Talk:White Americans/Archive 6

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More deletions:

"The definition of White has changed significantly over the course of American history. Among Europeans, those not considered White at some point in American history include Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Irish, Finns, and Russians.[27][28][29] Early on in the United States, membership in the white race was generally limited to those of British, Germanic, or Nordic ancestry.[30]"

Please support this statement with actual scholarship from social historians who study these individual groups (not 'scholars' operating in the tradition of "whiteness studies"). Historians of the American Irish, for example, reject "race" as a tool for understanding Irish-American sociocultural exclusion and instead use religion as the most dominant factor. At every point in US history Americans knew the Irish were a European people and "white".

As far as these other groups go:

Were they ever segregated from all-white military units?

Were the males denied property rights? Voting rights?

Were they denied citizenship on the basis of not being "white"?

In all cases the answer is "no". People from Europe were always understood to be "white" as we would understand the term today. That certain pseudo-scientists ranked "human races" and that certain Americans discriminated against some of these groups has nothing to do with whether they were ever classified as "not white" in a legal sense. Even in the Jim Crow South, people of Italian or Spanish background were legally allowed to marry "white" men or women.Jonathan f1 (talk) 05:45, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Jonathan f1, regarding stuff like this? Do not mark deletions as minor. See WP:Minor edit.

You stated, "Please support this statement with actual scholarship from social historians who study these individual groups (not 'scholars' operating in the tradition of 'whiteness studies')." What are you talking about? There are various fields that can be validly used to source this article. WP:SCHOLARSHIP is what should be followed, not an editor's preferred field regarding this topic. Do not remove material simply because you don't like it.

Also, if you reply to me, do not WP:Ping me. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 06:02, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Wrong and wrong.

First, this has nothing to do with personal preference. My personal preference is that you support controversial claims with appropriate references.

Secondly, this is not merely an issue about whether or not the citation qualifies as "scholarship". You (or whoever) are citing authors who have no experience at all researching any of the groups mentioned in the statement I removed. There are subject-matter experts who study these groups professionally and if there's any credibility to the argument that a certain European group was considered "not white" at some point in US history, you should be able to find it in the relevant literature. Trawling through research in a controversial field such as "whiteness studies" is not sufficient to support what you're trying to say.Jonathan f1 (talk) 06:20, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Here's one of many references.

"To pose the well-known question of "how the Irish became white" presupposed that the Irish did become white. But this presupposition introduced an often fatal element of circularity into the argument. According to Arnensen and Fields, "whiteness" scholars first invented a subject of inquiry and then projected forms of identity onto past actors that the available historical evidence could not sustain."

And it just goes on to outline how fraught this field is with methodology concerns.Jonathan f1 (talk) 06:39, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

No. Not only are your deletions unwarranted, you're being actively deceptive, Jonathan f1: an article about demography and the U.S. Census from more than a quarter-century ago, or a law professor writing a thirty-page article in the Yale Law Journal about Ozawa v. United States and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind and a whole bunch of other stuff, two decades ago, have nothing to do with "'scholars' operating in the tradition of "whiteness studies"."

(And the answer to Were they denied citizenship on the basis of not being "white"? from the latter article was All told, Justice Sutherland's revisionist contention that Southern Europeans were readily amalgamated into the white race revealed a poor sense of historical awareness. A true return to the intent of the 1790 authors of the naturalization statute would have required a cessation of citizenship rights to immigrants of Slavic, Mediterranean, and even Irish descent.—you may want to argue with it but random internet commentary does not trump a law professor writing in a legal journal.)

I have reverted. It's open-access now and I've added the link, so you can read the whole thing yourself if you actually have an interest in Wikipedia-standard reliable sources. --‿Ꞅtruthious 𝔹andersnatch ͡ |℡| 17:24, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Jonathan f1 stated, "My personal preference is that you support controversial claims with appropriate references." The only thing I'm supporting on this matter is you not removing material because you personally disagree with it. The removals in this case should be guideline or policy-based. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 22:55, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

References

@Struthious Bandersnatch: I have one major contention with this article and I'll explain it in two parts.

Firstly, it is a-historical to say that any "white" European (an immigrant group or individual) was ever denied US citizenship on the premise of race. That is quite clearly refuted in the scholarly literature (see, for example, here and here ).

Secondly, the field of whiteness studies, which has for the most part abandoned a legal basis for the "becoming white" thesis (because it's untenable and contradicted by the courts), is still fraught with its own methodology flaws. Since the turn of the 21st Century, several scholars (mostly historians who specialize in US labor history) have criticized the use of "whiteness" as an analytical approach, attacking it for incoherence, circularity, and reductionism. There are much better ways to view historical anti-immigrant sentiment than through the prism of "race". Differences in religion, politics, class and culture, or some combination, are much more useful in understanding 19th and early 20th Century nativism than these hackneyed and politically-charged theories about European immigrants not being "white" and then "becoming white" by participating in racism against black people. (Read all about it here, here and here).

And finally, I have already provided editors here with a review of 20 years of Irish-American historical scholarship which explicitly states that researchers who operate in this sphere have rejected the argument that the Irish weren't white upon their arrival in the US. This is one of the more peculiar arguments considering that nativist groups at the time were lobbying the federal government to extend naturalization periods, a move that was specifically aimed at curbing Irish immigration. If the Irish weren't "white", anti-Irish nativists would've simply argued that Irish immigrants weren't eligible for citizenship under the 1790 Act. But not even nativists believed that.

As far as this demographic business is concerned, I'll concede that I probably should've raised this objection on the talk page before deleting any content. Just note that I had raised this issue on other talk pages and that never resulted in any input. I have no problem with the argument that there's an "undercount" in the "English American" population. I would just continue to insist you use more recent sources to support that statement. The majority of your sources date to the 80s, which may as well be centuries old as far as demographic research is concerned. The most contemporary source you cite, Sharing the American Dream, doesn't even support the statement as it appears on this page. It lends credence to this view on page 57, which is the page referenced in the article, but then on page 58 the author directly concludes that "white Americans" are increasingly identifying with "American" ancestry on surveys, specifically naming German, Irish, and English Americans (the "big three" US ancestries according to your other sources). The implication here is that there are undercounts in all major white-American ancestry groups, not just English Americans.

It's also significant to note that modern academic textbooks that deal with this subject don't mention anything about any undercount in ancestral populations, but rather uncritically accept the numbers for reported ancestries as stated in surveys. For example, in the textbook Diversity and Society, sociologist Joseph F. Healey wrote a whole chapter on European immigrant history in which he matter-of-factly states in one section that "German Americans" are the largest ancestry group in the US; he then goes on to discuss how the regions of the US where major ancestries are self-reported correspond perfectly with historical settlement patterns. It's equally significant to mention that this chapter (Chapter 2) discusses anti-immigrant sentiment in rich detail (in particular discrimination against European immigrant groups) but makes no mention of the "becoming white" nonsense discussed earlier.

Now I don't know why you're guarding this demographic content so vigorously, but I suspect it has something to do with the political content about race in the subsequent section. I also suspect that you're using this page (and probably similar pages) as a vehicle to fight racism (an otherwise noble endeavor), which would explain why you're so aggressive in your defense of this material, even going so far as to getting me banned from editing this namespace on the bogus charge of disruptive editing. In reality, all you're doing is cherry-picking bad history and contributing to what's already a critical mass of ignorance regarding the racial status of early European immigrants - which, incidentally, contributes more to racist sentiment rather than discouraging it.

Quoting page 82 of Diversity in America,

"Without denying or trivializing the resolve and fortitude of European immigrants, equating their experiences and levels of disadvantage with those of African Americans, American Indians, and Mexican Americans is widely off the mark, as we shall see in the remainder of this text. These views support an attitude of disdain and lack of sympathy for the multiple dilemmas faced today by the racial minority groups and by many contemporary immigrants. They permit a more subtle expression of prejudice and racism and allow whites to use these highly distorted views of their immigrant ancestors as a rhetorical device to express a host of race-based grievances without appearing racist."

Obviously I am going to protest this ridiculous ban. I will also take this issue to Reliable Sources for more input if no ground is made here. In the meantime I've left several references for objective editors to consider and, hopefully, use to fix this page.Jonathan f1 (talk) 22:34, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Incorrect use of term “Caucasian”

Caucasian is not synonymous with the white race. Caucasian is a borrowed term that is factually incorrect as a synonym for white. Caucasians are labeled as specifically originating from the areas around the Caucasus Mountains (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran); this does not denote a race (which is absolutely linked to skin color - white, black, yellow, red, and brown are colors) but geographic/ethnic origin. A Black Armenian would be a Black Caucasian.

