Sons of God
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Sons of God (Heb: bənê hāʼĕlōhîm,[1] בני האלהים) is a phrase used in the Hebrew Bible and apocrypha. The phrase is also used in Kaballah where Bene elohim are part of different Jewish angelic hierarchies.
Hebrew Bible
In the Hebrew Bible, the phrase "sons of the Elohim" occurs in:
- Gen 6:2 bənê hāʼĕlōhîm (בְנֵי־הָֽאֱלֹהִים) the sons of Elohim.[2][citation needed]
- Job 1:6 bənê hāʼĕlōhîm (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) the sons of Elohim.[3][citation needed]
- Job 38:7 bənê ĕlōhîm (בְּנֵי אֱלֹהִֽים) without the definite article - sons of godly beings.[4][citation needed]
- Psalm 29:1 bənê ēlîm (בְּנֵי אֵלִים) without the definite article - sons of elim.[citation needed]
Deuteronomy 32:8 also mentions "sons of Israel" bÿney yisra'el (בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל), which is translated as the "people of Israel" in the HCSB, "heavenly court" in the New Living Translation, and "heavenly assembly" in the New English Translation. [5][6] In some copies of Deuteronomy, the Dead Sea Scrolls refer to the sons of God rather than the sons of Israel, probably in reference to angels. The Septuagint reads similarly.[7][8]
Literary origins
When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose. Then the Lord said, "My Spirit shall not abide in man forever, for he is flesh: his days shall be 120 years." The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of man and they bore children to them. These were the mighty men who were of old, the men of renown.
— Genesis 6:1-4
The first mention of "sons of God" in the Hebrew Bible occurs at Genesis 6:1–4. In terms of literary-historical origin, this phrase is typically associated with the Jahwist tradition.[9]
This passage has had two interpretations in Judaism.
- Offspring of Seth: The Qumran (Dead Sea Scroll) fragment 4Q417 (4QInstruction) contains the earliest known reference to the phrase "children of Seth", stating that God has condemned them for their rebellion. Other early references to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain, are found in rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Augustine of Hippo, Julius Africanus, and the Letters attributed to St. Clement. It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical Amharic Ethiopian Orthodox Bible. In Judaism "Sons of God" usually refers to the righteous, ie the children of Seth.
- Offspring of angels: A number of sources refer to the "sons of heaven" as angels. The earliest such references[10] seem to be in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Greek, and Aramaic Enochic literature, and in certain Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch (mss A–Q) and Jubilees[11] used by western scholars in modern editions of the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.
Rabbinic Judaism traditionally adheres to the first interpretation, though modern Jewish translations may translate bnei elohim as "sons of rulers" rather than "sons of God". Regardless, the second interpretation (sons of angels or other divine beings) is nonexistent in modern Judaism. This is reflected by the rejection of Enoch and other Apocrypha supporting the second interpretation from the Hebrew Bible Canon.
The second interpretation of the passage is similar to many Christian interpretations, with some differences. Christians use the passage as evidence that humanity was originally quasi-divine or perfect before the fall of man, with Jesus being the quintessential perfect man as the Son of God.
Joseph Hong believes that Genesis 6:1-4 has gone through drastic abridgment by either the original writer or later editors.[12][13] Nahum M. Sarna believes that the text defies certain interpretation, based on difficulties with the text's themes, extreme terseness, vocabulary, and syntax. Sarna postulates that such a passage cannot be other than a fragment, or bare outline, from a well-known fuller story.[14][15]
Ugaritic text
Claus Westermann claims that the text of Genesis 6 is based on an Ugaritic urtext.[16] In Ugaritic, a cognate phrase is bn 'il.[17] This may occur in the Ugaritic Baal Cycle.[18]
- KTU² 1.40 demonstrates the use of bn il to mean "sons of gods".[19]
- KTU² 1.65 (which may be a scribal exercise) uses bn il three times in succession: il bn il / dr bn il / mphrt bn il "El, the sons of gods, the circle of the sons of gods / the totality of the sons of gods."[17]
The phrase bn ilm ("sons of the gods") is also attested in Ugaritic texts,[20][21][22][23][24] as is the phrase phr bn ilm ("assembly of the sons of the gods").[25]
Elsewhere in the Ugarit corpus it is suggested that the bn ilm were the 70 sons of Asherah and El, who were the titulary deities of the people of the known world, and their "hieros gamos" marriage with the daughters of men gave rise to their rulers.[26] There is evidence in 2 Samuel 7 that this may have been the case also in Israel.[27]
Dead Sea Scrolls
