
  28. ^ Ebony, August 1962, pg. 52
  29. ^ Mailer: A Biography By Mary V. Dearborn, page 186
  30. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20101123125852/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com:80/vault/article/magazine/MAG1147918/index.htm. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Sonny Liston: The Facts". Thesweetscience.com. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  32. ^ a b Klapp, Orrin (2006). Symbolic Leaders: Public Dramas and Public Men. Transaction Publishers. p. 47. ISBN 0202308677. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  33. ^ Ebony August 1962, Page 52
  34. ^ Muhammad Ali, Thomas Hauser
  35. ^ interview with Alex Haley in Muhammad Ali by Thomas Hauser,
  36. ^ Gallender, op cit
  37. ^ Groves, Lee. "Cassius Clay-Sonny Liston I: 50 Years Later". RingTV.com. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  38. ^ Sugar, Bert Randolph (1981). The Great Fights: A Pictorial History of Boxing's Greatest Bouts. Rutledge Press; First Thus edition. ISBN 083173972X.
  39. ^ Remnick, King of the World
  40. ^ David Remnick, King of the World, pg. 202
  41. ^ Only the Ring Was Square, Teddy Brenner, 1981, Prentice Hall Trade
  42. ^ Kram, Mark (November 2, 1964). "The Prefight Moods Of Sonny Liston". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  43. ^ "'Champ' Has Operation For Hernia". The Pittsburgh Press. November 14, 1964. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  44. ^ "Clay-Liston Fight Goes To Lewiston, ME". Gettysburg Times. May 8, 1965.
  45. ^ "Did Anybody See It?". The Evening Independent. May 26, 1965.
  46. ^ "The Unwanted". The Telegraph. May 11, 1965.
  47. ^ "Liston was trouble in and out of ring". boxingmemories.com. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  48. ^ Conger, C. (2012). Lineage Unbroken: The Complete Lineal Tracing of World Heavyweight Championship Boxing (Post-Marciano Era) 1956–2003. CreateSpace. ISBN 9781470024574. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
  49. ^ "Best I've Faced: George Chuvalo". RingTV.com. March 20, 2014.
  50. ^ Dettloff, William. "The Sad Legacy of Sonny Liston". Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  51. ^ Gustkey, Earl (December 30, 1970). "Like Fights Against Ali, Liston Death a Mystery". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  52. ^ HBO Documentary Sonny Liston: The Mysterious Life and Death of a Champion
  53. ^ "Video". CNN. February 4, 1991.
  54. ^ Jet, February 4, 1971, p. 51
  55. ^ a b c Gallender, Paul (September 9, 2013). "The Death of Sonny Liston". Boxing.com. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  56. ^ Steen, Rob (2008). Sonny Liston: His Life, Strife and the Phantom Punch. London, UK: JR. ISBN 978-1-906217-81-5.
  57. ^ Gustkey, Earl (February 22, 1989). "19 YEARS LATER: Liston Death Remains Mystery to His Friends". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  58. ^ "Sonny Liston". BoxRec.com. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  59. ^ "Moonfire (1972), a film by Michael Parkhurst -Theiapolis". Cinema.theiapolis.com. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  60. ^ Jones, Thom (2000). Sonny Liston Was a Friend of Mine: Stories. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0316472409.
  61. ^ Sonny Liston (February 26, 2004). "Sonny Liston". Sonnyliston.blogspot.com. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  62. ^ "December 1963 cover". Esquire Magazine. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  63. ^ Bear, Elizabeth (2008). The Del Rey Book of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Sixteen Original Works by Speculative Fiction's Finest Voices. Del Rey; First Edition. ISBN 0345496329.
Awards and achievements
Preceded by World Heavyweight Champion
September 25, 1962 – February 25, 1964 		Succeeded by
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