Race is a construct where ethnicity is not. To call all people racialized as white as Caucasian is not only co-opting an ethnic identity that may be false, but also allow a distancing from their racial identity and history. As much as it is a construct, it is woven intricately into our lives and unless all races are to be removed from our language completely, it is important to be accurate especially when this information is easily accessible by anyone and touted as fact.

Please make this important edit. Thank you Akpakpala (talk) 14:28, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

We go by what the sources state. And many use "white" and "Caucasian" interchangeably. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 03:11, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

The sources that refer to a white race are all outdated however. If there is an historical section reference to cucasian as a synonym should be moved there. The US is one of the few places that still accept use of this term, but many places can find this sense if it offensive, similar to mongoloid. Moreover, caucasian as a racial term also includes geographical Eurasians, MENA, South Asians, Ethiopians, etc. even the cited outdated works should make note of that. Vyaiskaya (talk) 01:24, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Related ethnic groups

This section can follow two threads, either ethnic groups related by their common americanness, or ethnic groups related by similar West European ancestry (or in broader contemporary use, also Eurasian steppe and MENA). The social perception notwithstanding, in both cases however, African Americans are closely related to the majority of "White Americans" or more specifically Brittish or Anglo Americans, as this ethnic group is formed via significant intermixing and Americanisation (especially Southern culture). (Maintaining immigrants from Africa as separate ethnic groups to AAs, and also a scarce minority). Vyaiskaya (talk) 08:29, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Confusion on definitions

Hey Clipasie! Lets discuss here. I can't find any evidence of your claims, if you could please paste in the parcels which you found confusing, please do so and we'll see what led them to be confusing and work from there. If they misled you, perhaps we can improve something, or at the very least we can expound as to why things are the way they are. Thank you! Vyaiskaya (talk) 19:37, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Vyaiskaya has been blocked indefinitely. -- Beland (talk) 18:06, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 April 2021

According to the 'United States Census Bureau' in 2019 the white population in the United States represented 60% of the total population, however in the article 'White Americans' it shows that 75% of the population is white, which it's a mistake. In addition, this source from the "United States Census Bureau" appears as a reference in the article. 191.99.150.76 (talk) 22:49, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Can you provide the source your seeing here.....as of now it's sourced to this.Moxy- 22:53, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 April 2021

Some time ago I made a request to edit the article 'White Americans' since the white population in the United States would represent 60% of the total population. However, in the article it appears as 75% which is not true, since it is falsely considered in the article that Hispanics are also white. I ask that you please review this source carefully. 191.99.150.76 (talk) 14:48, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

 Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Provide a source to support the change. Also provide your suggested new wording for article. WikiVirusC^(talk) 15:03, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 April 2021

As I said before, in the White Americans article the percentages should be edited from 75.0% and 72.0% to 60.0%. Well, according to this source: https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=population&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05&hidePreview=true; which is cited in the article says that the category of 'White alone' represents 60% of the population. You can search for yourself, there is a category called 'white alone' where it is shown that 60% of the US population is white. and not 72% or 75%. I must remember that this source is from the United States Census Bureau. 191.99.150.76 (talk) 04:36, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

 Not done 60 % are the non-Hispanic whites. The distinction between Hispanic and other whites is referred to in the lede. Our article follows the primary categorization used by the census, which includes Hispanics. The definition of whites excluding Hispanics is NOT the primary or normal definition used by the census. Feel free to argue with the Census Bureau. --Rsk6400 (talk) 05:51, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Discussion of race and ethnicity pages

See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_United_States#Race_in_2020_Census_data for more. —Lights and freedom (talk ~ contribs) 03:20, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

I think the editors are reluctant to change the data in the Demographic Information section, to see the actual current stats. Also the some percentages for some states in the 2000 section is totally wrong.

CRT § mislabeled.

It's currently "Critical Race Theory definition" but I don't see any definition of "white americans' just a description of CRT. 98.4.112.204 (talk) 01:30, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Religious groups in America.

While looking under white American population you provided groups of various faith in the US. I notice you didn't mention Islam. You only said other 3%. But you didn't have a problem mentioning non faith people. Please be fair. There are many decent, honest, law abiding Muslims in this country. So please give these people fair acknowledgement also.

Thank you. Cambusiness87@gmail.com 2600:1005:B012:C691:0:54:988B:1E01 (talk) 02:43, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

According to the source cited, less than 1 per cent of White Americans are Muslims, which I presume is why they've been included in the "other" category here. Cordless Larry (talk) 08:00, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

latinos brancos na media auto declarados tem tanto euro quanto nao brancos como ildi silva entao sao mestiços quanto a dizer que todas as regioes dos eua sao brancas soa falso os mapas raciais mostram cinturao negro no sul e leste e hispanico no sudoeste e oeste e asiatico fora x é uma tentativa tosca de dizer que brancos ainda sao predominantes em todo lado se fossem nao estariam caminhando pra ser fração do país — Preceding unsigned comment added by 179.211.79.58 (talk) 09:09, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WHITE HISPANICS In the wikipedia article about the UNITED STATES, they exclude White Hispanics saying that only 57% of Americans are White, while the U.S.Census says that 61.6% of Americans are White (as it includes White Hispanics) In fact, the percetage of White Hispanics is higher but the US Census has been very restrictive in the last count.

But the Wikipedia article about the UNITED STATES excluding Whites with Spanish ancestry (but including Whites of Italian, Greek, Jewish or Portuguese ancestry) saying that only 57% of Americans are White is ridiculous and Racist.--47.62.45.147 (talk) 12:52, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 March 2022

Add Bosnian language as a language of Bosnian-Americans(white people). More people speak it than Slovene which is in the list 77.239.28.239 (talk) 22:47, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

 Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Cannolis (talk) 07:25, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Remove languages from the info box

The preceding discussion demonstrates some problems with the language list given in the info box. I'd suggest to remove all the languages from there and to replace them with something like "Predominantly English". The reason for my suggestion is that this article is not about European Americans, which should be the right place to discuss the differences of European traditions. Rsk6400 (talk) 06:46, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Serbo-Croatian

@Vipz: The question of whether someone's language is a language of its own or a variety of another language may affect their identity and hence may become very controversial. I think we need good sources for the claim that Croatian and Serbian Americans consider themselves using the same language. Since the article has been stable for two months now with regard to the "Serbo-Croatian question", I'd like to ask you to establish consensus here before repeating your change. Rsk6400 (talk) 18:29, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Alright, here are my arguments:

• Numerous Yugoslav Americans (check the table on its article) will unanimously confirm their language as Serbo-Croatian, and listing it alongside Croatian and Serbian, which I have done, is a valid basis on its own and does not relate to Croats and Serbs who identify with latter.
• Language is not an identity, if it were, the articles on these languages would not be factual as they are. Croatian and Serbian are self-proclaimed official languages of their respective countries, minority languages where they are recognized as such, but linguistically standardized varieties of one language, based on the same dialect and differentiated only by Ekavian and Ijekavian pronounciation. Their secessionism is only political and is being used to justify ethnic segregation (and in other cases, separate ethnonationalist editions of Wikipedia).

There might be more arguments, but yeah, I think this justifies my edit. I'm still confused why does my readdition of Serbo-Croatian require consensus, but the edit that removed it didn't (and also did not provide RS, as you ask of me). I think the best middle ground is to list all varieties in the brackets, if so is necessary. -Vipz (talk) 19:19, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Please take a look at WP:BRD. It basically says that every change requires consensus, but you can make a change and hope that nobody will object. In the case of your change, somebody (i.e. me) objected. The sources to back up your claim are still missing. But since this discussion has very little to do with the article's subject, I'll suggest a different solution in the next section. --Rsk6400 (talk) 06:41, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

I cannot access the census.gov domain, except here: [1] [2] ([3]) from this article. I don't specialize in American censuses and finding direct sources of this is difficult, but here is one. Complete removal is fine, as should be done because if my addition requires a RS, then all of these require one too, there should be no exceptions regardless of whether somebody challenged it one day, 2 months or years later. -Vipz (talk) 07:11, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

@Rsk6400: take a look for yourself in these sources. I had to use Wayback Machine as a proxy because the domain is geoblocked for me. -Vipz (talk) 07:31, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Remove the politics sections

The election of president trump being an example of "white backlash" is also an opinion. Do we call the election of President Obama "black backlash"? No, because there is no such thing. The same goes for white backlash. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DontShootImADog (talk • contribs) 02:25, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

The article doesn't offer the opinion (in Wikipedia's voice) that Trump's election is an example of "white backlash", but rather reports that some people are of that opinion - which appears to be true. It's perfectly proper for articles to document opinions that people hold, providing that reliable sources back up the existence and relevance of those opinions. Cordless Larry (talk) 16:47, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV. Also it's a scholarly concept, not an opinion per se. EvergreenFir (talk) 16:53, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