In some versions of Deuteronomy the Dead Sea Scrolls refer to the sons of God rather than the sons of Israel, probably in reference to angels. The Septuagint reads similarly.[7]: 147 [28]
Late text
J. Scharbert associates Genesis 6:1-4 with the Priestly source and the final redaction of the Pentateuch.[29] On this basis, he assigns the text to later editorial activity.[30] Rüdiger Bartelmus sees only Genesis 6:3 as a late insertion.[29]
Józef Milik and Matthew Black advanced the view of a late text addition to a text dependent on post-exilic, non-canonical tradition, such as the legend of the Watchers from the pseudepigraphic Book of Enoch.[29]
Translations
Different source versions of Genesis 6:1-4 vary in their use of "sons of God". Some manuscripts of the Septuagint have emendations to read "sons of God" as "angels".[citation needed] Codex Vaticanus contains "angels" originally.[citation needed] In Codex Alexandrinus "sons of God" has been omitted and replaced by "angels".[31] The Peshitta reads "sons of God".[32]
Second Temple Judaism (c.500 BCE-70 CE)
The Book of Enoch and the Book of Jubilees refer to the Watchers who are paralleled to the "sons of God" in Genesis 6.[33] The Epistle of Barnabas is considered by some to acknowledge the Enochian version.[34]
Interpretation
Christian antiquity
Early Christian writers such as Justin Martyr, Eusebius, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Commodianus believed that the "sons of God" in Genesis 6:1-4 were fallen angels who engaged in unnatural union with human women, resulting in the begetting of the Nephilim.[citation needed][35] Modern Christians have argued against this view by reasoning on Jesus' comment in Matthew 22:30 that angels do not marry, although it only refers to angels in heaven.[1] Others saw them as descendants of Seth.[1]
Saint Augustine subscribed to this view, based on the orations of Julius Africanus in his book City of God, which refer to the "sons of God" as being descendants of Seth (or Sethites), the pure line of Adam. The "daughters of men" are viewed as the descendants of Cain (or Cainites). Variations of this view was also received by Jewish philosophers.[36]
Medieval Judaism
Traditionalists and philosophers of Judaism[37] in the Middle Ages[38] typically practiced rational theology. They rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels since evil was considered abstract. Rabbinic sources, most notably the Targum, state that the "sons of God" who married the daughters of men were merely human beings of exalted social station.[39] They have also been considered as pagan royalty[1] or members of nobility[40] who, out of lust, married women from the general population. Other variations of this interpretation define these "sons of God" as tyrannical Ancient Near Eastern kings who were honored as divine rulers, engaging in polygamous behavior.[1] No matter the variation in views, the primary concept by Jewish rationalists is that the "sons of God" were of human origin.[39]
Most notable Jewish writers in support for the view of human "sons of God" were Saadia, Rashi, Lekah Tob, Midrash Aggada, Joseph Bekor Shor, Abraham ibn Ezra, Maimonides, David Kimhi, Nahmanides, Hizkuni, Bahya Ashur, Gersonides,[41] Shimeon ben Yochai and Hillel ben Samuel.[42]
Ibn Ezra reasoned that the "sons of God" were men who possessed divine power, by means of astrological knowledge, able to beget children of unusual size and strength.[40]
Jewish commentator Isaac Abrabanel considered the aggadot on Genesis 6 to have referred to some secret doctrine and was not to be taken literally. Abrabanel later joined Nahmanides and Levi ben Gerson in promoting the concept that the "sons of God" were the older generations who were closer to physical perfection, as Adam and Eve were perfect. Though there are variations of this view, the primary idea was that Adam and Eve's perfect attributes were passed down from generation to generation. However, as each generation passed, their perfect physical attributes diminished. Thus, the early generations were mightier than the succeeding ones. The physical decline of the younger generations continued until the Flood, to the point that their days were numbered as stated in Genesis 6:3. It was immoral for the older generations to consort with the younger generations, whereby puny women begot unusually large children. Nephilim was even considered a stature.[36]
Jewish philosophic preachers such as Jacob Anatoli and Isaac Arama viewed the groups and events in Genesis 6:1-4 as an allegory, primarily for the sin of lust that declined man's higher nature.[43]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary 2011, p. 1384
- ^ "Genesis 6:2 (KJV)". Blue Letter Bible.
- ^ "Job 1:6 (KJV)". Blue Letter Bible.
- ^ "Job 38:7 (KJV)". Blue Letter Bible.
- ^ Michael S. Heiser. "Deuteronomy 32:8 and the Sons of God" (PDF).
- ^ "lost in translation 3c: why aren't these verses in my bible? deuteronomy 32:8". August 2, 2011.