I've reworded the sentence as it was ungrammatical before, tried to make the attribution clearer and have also added a reference to an additional, peer-reviewed source. Cordless Larry (talk) 20:06, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 June 2022

Add White Mexicans to related ethnic groups. 45.145.4.233 (talk) 03:50, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

 Not done Since so many ethnic groups are related to W.A., the selection is totally arbitrary. Instead, I removed that item from the info box. Rsk6400 (talk) 05:19, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

Capital W

The article about Black Americans Americans has Black with a capital B throughout. This is an unfortunate social hypercorrection, as "black" is a simple adjective, but if that is to be the case, then writing "white" with a lowercase "w" while capitalizing Black is blatantly racist. All of this article's reference to "white" should be changed to White. Gcjnst (talk) 22:47, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

According to WP:RACECAPS, both spellings are acceptable. Since most Black people or White people are not as black / white as a black / white thing, I personally prefer capitalizing both terms to mark them as an ethnic group. WP guidelines demand a consistent spelling within one article. Since nobody has objected for nearly three weeks now, feel free to capitalize. Rsk6400 (talk) 16:13, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

This represents a decline from 72.4%

Umm you need to point out that this isn't because there are suddenly fewer people from 2010 to 2020, period, but that the 'decline' is because of people deciding they consider themselves to be white+another race. The way you've written it is confusing and makes it sound like there's an absolute decline, when in reality it's merely a decline caused by changing self-definitions. A person of Spanish-Brazilian descent deciding to be White Alone in 2010 and White In Combination in 2020 didn't erase that person from reality, it is merely a technical change based on self-identification.173.66.17.58 (talk) 07:18, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

A White person is somebody who is identified by the people he lives with or self-identifies as White. Any other definition would mean accepting that Whiteness is something like a biological essence, and that's the concept of races in a biological sense, scientifically as well-founded as the Flat-Earth theory. Rsk6400 (talk) 09:30, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 August 2022

Collapsing massive copy of the article for length

"White America" redirects here. For the song by Eminem, see White America (song). For the white history organization, see White America, Inc. White Americans Total population 71% (235 million) White (including White in combination with other races) Regions with significant populations All areas of the United States Languages Predominantly English Religion Protestant 48%Roman Catholic 19%Mormon 2%Jewish 3%Other 3%Irreligious 24% White Americans are Americans who identify as and are perceived to be white people. This group constitutes the majority of the people in the United States. As of the 2020 Census, 69.0%, or 235,904,818 people, were white alone or combined with another race. Non-Hispanic whites totaled roughly 201,697,647, or 63.8%.[3] White Hispanic and Latino Americans totaled about 12,579,626, or 3.8% of the population.[1] European Americans are the largest panethnic group of white Americans and have constituted the majority population of the United States since the nation's founding. The United States Census Bureau uses a particular definition of "white" that differs from some colloquial uses of the term.[4][5] The Bureau defines "White" people to be those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa."[6] Within official Census definitions, people of all racial categories may be further divided into those who identify as "not Hispanic or Latino" and those who do identify as "Hispanic or Latino".[7][4] The term "non-Hispanic white," rather than just "white," may be the census group corresponding most closely to those persons who identify as and are perceived to be white in common usage; similarly not all Hispanic/Latino people identify as "white," "black," or any other listed racial category.[5][4] In 2015, the Census Bureau announced their intention to make Hispanic/Latino a racial category similar to "white" or "black," with respondents able to choose one, two, or more racial categories; this change was cancelled during the Trump Administration.[5][8] Other persons who are classified as "white" by the US Census but may or may not identify as or be perceived as white include Arab Americans and Jewish Americans.[9][10][11][12] In the United States, the term White people generally denotes a person of European ancestry, but has been legally extended to people of West Asian and North African (Middle Eastern, West Asian, and North African) ancestry.[13][14][15] The largest ancestries of white Americans include German (13%), Irish (12%), English (9%), Italian (6%), French (4%), Polish (3%), Scottish (3%), Scotch-Irish (2%), and Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian, each (1%) respectively.[16][17][18][19] However, the British Americans' demography is considered a serious under-count as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (7%), due to the length of time they have inhabited the United States, particularly if their family arrived prior to the American Revolution.[20][12] The vast majority of white Americans also have ancestry from multiple countries. The United States Census Bureau uses a particular definition of "white" that differs from some colloquial uses of the term.[4][5] The Bureau defines "White" people to be those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa."[6] Within official Census definitions, people of all racial categories may be further divided into those who identify as "not Hispanic or Latino" and those who do identify as "Hispanic or Latino".[7][4] The term "non-Hispanic white," rather than just "white," may be the census group corresponding most closely to those persons who identify as and are perceived to be white in common usage; similarly not all Hispanic/Latino people identify as "white," "black," or any other listed racial category.[5][4] In 2015, the Census Bureau announced their intention to make Hispanic/Latino a racial category similar to "white" or "black," with respondents able to choose one, two, or more racial categories; this change was cancelled during the Trump Administration.[5][8] Other persons who are classified as "white" by the US Census but may or may not identify as or be perceived as white include Arab Americans and Jewish Americans.[9][10][11][12] In the United States, the term White people generally denotes a person of European ancestry, but has been legally extended to people of West Asian and North African (Middle Eastern, West Asian, and North African) ancestry.[13][14][15] The largest ancestries of white Americans include German (13%), Irish (12%), English (9%), Italian (6%), French (4%), Polish (3%), Scottish (3%), Scotch-Irish (2%), and Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian, each (1%) respectively.[16][17][18][19] However, the British Americans' demography is considered a serious under-count as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (7%), due to the length of time they have inhabited the United States, particularly if their family arrived prior to the American Revolution.[20][12] The vast majority of white Americans also have ancestry from multiple countries. Historical and present definitions Main article: Definitions of whiteness in the United States Further information: One-drop rule Definitions of who is "White" have changed throughout the history of the United States. U.S. Census definition The term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The 2000 U.S. census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."[21] The Census question on race lists the categories White or European American, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one racial or ethnic category. The Census Bureau defines White people as follows: "White" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.[6] In U.S. census documents, the designation White overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race.[22][23] Hispanic and Latino Americans as a whole make up a racially diverse group and as a whole are the largest minority in the country.[24][25] The characterization of Middle Eastern and North African Americans as white has been a matter of controversy. In the early 20th century, there were a number of cases where people of Arab descent were denied entry into the United States or deported, because they were characterized as nonwhite.[26] In 1944, the law changed, and Middle Eastern and North African peoples were granted white status. In 2015, the US Census endorsed the idea of creating a separate racial category for Middle Eastern and North African Americans in the 2020 Census, but this plan was discarded when the Trump Administration came to power. President Abraham Lincoln was descended from Samuel Lincoln and was of English and Welsh ancestry. Gloria Vanderbilt, noted artist and designer, was of Dutch descent. In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U.S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value. Additionally, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shi'ite or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, or Caucasian as their "race" in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin, are automatically tallied as White.[27] The US Census considers the write-in response of "Caucasian" or "Aryan" to be a synonym for White in their ancestry code listing.[28] Social definition In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered White. However, many of the non-European ethnic groups classified as White by the U.S. Census, such as Arab Americans, Jewish Americans, and Hispanics or Latinos may not identify as, and may not be perceived to be, white.[29][30][31][32][33][34] The definition of White has changed significantly over the course of American history. Among Europeans, those not considered White at some point in American history include Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Irish, Finns, and Russians.[34][35][36] Early on in the United States, membership in the white race was generally limited to those of British, Germanic, or Nordic ancestry.[37] David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.[38] The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship.[39] Critical race theory definition Main articles: Critical race theory and Whiteness studies Critical race theory developed in the 1970s and 1980s, influenced by the language of critical legal studies, which challenged concepts such as objective truth, rationality and judicial neutrality, and by critical theory.[40] Academics and activists disillusioned with the outcomes of the Civil Rights Movement pointed out that though African Americans supposedly enjoyed legal equality, white Americans continued to hold disproportionate power and still had superior living standards.[41] Liberal ideas such as meritocracy and equal opportunity, they argued, hid and reinforced deep structural inequalities and thus serves the interests of a white elite.[42] Critical race theorists see racism as embedded in public attitudes and institutions, and highlight institutional racism and unconscious biases.[43] Legal scholar Derrick Bell advanced the interest convergence principle, which suggests that whites support minority rights only when doing so is also in their self-interest.[44][45] As Whites, especially White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs, are the dominant racial and cultural group, according to sociologist Steven Seidman, writing from a critical theory perspective, "White culture constitutes the general cultural mainstream, causing non-White culture to be seen as deviant, in either a positive or negative manner. Moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful positions, controlling almost all political, economic, and cultural institutions."[citation needed] Yet, according to Seidman, Whites are most commonly unaware of their privilege and the manner in which their culture has always been dominant in the US, as they do not identify as members of a specific racial group but rather incorrectly perceive their views and culture as "raceless", when in fact it is ethno-national (ethnic/cultural) specific, with a racial base component.[46] Demographic information See also: Americans and European Americans White alone 1790–2020 Year Population % of the U.S. % change (10 yr) Year Population % of the U.S. % change (10 yr) 1790 3,172,006 80.7 Steady 1910 81,731,957 88.9 Increase22.3% 1800 4,306,446 81.1 Increase35.8% 1920 94,820,915 89.7 Increase16.0% 1810 5,862,073 81.0 Increase36.1% 1930 110,286,740 89.8 Increase16.3% 1820 7,866,797 81.6 Increase34.2% 1940 118,214,870 89.8 (highest) Increase7.2% 1830 10,532,060 81.9 Increase33.9% 1950 134,942,028 89.5 Increase14.1% 1840 14,189,705 83.2 Increase34.7% 1960 158,831,732 88.6 Increase17.7% 1850 19,553,068 84.3 Increase37.8% 1970 178,119,221 87.5 Increase12.1% 1860 26,922,537 85.6 Increase37.7% 1980 188,371,622 83.1 Increase5.8% 1870 33,589,377 87.1 Increase24.8% 1990 199,686,070 80.3 Increase6.0% 1880 43,402,970 86.5 Increase29.2% 2000 211,460,626 75.1 Increase5.9% 1890 55,101,258 87.5 Increase26.9% 2010 223,553,265 72.4 Increase5.7% 1900 66,809,196 87.9 Increase21.2% 2020 235,904,818 71.6 Increase5.6% Source: United States census bureau.[47][48][49][50] The fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census White Americans constitute the majority of the 332 million people living in the United States, with 61.6% of the population in the 2020 United States Census. This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% share of the US's self-identified 'white alone' population in 2010.[6][51][note 1] The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among White Americans were Germans, followed by Irish and English.[53] In the 1980 census 49,598,035 Americans cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 26% of the country and the largest group at the time, and in fact larger than the population of England itself.[54] Slightly more than half of these people would cite that they were of "American" ancestry on subsequent censuses and virtually everywhere that "American" ancestry predominates on the 2000 census corresponds to places where "English" predominated on the 1980 census.