- ^ a b Jesus, Gnosis and Dogma. T&T Clark International. 2010. p. 147. ISBN 9780567466426. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Michael S. Heiser (2001). "DEUTERONOMY 32:8 AND THE SONS OF GOD". Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ Davies 1995, p. 22
- ^ paleographically dated by Milik as c150BC see Michael E. Stone Selected studies in pseudepigrapha and apocrypha 1991 p. 248
- ^ either stolen or purchased from street vendors by the British in the reign of Tewodros
- ^ Joseph Hong. Problems in an Obscure Passage. Notes on Genesis 6.1-4: The Bible Translator XL, 2, 1989, p.420
- ^ Davies 1995, p. 24
- ^ Sarna. Genesis, JPSTC, 1989, p.45
- ^ Davies 1995, p. 21,24
- ^ C. Westermann, Genesis, BKAT 1/3. (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1982), 42
- ^ a b DDD 1998, p. 795
- ^ Mark S. Smith The Ugaritic Baal cycle 1994 p249 "all the divine sons" (or "all the sons of God"). ESA sources may support this point."
- ^ M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, J. Sanmartin Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit 2d ed. (Munster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995)
- ^ Jesús-Luis Cunchillos, Juan-Pablo Vita, A concordance of Ugaritic words 2003 p389
- ^ Jesús-Luis Cunchillos, Juan-Pablo Vita, The texts of the Ugaritic data bank 2003 p82
- ^ Marvin H. Pope El in the Ugaritic texts 1955 p49
- ^ Rahmouni, A. Divine epithets in the Ugaritic alphabetic texts 2008 p91
- ^ Young G. D. Concordance of Ugaritic 1956 Page 13
- ^ G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren Theological dictionary of the Old Testament 2000 p130
- ^ Parker, Simon B. (2000). "Ugaritic Literature and the Bible". Near Eastern Archaeology. 63 (4): 228–31. doi:10.2307/3210794. JSTOR 3210794.
- ^ Cooke, Gerald (1961). "The Israelite King As Son of God". Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 73 (2): 202–25. doi:10.1515/zatw.1961.73.2.202.
- ^ Michael S. Heiser (2001). "DEUTERONOMY 32:8 AND THE SONS OF GOD". Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ a b c Davies 1995, p. 23
- ^ Scharbert, J. Traditions- und Redaktionsgeschichte von Gn 6 1967
- ^ Jackson 2004, p. 75, "Rahlfs (1971) reports that Alexandrinus was emended by another hand at 6.2 crossing out the word uioi and writing the word aggeloi."
- ^ Biblia Peshitta en español: traducción de los antiguos manuscritos arameos.. Nashville, Tenn.: Holman Bible Publishers. 2006. ISBN 9789704100001.
- ^ Wright 2004, p. 20
- ^ James Carleton Paget, The Epistle of Barnabas: outlook and background 1994 - p10 "The quotation finds no precise equivalent in Enoch, which is probably explicable on the grounds that B. is inspired by something he remembers from Enoch at this point (see for a parallel to I Enoch 89:61-64; 90:17f.)"
- ^ Douglas 2011, p. 1384
- ^ a b Bamberger 2006, pp. 150, 151
- ^ Bamberger 2006, p. 148
- ^ Bamberger 2006, p. 147
- ^ a b Bamberger 2006, p. 149
- ^ a b Bamberger 2006, p. 150
- ^ Bamberger 2006, pp. 149, 150
- ^ Jung & 2004 Reprint, pp. 66, 67
- ^ Bamberger 2006, p. 151
References
- Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary, [edited by] J.D. Douglas. ([Rev. ed.] ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. ISBN 0310229839.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help); Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Davies, essays in honour of John F.A. Sawyer. ed. by Jon (1995). Words remembered, text renewed. Sheffield: JSOT Press [u.a.] ISBN 1850755426.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Darshan,Guy “ The Story of the Sons of God and the Daughters of Men: Gen.6:1-4 and the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women”, Shnaton: An Annual for Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies 23 (2014), 155-178 (in Hebrew; Eng. abstract)
- DDD, Editors: Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter W. van der Horst, (1998). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible (DDD) (2., extensively rev. ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004111190.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Jackson, David R. (2004). Enochic Judaism. London: T&T Clark International. ISBN 0826470890.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wright, Archie T. (2004). The origin of evil spirits the reception of Genesis 6.1-4 in early Jewish literature. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3161486560.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). Fallen angels : soldiers of satan's realm (1. paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. ISBN 0827607970.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Jung, Rabbi Leo (2004). Fallen angels in Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan literature. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Reprints. ISBN 0766179389.
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