[12][55] Geographic distribution Ambox current red Americas.svg This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2020) White Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in Hawaii, many American Indian reservations, parts of the South, the District of Columbia, all US territories, and in many urban areas throughout the country. Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as "non-Hispanic whites" by the Census Bureau are found in the Midwest, New England, the northern Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, West Virginia, and East Tennessee.[56] The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.[7][57][58] Although all large geographical areas are dominated by White Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities. States with the highest percentages of White Americans, either White Alone or in combination with another race as of 2020:[59][failed verification] Vermont 95.6% Maine 95.4% West Virginia 94.4% New Hampshire 93.7% Wyoming 92.0% Montana 90.9% Idaho 90.2% Iowa 89.8% North Dakota 88.0% Kentucky 87.5% Income and educational attainment Main article: Affluence in the United States § Race Further information: Personal income in the United States and Household income in the United States Race Income.png personal and household incomein the United States Censusin 2005 Ambox current red Americas.svg This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2020) White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by cultural background. The median income per household member was also the highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among White Americans.[61] In 2005, White households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10% above the national median of $44,389. Among Cuban Americans, with 86% classified as White, those born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other Whites.[62] The poverty rates for White Americans are the second-lowest of any racial group, with 11% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average.[63] However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.[64] White Americans' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree, with the educational attainment for Whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 38% of foreign born, and 30% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27%.[65] Gender income inequality was the greatest among Whites, with White men outearning White women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of White females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White American females was only slightly higher than that of African American females.[66] White Americans are more likely to live in suburbs and small cities than their black counterparts.[67] Population by state White Americans of one race or alone from 2000 to 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_American_by_state_in_the_USA_in_2010.svg White American (of one race or alone) population as of 2000, 2010 and 2020 censuses[68][49][69] State 2000 2010 2020 Growth Pop. 2000 % 2000 Pop. 2010 % 2010 Pop % growth between 2000, 2010 and 2020 Alabama Alabama 3,162,808 71.1% 3,275,394 68.5% 3,320,452 67.7% +3.6% Alaska Alaska 434,534 69.3% 473,576 66.7% 505,392 68.4% +9.0% Arizona Arizona 3,873,611 75.5% 4,667,121 73.0% 5,322,337 70.9% +20.5% Arkansas Arkansas 2,138,598 80.0% 2,245,229 77.0% 2,314,512 75.2% +5.0% California California 20,170,059 59.5% 21,453,934 57.6% 22,796,122 55.6% +6.4% Colorado Colorado 3,560,005 82.8% 4,089,202 81.3% 4,582,927 80.7% +14.9% Connecticut Connecticut 2,780,355 81.6% 2,772,410 77.6% 2,765,128 76.7% -0.3% Delaware Delaware 584,773 74.6% 618,617 68.9% 697,763 66.3% +5.8% Washington, D.C. District of Columbia 176,101 30.8% 231,471 38.5% 273,194 39.4% +31.4% Florida Florida 12,465,029 78.0% 14,109,162 75.0% 16,422,961 69.9% +13.2% Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 5,327,281 65.1% 5,787,440 59.7% 5,955,483 58.9% +8.6% Hawaii Hawaii 294,102 24.3% 336,599 24.7% 373,261 26.9% +14.4% Idaho Idaho 1,177,304 91.0% 1,396,487 89.1% 1,510,360 87.1% +18.6 +0.6% Illinois Illinois 9,125,471 73.5% 9,177,877 71.5% 9,218,227 69.4% +0.6% Indiana Indiana 5,320,022 87.5% 5,467,906 84.3% 5,541,791 82.2% +2.8% Iowa Iowa 2,748,640 93.9% 2,781,561 91.3% 2,824,521 89.7% +1.2% Kansas Kansas 2,313,944 86.1% 2,391,044 83.8% 2,422,462 80.9% +3.3% Kentucky Kentucky 3,640,889 90.1% 3,809,537 87.8% 4,011,254 84.4% +4.6% Louisiana Louisiana 2,856,161 63.9% 2,836,192 62.6% 2,815,652 61.1% -0.7% Maine Maine 1,236,014 96.9% 1,264,971 95.2% 1,297,041 94.8% +2.3% Maryland Maryland 3,391,308 64.0% 3,359,284 58.2% 3,307,874 52.7% -1.9% Massachusetts Massachusetts 5,367,286 84.5% 5,265,236 80.4% 5,196,037 76.6% -2.0% Michigan Michigan 7,966,053 80.2% 7,803,120 78.9% 7,744,974 74.9% -0.9% Minnesota Minnesota 4,400,282 89.4% 4,524,062 85.3% 4,623,146 81.5% +2.8% Mississippi Mississippi 1,746,099 61.4% 1,754,684 59.1% 1,758,893 57.1% +0.5% Missouri Missouri 4,748,083 84.9% 4,958,770 82.8% 5,140,335 82.4% +4.4% Montana Montana 817,229 90.6% 884,961 89.4% 916,524 88.5% +8.3% Nebraska Nebraska 1,533,261 89.6% 1,572,838 86.1% 1,638,052 83.4% +2.6% Nevada Nevada 1,501,886 75.2% 1,786,688 66.2% 1,988,463 57.2% +19.0% New Hampshire New Hampshire 1,186,851 96.0% 1,236,050 92.3% 1,276,203 92.4% +4.1% New Jersey New Jersey 6,104,705 72.6% 6,029,248 68.6% 5,912,280 65.2% -1.2% New Mexico New Mexico 1,214,253 66.8% 1,407,876 68.4% 1,078,927 51% +15.9% +15.9% New York (state) New York 12,893,689 67.9% 12,740,974 65.7% 12,643,349 63.2% -1.2% North Carolina North Carolina 5,804,656 72.1% 6,528,950 68.5% 7,448,459 64.2% +12.5% North Dakota North Dakota 593,181 92.4% 605,449 90.0% 645,938 88.9% +2.1% Ohio Ohio 9,645,453 85.0% 9,539,437 82.7% 9,480,688 79.01% -1.1% Oklahoma Oklahoma 2,628,434 76.2% 2,706,845 72.2% 2,814,884 68.5% +3.0% Oregon Oregon 2,961,623 86.6% 3,204,614 83.6% 3,469,096 80.8% +8.2% Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 10,484,203 85.4% 10,406,288 81.9% 10,350,687 77.7% -0.7% Rhode Island Rhode Island 891,191 85.0% 856,869 81.4% 812,920 77.3% -3.8% South Carolina South Carolina 2,695,560 67.2% 3,060,000 66.2% 3,243,442 63.4% +13.5% South Dakota South Dakota 669,404 88.7% 699,392 85.9% 715,336 82.7% +4.5% Tennessee Tennessee 4,563,310 80.2% 4,921,948 77.6% 4,990,938 72.2% +7.9% Texas Texas 14,799,505 71.0% 17,701,552 70.4% 20,609,365 69.1% +19.6% Utah Utah 1,992,975 89.2% 2,379,560 86.1% 2,573,413 83.7% +19.4% Vermont Vermont 589,208 96.8% 596,292 95.3% 607,751 94.8% +1.2% Virginia Virginia 5,120,110 72.3% 5,486,852 68.6% 5,708,856 64.3% +7.2% Washington (state) Washington 4,821,823 81.8% 5,196,362 77.3% 5,430,920 72.6% +7.8% West Virginia West Virginia 1,718,777 95.0% 1,739,988 93.9% 1,760,749 91.8% +1.2% Wisconsin Wisconsin 4,769,857 88.9% 4,902,067 86.2% 5,107,545 84.4% +2.8% Wyoming Wyoming 454,670 92.1% 511,279 90.7% 588,374 88.7% +12.4% United States United States of America 211,460,626 75.1% 223,553,265 72.4% 235,904,818 71.6% +5.7% White population by state (includes Hispanics who identify as white)[70] State Pop. 2016 % 2016 Pop. 2017 % 2017 percentage growth numeric growth Alabama Alabama 3,371,066 69.35% 3,374,131 69.22% -0.13% +3,065 Alaska Alaska 490,864 66.20% 486,724 65.79% -0.41% -4,140 Arizona Arizona 5,753,506 83.28% 5,827,866 83.06% -0.22% +74,360 Arkansas Arkansas 2,372,843 79.41% 2,381,662 79.27% -0.14% +3,740 California California 28,560,032 72.68% 28,611,160 72.37% -0.31% +51,128 Colorado Colorado 4,837,197 87.47% 4,894,372 87.29% -0.18% +57,175 Connecticut Connecticut 2,891,943 80.60% 2,879,759 80.26% -0.34% -12,184 Delaware Delaware 667,076 70.02% 670,512 69.70% -0.32% +3,436 Washington, D.C. District of Columbia 305,232 44.60% 313,234 45.14% +0.54% +8,002 Florida Florida 16,022,497 77.56% 16,247,613 77.43% -0.13% +225,116 Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 6,310,426 61.18% 6,341,768 60.81% -0.37% +31,342 Hawaii Hawaii 370,362 25.92% 366,546 25.67% -0.25% -3,816 Idaho Idaho 1,567,868 93.32% 1,599,814 93.18% -0.2% +31,946 Illinois Illinois 9,909,184 77.20% 9,864,942 77.06% -0.14% -44,242 Indiana Indiana 5,679,252 85.61% 5,690,929 85.36% -0.25% +11,677 Iowa Iowa 2,860,136 91.35% 2,864,664 91.06% -0.29% +4,528 Kansas Kansas 2,519,340 86.64% 2,519,176 86.47% -0.17% -164 Kentucky Kentucky 3,901,878 87.96% 3,908,964 87.76% -0.20% +7,086 Louisiana Louisiana 2,958,471 63.13% 2,951,003 63.00% -0.13% -7,468 Maine Maine 1,261,247 94.81% 1,264,744 94.67% -0.14% +3,497 Maryland Maryland 3,572,673 59.30% 3,568,679 58.96% -0.34% -3,994 Massachusetts Massachusetts 5,575,622 81.71% 5,576,725 81.29% -0.42% +1,103 Michigan Michigan 7,906,913 79.60% 7,914,418 79.44% -0.16% +7,505 Minnesota Minnesota 4,687,397 84.84% 4,708,215 84.43% -0.41% +20,818 Mississippi Mississippi 1,771,276 59.33% 1,766,950 59.21% -0.12% -4,326 Missouri Missouri 5,069,869 83.23% 5,080,444 83.10% -0.13% +10,575 Montana Montana 926,475 89.20% 935,792 89.08% -0.12% +9,317 Nebraska Nebraska 1,693,622 88.78% 1,700,881 88.58% -0.20% +7,259 Nevada Nevada 2,208,915 75.15% 2,235,657 74.57% -0.58% +26,742 New Hampshire New Hampshire 1,251,836 93.77% 1,256,807 93.59% -0.18% +4,971 New Jersey New Jersey 6,499,057 72.38% 6,489,409 72.06% -0.32% -9,648 New Mexico New Mexico 1,716,662 82.31% 1,715,623 82.16% -0.15% -1,039 New York (state) New York 13,856,651 69.85% 13,807,127 69.56% -0.29% -49,524 North Carolina North Carolina 7,212,423 71.01% 7,276,995 70.83% -0.18% +64,572 North Dakota North Dakota 663,424 87.81% 661,217 87.53% -0.28% -2,207 Ohio Ohio 9,578,424 82.41% 9,579,207 82.16% -0.25% +783 Oklahoma Oklahoma 2,923,751 74.56% 2,921,390 74.32% -0.24% -2,361 Oregon Oregon 3,569,538 87.29% 3,607,515 87.08% -0.21% +37,977 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 10,525,562 82.31% 10,507,780 82.06% -0.25% -17,782 Rhode Island Rhode Island 892,287 84.37% 890,883 84.07% -0.30% -1,404 South Carolina South Carolina 3,393,346 68.2% 3,440,141 68.47% +0.27% +46,795 South Dakota South Dakota 733,199 85.10% 738,554 84.92% -0.18% +5,355 Tennessee Tennessee 5,231,987 78.68% 5,276,748 78.57% -0.11% +44,761 Texas Texas 22,166,782 79.44% 22,404,118 79.15% -0.29% +237,336 Utah Utah 2,774,606 91.14% 2,820,387 90.93% -0.21% +45,781 Vermont Vermont 589,836 94.62% 589,163 94.47% -0.15% -673 Virginia Virginia 5,891,174 70.01% 5,904,472 69.71% -0.30% +13,298 Washington (state) Washington 5,820,007 79.93% 5,887,060 79.49% -0.44% +67,053 West Virginia West Virginia 1,712,647 93.66% 1,699,266 93.58% -0.08% -13,381 Wisconsin Wisconsin 5,049,698 87.47% 5,060,891 87.32% -0.15% +11,193 Wyoming Wyoming 543,224 92.87% 537,396 92.76% -0.11% -5,828 United States United States 248,619,303 76.87% 249,619,493 76.64% -0.23% +1,000,190 Non-Hispanic population For a more comprehensive list, see List of U.S. states by non-Hispanic or Latino white population. Non-Hispanic white population by state[70] State Pop. 2016 % 2016 Pop. 2017 % 2017 percentage growth numeric growth Alabama Alabama 3,198,381 65.80% 3,196,852 65.58% -0.22% -1,529 Alaska Alaska 454,651 61.31% 449,776 60.80% -0.51% -4,875 Arizona Arizona 3,819,881 55.29% 3,849,130 54.86% -0.43% +29,249 Arkansas Arkansas 2,175,521 72.80% 2,177,809 72.49% -0.31% +2,288 California California 14,797,971 37.66% 14,696,754 37.17% -0.49% -101,217 Colorado Colorado 3,791,612 68.56% 3,827,750 68.26% -0.30% +36,135 Connecticut Connecticut 2,428,332 67.68% 2,404,792 67.02% -0.66% -23,540 Delaware Delaware 597,728 62.74% 599,260 62.30% -0.44% +1,532 Washington, D.C. District of Columbia 249,141 36.40% 255,387 36.80% +0.40% +6,246 Florida Florida 11,273,388 54.57% 11,343,977 54.06% -0.51% +70,589 Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 5,499,055 53.32% 5,507,334 52.81% -0.51% +8,279 Hawaii Hawaii 317,026 22.19% 312,492 21.89% -0.30% -4,534 Idaho Idaho 1,382,934 82.32% 1,408,294 82.02% -0.30% +25,360 Illinois Illinois 7,915,013 61.65% 7,849,887 61.32% -0.33% -65,126 Indiana Indiana 5,280,029 79.59% 5,280,420 79.20% -0.39% +391 Iowa Iowa 2,696,686 86.13% 2,695,962 85.70% -0.43% -724 Kansas Kansas 2,215,920 76.21% 2,209,748 75.86% -0.35% -6,172 Kentucky Kentucky 3,767,092 84.92% 3,768,891 84.61% -0.31% +1,799 Louisiana Louisiana 2,760,416 58.91% 2,747,730 58.66% -0.25% -12,686 Maine Maine 1,243,741 93.50% 1,246,478 93.30% -0.20% +2,737 Maryland Maryland 3,098,543 51.43% 3,077,907 50.86% -0.57% -20,636 Massachusetts Massachusetts 4,972,010 72.86% 4,953,695 72.21% -0.65% -18,315 Michigan Michigan 7,489,609 75.40% 7,488,326 75.17% -0.23% -1,283 Minnesota Minnesota 4,442,684 80.41% 4,455,605 79.89% -0.52% +12,921 Mississippi Mississippi 1,697,562 56.86% 1,691,566 56.69% -0.17% -5,996 Missouri Missouri 4,855,156 79.71% 4,859,227 79.48% -0.23% +4,071 Montana Montana 897,790 86.44% 905,811 86.23% -0.21% +8,021 Nebraska Nebraska 1,515,494 79.44% 1,516,962 79.00% -0.44% +1,468 Nevada Nevada 1,465,888 49.87% 1,470,855 49.06% -0.81% +4,967 New Hampshire New Hampshire 1,212,377 90.81% 1,215,447 90.52% -0.29% +3,070 New Jersey New Jersey 5,002,866 55.72% 4,962,470 55.10% -0.62% -40,396 New Mexico New Mexico 789,869 38.31% 783,064 37.50% -0.81% -6,805 New York (state) New York 11,047,456 55.69% 10,972,959 55.28% -0.41% -74,497 North Carolina North Carolina 6,447,852 63.48% 6,486,100 63.13% -0.35% +38,248 North Dakota North Dakota 641,945 84.96% 639,029 84.59% -0.37% -2,916 Ohio Ohio 9,229,932 79.41% 9,219,577 79.08% -0.33% -10,355 Oklahoma Oklahoma 2,592,571 66.12% 2,581,568 65.67% -0.45% -11,003 Oregon Oregon 3,115,656 76.25% 3,139,685 75.79% -0.46% +24,029 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 9,841,619 76.96% 9,796,510 76.50% -0.44% -45,109 Rhode Island Rhode Island 773,405 73.13% 768,229 72.50% -0.63% -5,176 South Carolina South Carolina 3,165,176 63.82% 3,203,045 63.75% -0.07% +37,869 South Dakota South Dakota 710,509 82.47% 714,881 82.20% -0.27% +4,372 Tennessee Tennessee 4,931,609 74.17% 4,963,780 73.91% -0.26% +32,171 Texas Texas 11,862,697 42.51% 11,886,381 42.00% -0.51% +23,684 Utah Utah 2,400,885 78.86% 2,434,785 78.49% -0.37% +33,900 Vermont Vermont 580,238 93.08% 579,149 92.86% -0.22% -1,089 Virginia Virginia 5,247,231 62.36% 5,241,262 61.88% -0.48% -5,969 Washington (state) Washington 5,049,817 69.36% 5,091,370 68.75% -0.61% +41,553 West Virginia West Virginia 1,688,472 92.33% 1,674,557 92.22% -0.11% -13,915 Wisconsin Wisconsin 4,710,928 81.60% 4,713,993 81.34% -0.26% +3,065 Wyoming Wyoming 492,235 84.16% 486,565 83.99% -0.17% -5,670 United States United States 197,834,599 61.17% 197,803,083 60.73% -0.44% -31,516 Politics White Americans tend[quantify] to vote for the Republican Party ever since the 1960s when the party pushed for the Southern strategy electoral strategy to increase political support among white voters in the South.[citation needed] In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were white while 56% of Obama voters were white.[71] In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of white votes.[72] In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the white votes.[73] Some academics and commentators have argued that Donald Trump's presidential election victory in 2016 is an example of "White backlash".[74][75][76] Year Candidate of the plurality Political party % of White vote[citation needed] Result 1980 Ronald Reagan Republican Party 56% Won 1984 Ronald Reagan Republican 66% Won 1988 George H. W. Bush Republican 59% Won 1992 George H. W. Bush Republican 40% Lost 1996 Bob Dole Republican 46% Lost 2000 George W. Bush Republican 55% Won 2004 George W. Bush Republican 58% Won 2008 John McCain Republican 55% Lost 2012 Mitt Romney Republican 59% Lost 2016 Donald Trump Republican 57% Won 2020 Donald Trump Republican 58% Lost Culture From their earliest presence in North America, White Americans have contributed literature, art, cinema, religion, agricultural skills, foods, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to American culture. White American culture derived its earliest influences from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of American culture.[77] The overall American culture reflects White American culture. The culture has been developing since long before the United States formed a separate country. Much of American culture shows influences from English culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.[78] Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America Three members of the Kennedy political dynasty, John, Robert and Ted Kennedy. All eight of their great-grandparents emigrated from Ireland. In his 1989 book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, David Hackett Fischer explores the details of the folkways of four groups of settlers from the British Isles that moved to the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries from distinct regions of Britain and Ireland. His thesis is that the culture of each group persisted (albeit in modified form), providing the basis for the modern United States.[79] According to Fischer, the foundation of America's four regional cultures was formed from four mass migrations from four regions of the British Isles by four distinct ethno-cultural groups. New England's formative period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia, settled there, thus forming the basis for the New England regional culture.[80] The next mass migration was of southern English Cavaliers and their working class English servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This spawned the creation of the American Southern culture.[81] Then, between 1675 and 1725, thousands of Irish, Cornish, English and Welsh Quakers plus many Germans sympathetic to Quaker ideas, led by William Penn, settled the Delaware Valley. This resulted in the formation of the General American culture, although, according to Fischer, this is really a "regional culture", even if it does today encompass most of the U.S. from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast.[82] Finally, a huge number of settlers from the borderlands between England and Scotland, sometimes by way of northern Ireland, migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. This resulted in the formation of the Upland South regional culture, which has since expanded to the west to West Texas and parts of the American Southwest.[83] In his book, Fischer brings up several points. He states that the U.S. is not a country with one "general" culture and several "regional" culture, as is commonly thought. Rather, there are only four regional cultures as described above, and understanding this helps one to more clearly understand American history as well as contemporary American life. Fischer asserts that it is not only important to understand where different groups came from, but when. All population groups have, at different times, their own unique set of beliefs, fears, hopes and prejudices. When different groups moved to America and brought certain beliefs and values with them, these ideas became, according to Fischer, more or less frozen in time, even if they eventually changed in their original place of origin.[84] Admixture See also: Race and genetics Admixture in non-Hispanic whites Some white Americans have varying amounts of American Indian and Sub-Saharan African ancestry. In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported Sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDNA lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in American Caucasians (in the United States, "Caucasian" includes people from North Africa and Western Asia as well as Europeans).[85] Recent research on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA detected no African admixture in European-Americans. The sample included 628 European-American Y-chromosomes and mtDNA from 922 European-Americans[86] DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% Sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.[87] The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture.[88] Shriver discovered his ancestry is 10 percent African, and Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, J.T. Frudacas, contradicted him two years later stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry."[89] White Americans (European Americans) on average are: 98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American. Inferred British/Irish ancestry is found in European Americans from all states at mean proportions of above 20%, and represents a majority of ancestry, above 50% mean proportion, in states such as Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Scandinavian ancestry in European Americans is highly localized; most states show only trace mean proportions of Scandinavian ancestry, while it comprises a significant proportion, upwards of 10%, of ancestry in European Americans from Minnesota and the Dakotas.[90] Admixture in Hispanic whites In contrast to non-Hispanic or Latino whites, whose average European ancestry is 98.6%,[90][91] genetic research has found that the average European admixture among White Hispanic and Latino Americans is 73%, while the average European admixture for Hispanic Americans overall (regardless of their self-identified race) is 65.1%. "Average admixture," however, can be a misleading measure, as it conflates vastly different population groups and ignores marked differences within individual Latino populations. Each Latin American country has a unique demographic history. The genetic profile of American Latinos varies from group to group and is a result of unique immigration histories, as Mexicans and Mexican-Americans make up the majority of Hispanics in the United States but other South American groups may have a different degree of admixture. The Cuban exiles "fleeing the Castro regime in the 1960s and ’70s were almost entirely white, educated and middle or upper class," for instance, the descendants of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba.[92] This can also be seen in immigrant populations of Uruguay, Argentina and Venezuela. Those who came during the Mariel Boatlift, on the other hand, were more racially diverse. See also flag United States portal map Europe portal American ancestry Anglo Emigration from Europe European Americans Hyphenated American Middle Eastern Americans Non-Hispanic or Latino whites Race and ethnicity in the United States Stereotypes of white Americans White Anglo-Saxon Protestant White ethnic White Latino Americans White Southerners List of United States cities by percentage of white population White Americans in California Notes Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 62% were naturalized.[52] References "2020 Census Redistricting: Supplementary Tables". United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021. "Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014)". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Retrieved April 5, 2019. "QuickFacts: United States". www.census.gov. "Analysis | There's a big problem with how the census measures race". The Washington Post. February 6, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2021. Demby, Gene (June 16, 2014). "On The Census, Who Checks 'Hispanic,' Who Checks 'White,' And Why". NPR.org. Retrieved July 23, 2021. Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez, eds. (March 2011). "Definition of Race Categories Used in the 2010 Census" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 3. Retrieved September 8, 2013. "The White Population: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. August 2001. Retrieved March 10, 2011. "Public Comments Received on Federal Register notice 79 FR 71377: Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; 2015 National Content Test" (PDF). Census.gov. December 2, 2014 – February 2, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2019. "Census Bureau explores new Middle East/North Africa ethnic category". Pewresearch.org. March 24, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2017. Sources: Korelitz, Seth (March 1997). "The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, from Race to Ethnicity". American Jewish History. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 85 (1): 75–100. ISSN 0164-0178. JSTOR 23885597. Novick, Peter (September 20, 2000). The Holocaust in American Life. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 127–32. ISBN 978-0-547-34961-9. Siporin, Steve (November 1990). "Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore, Western States Jewish History". Western Historical Quarterly. Oxford University Press. 21 (4): 230–42. JSTOR 969273. Lerner, Michael (May 18, 1993). "Jews Are Not White". The Village Voice. In America, to be 'white' means to be the beneficiary of the past 500 years of European exploration and exploitation of the rest of the world Sources: Thompson, Derek (August 19, 2008). "Do white people really come from the Caucasus?". Slate. Retrieved March 10, 2011. Caucasians included most Europeans, Northern Africans, and Asians as far east as the Ganges Delta in modern India. Lee, Sandra Soo-Jin; Mountain, Joanna; Koenig, Barbara A. (2001). "The meanings of "race" in the new genomics: Implications for health disparities research" (PDF). Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics. 1: 33–75. PMID 12669320. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421. Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–46. Lieberson, Stanley; Waters, Mary C. (September 1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 487 (79, Immigration and American Public Policy): 82–86. doi:10.1177/0002716286487001004. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1046054. OCLC 4649763967. S2CID 60711423. "Race". Bhopal, R.; Donaldson, L. (1998). "White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health". American Journal of Public Health. 88 (9): 1303–1307. doi:10.2105/ajph.88.9.1303. PMC 1509085. PMID 9736867. Baum 2006, p. 3,18. Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2017. Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder – Search". Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2009. Sharon R. Ennis; Ríos-Vargas, Merarys; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "U.S. Census Bureau" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved July 11, 2011. "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007". U.S. Census American Community Survey. 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020. Sources: Pulera, Dominic (October 20, 2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8. Retrieved October 22, 2016. Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421. Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–46. "Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race". Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010. "American FactFinder Help". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 5, 2001. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016. "T4-2008. Hispanic or Latino By Race". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2010. "B03002. HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2010. "Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience – Arab American Institute". Aaiusa.org. Retrieved December 14, 2017. "Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics" (PDF). Seer.cancer.gov. May 21, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2016. "Clark Library | U-M Library". Lib.umich.edu. Retrieved October 22, 2016. Ajrouch, Kristine J. (2016). "Gender, Race, and Symbolic Boundaries: Contested Spaces of Identity among Arab American Adolescents". Sociological Perspectives. 47 (4): 371–391. doi:10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.371. S2CID 143001730. Seth Korelitz, "The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, From Race to Ethnicity," American Jewish History 1997 85(1): 75–100. 0164–0178 Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (1999); Hilene Flanzbaum, ed. The Americanization of the Holocaust (1999); Monty Noam Penkower, "Shaping Holocaust Memory," American Jewish History 2000 88(1): 127–132. 0164–0178 Steve Siporin, "Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore," Western States Jewish History 1990 22(3): 230–242. 0749–5471 M. Lerner, Village Voice, 1993 Armas Kustaa Ensio Holmio, "History of the Finns in Michigan", p. 17 Joe R. Feagin, Racist America: roots, current realities, and future reparations, Routledge, 2000, p.77. Eric Dregni, "Vikings in the attic: In search of Nordic America", p. 176 Tehranian, John (January 2000). "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America". Yale Law Journal. New Haven, Connecticut: The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc. 109 (4): 817–848. doi:10.2307/797505. ISSN 0044-0094. JSTOR 797505. OCLC 5544418733. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. HeinOnline linksubscription lock icon. Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998). Sweet, Frank W. Legal History of the Color Line: The Notion of Invisible Blackness. Backintyme Publishers (2005), ISBN 0-939479-23-0. Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (March 24, 2018). Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-714-8 – via Google Books. "Treatise" (PDF). files.eric.ed.gov. Crenshaw, Kimberlé (March 24, 1995). Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-271-7 – via Google Books. "Essay". scholarship.law.umn.edu. Oremus, Will (March 9, 2012). "Did Obama Hug a Radical?". Slate. Retrieved June 21, 2017. "Critical Race Theory" (PDF). tijdschriftframe.nl. Seidman, S. (2004). Critical Race Theory. In Contested Knowledge: Social Theory Today (pp. 231–243). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. "Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2014. "Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data Geographic Area: United States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2009. "The White Population: 2000" (PDF). Census.gov. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). Census.gov. Hixson, Lindsay; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011). "The White Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved November 20, 2012. Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gambino, Christine; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2012. "United States Population Projections By Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 TO 2050" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (Excel) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008. "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016. Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–39. ISBN 978-0-19-503794-4. Chokshi, Niraj (June 30, 2014). "Diversity in America's counties, in 5 maps". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 26, 2019. Brewer, Cynthia; Suchan, Trudy (2001). Census 2000, The Geography of US Diversity. Redlands, California: ESRI Press. "Distribution of those identifying as White alone, by state, US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2006. "United States – States; and Puerto Rico: Percent of the Total Population Who Are White Alone 2007". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009. "American FactFinder". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011. "New Study Claims US Jews Have Reasons to Be Proud". Israelnationalnews.com. June 25, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2016. "Cuba Fact Sheet Final Draft 08252006 _3_.doc" (PDF). Pewhispanic.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2016. "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016. "Rural Poverty: Myths and Realities". Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007. "US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003" (PDF). Retrieved December 23, 2006. "US Census Bureau, Personal income forum, Age 25+, 2005". Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2007. "kahn3801.dvi" (PDF). Siepr.stanford.edu. Retrieved October 22, 2016. "American FactFinder". August 31, 2004. Archived from the original on August 31, 2004. Retrieved June 28, 2022. Bureau, US Census. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States, States, and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017: 2017 Population Estimates". American FactFinder. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017. Tom Scocca, "Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White", Slate November 7, 2012 Archived July 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine "Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History" Archived June 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009. "The Latino Vote in the 2010 Elections". Pew Research Center. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011. II, Vann R. Newkirk (January 15, 2018). "Five Decades of White Backlash". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 16, 2018. Blake, John (January 8, 2018). "How Trump became 'the white affirmative action president'". CNN. Video by Tawanda Scott Sambou. Retrieved February 16, 2018. Baccini, Leonardo; Weymouth, Stephen. "Gone For Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting". American Political Science Review. 115 (2): 550–567. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000022. Deindustrialization in the US, and the associated localized deterioration in employment, wages, and communities, appear central to the white voter backlash that culminated in the election of Donald Trump. "European Influences on Colonial American Culture". pbslearningmedia.org. James B. Minahan (March 14, 2013). Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-61069-164-2. Retrieved October 22, 2016. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6 Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 13–206 Fischer, Albion's Seed pp. 207–418 Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 419–604 Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 605–782 Hackett Fischer, David. Albion's Seed Oxford University Press, 1989. Sample of 1387 American Caucasian individuals catalogued in the FBI mtDNA population database, Gonçalves et al. 2007, Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians Manfred Kayser et al. 2003, Y Chromosome STR Haplotypes and the Genetic Structure of U.S. Populations of African, European, and Hispanic Ancestry Shriver, et al., "Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping Archived December 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Hum Genet (2003) 112 : 387–39. Sailer, Steve (May 8, 2002). "Analysis: White prof finds he's not". UPI. Jim Wooten, "Race Reversal Man Lives as ‘Black’ for 50 Years — Then Finds Out He’s Probably Not, ABC News (2004). Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (September 18, 2014). "The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States". bioRxiv 10.1101/009340.. "Supplemental Tables and Figures". p. 42. September 18, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2015. Zimmer, Carl (December 24, 2014). "White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkie". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2015. Bardach, Ann Louise (January 29, 2015). "Why Are Cubans So Special?". The New York Times. External links White Population 2000 from the US Census vte Demographics of the United States vte White people Authority control Edit this at Wikidata White Americans at Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Categories: White AmericansWhite American cultureEthnic groups in the United States Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadView sourceView history Search Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский தமிழ் 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2022, at 19:44 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statement — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.98.36.59 (talk) 20:11, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Not sure precisely what this request is asking, but I've collapsed it due to its massive length. --Aquillion (talk) 02:37, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

Trump did not win plurality in 2020

In the Politics section, the table of “white” voting percentage for “plurality” winners in presidential elections is plainly wrong. Trump lost the 2020 popular vote by 7 million votes. He should be removed from the table. He also, by the way, did not win a plurality of the popular vote in 2016. His opponent did. Cieljaune (talk) 16:28, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 February 2023

Whiteness was invented to keep enslaved African Americans oppressed. Before the 17th century, nobody thought of themselves as white.

Sources:

https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~marto/semiohst.htm https://history.princeton.edu/news-events/news/invention-race https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-09.htm 213.252.245.95 (talk) 09:35, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. — Paper9oll (🔔 • 📝) 12:59, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

The consideration of Arabs as part of the White Race prior to 1944

The article states that before 1944 Arabs were not considered White for US citizenship purposes (footnote 29). However, the case Dow v. United States, decided in 1915 by the US 4th Circuit Court of Appeals came to the opinion that, with respect to Christian Arabs from the Levant, they were White for naturalization purposes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_v._United_States. It is unclear what influence this decision had on the passage of the 1917 Asian Barred Zone Act, or on the provisions of the 1924 Immigration Act. 104.162.232.248 (talk) 14:20, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

Critical race theory definition

It is stated that Derrick Bell's interest convergence principle "suggests that whites support minority rights only when doing so is also in their self-interest", which paints Dr Bell as being racist towards whites. Can someone with more knowledge of his scholarship revise? For example, did he say "most whites? Or "whites generally"? SpxB fan (talk) 20:20, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

I looked up Derrick Bell's interest convergence theory as he originally published it (entitled Comment: Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest Convergence Dilemma). Apparently the link to the PDF has been blacklisted by Wikipedia, I'm not sure why. But it states:

"Translated from judicial activity in racial cases both before and after Brown, this principle of "interest convergence" provides: The interest of blacks in achieving racial equality will be accommodated only when it converges with the interests of whites."

Based on the context, Bell is talking more about the whites as a whole, on a systemic level, rather than saying that every single white person is interested in preservation of their interests/advantages.

FYI, I happen to be white, and I happen to agree with critical race theory which is basically saying that non-white people currently face widespread, systemic discrimination including unconscious bias. I admit to feeling more reservation when I see a group of black people having a party close to my house compared to a group of white people. Jojojlj (talk) 02:44, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 April 2023

The early Spanish settlement of parts of the country needs to be mentioned, given they were the first European group to settle parts of the present USA; also, because Spanish ethnicity among White Americans is often underestimated in regions like New Mexico, Florida, Louisiana, and California because of the Hispanic and Latino category. Ironictyn98 (talk) 20:07, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 23:12, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 April 2023

Add this map to the infobox.

File:White American by state in the USA in 2010.svg

185.203.18.167 (talk) 08:17, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

 Not done for now: The map is lacking a legend to explain what the different colours mean. I would also argue that it's not a very helpful map due to the similar colour shades used for different values. Actualcpscm (talk) 14:41, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 April 2023

Add White Puerto Ricans to see also. 45.8.146.82 (talk) 05:30, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

 Done USS Cola!rado🇺🇸 (C⭐T) 08:53, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 May 2023

Add not to confused with American white ibis on the top page.

Not to be confused with American white ibis.

5.182.37.93 (talk) 10:43, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

 Not done: This does not seem like a cause for confusion. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 10:57, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

Why is Slavery in the United States not mentioned in the article? The term white was created to oppress Black people.

The term white was created slave owners in Virginia to separate themselves from Black people. Whiteness was invented to oppress Black people.

Source:

https://theconversation.com/amp/whiteness-is-an-invented-concept-that-has-been-used-as-a-tool-of-oppression-183387 45.86.231.25 (talk) 03:25, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

Nope, that was Nazi white people. Not the same as white people. Binksternet (talk) 03:34, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

White or white?

I'm almost afraid to ask, but I need to know before I do any editing: Should it be White or white? It's both ways throughout the article. Shouldn't we be consistent? Or does it really even matter? Is there a stated WP policy on this? Is there a better place on WP to bring this up? Apologies for my ignorance, but I'm a newbie. :)

In an effort to be a real troublemaker, I'm also gonna ask about Black vs. black in the Black people#North America and African Americans articles. Yesthatbruce (talk) 08:20, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

Update: I managed to find Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Upper vs lower case for Black and White, where I see that this issue has been discussed to death, with no resolution. I'm more than happy to just let it go ... for now, anyway.

All of which is to say: Never mind. :) Yesthatbruce (talk) 09:49, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 June 2023

Add Racism in the United States to see also. 107.197.218.252 (talk) 09:30, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

 Done Cocobb8 (💬 talk • ✏️ contribs) 14:23, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 August 2023

Germans have influenced American cuisine and white American cuisine. Add information the culture section. Hamburgers are of German origin.

Source:https://books.google.com/books?id=ULLygtLOI-kC&pg=PR13 2600:6C50:7EF0:4A70:3DFD:2B2D:C486:598D (talk) 21:30, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Pinchme123 (talk) 04:40, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 August 2023

Many White Americans believe discrimination against whites exists

https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/poll-white-americans-discrimination/ 2600:6C50:7EF0:4A70:C4DD:FB11:8DBF:20D2 (talk) 02:10, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Pinchme123 (talk) 02:23, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

Update of ethnic Group 2020 US Census

Hi on October 10th 2023 The White American population was released on for the 2020 US Census and the percentages are out of date. Please update with the map and ethnicity percentages from the most recent census. To help I have provided a link

[File:Largest white alone or in any combination group by county in the United States. US Census 2020.jpg]]

Thank you Historyguy93 (talk) 19:08, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 November 2023

Please Update ancestry percentages to reflect figures released in 2020 US census

Change X The most commonly reported ancestries of non-Hispanic White Americans include German (13%), Irish (12%), English (9%), Italian (6%), French (4%), Polish (3%), Scottish (3%), Scotch-Irish (2%), and Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian (each 1%), respectively.[18][19][20][21]

To Y According to the 2020 US Census, The most commonly self - reported ancestries of white Americans are English (46.6 million), German (45 million), and Irish (38.6 million) either alone or in any combination made up over half of the White alone or in combination population in 2020.

Change top photo to updated more relevant photo of largest white group by US County on the same 2020 census document

Source

https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html Historyguy93 (talk) 03:06, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 Not done: The suggested prose is not grammatical.  Spintendo  23:45, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

Questionable census data

This reads more conspiratorial than questioning, but I'm genuinely confused: did 7+ mil. White Americans disappear between 2010 and 2020? Checking the data, it appears millions of White Americans vanished(?) seemingly not moving to other states with not many notable state population increases, mainly decreases throughout. So where did they go? It can't be covid, right? Was the census reorganized to separate general ethnicities further? UnexpectedSmoreInquisition aka USI (talk) 04:43, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 March 2024 (2)

The term white was invented to distinguish European Americans from African American slaves.

https://nmaahc.si.edu/learn/talking-about-race/topics/historical-foundations-race 193.187.88.196 (talk) 11:28, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Largoplazo (talk) 13:37, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 March 2024 (8)

The largest white MENA alone groups in America were Iranian (413,842), Lebanese (328,137) and Egyptian (313,720).

Source: https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html 193.187.88.196 (talk) 11:47, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 7 March 2024 (6)

White Americans are aging out.

https://thehill.com/homenews/race-politics/4138228-americas-white-majority-is-aging-out/ 193.187.88.196 (talk) 11:38, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 7 March 2024 (7)

Eastern European immigrants from Russia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Austria-Hungary arrived in America in the 1820s. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-introductiontosociology/chapter/white-ethnic-americans/ 193.187.88.196 (talk) 11:40, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Largoplazo (talk) 13:44, 7 March 2024 (UTC)