Th (digraph)

Th is a digraph in the Latin script. It was originally introduced into Latin to transliterate Greek loan words. In modern languages that use the Latin alphabet, it represents a number of different sounds. It is the most common digraph in order of frequency in the English language.^[1]

This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis. For the meaning of how ⟨ ⟩, | |, / /, and [ ] are used here, see this page.

Cluster /t.h/

The most logical use of ⟨th⟩ is to represent a consonant cluster of the phonemes /t/ and /h/, as in English knighthood. This is not a digraph, since a digraph is a pair of letters representing a single phoneme or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the separate characters.

Aspirated stop /tʰ/

The digraph ⟨th⟩ was first introduced in Latin to transliterate the letter theta ⟨Θ, θ⟩ in loans from Greek. Theta was pronounced as an aspirated stop /tʰ/ in Classical and early Koine Greek.^[2]

⟨th⟩ is used in academic transcription systems to represent letters in south and east Asian alphabets that have the value /tʰ/. According to the Royal Thai General System of Transcription, for example, ⟨th⟩ represents a series of Thai letters with the value /tʰ/.^[3]

⟨th⟩ is also used to transcribe the phoneme /tʰ/ in Southern Bantu languages, such as Zulu and Tswana.

Voiceless fricative /θ/

During late antiquity, the Greek phoneme represented by the letter ⟨θ⟩ mutated from an aspirated stop /tʰ/ to a dental fricative /θ/. This mutation affected the pronunciation of ⟨th⟩, which began to be used to represent the phoneme /θ/ in some of the languages that had it.

One of the earliest languages to use the digraph this way was Old High German, before the final phase of the High German consonant shift, in which /θ/ and /ð/ came to be pronounced /d/.

In early Old English of the 7th and 8th centuries, the digraph ⟨th⟩ was used until the Old English Latin alphabet adapted the runic letter ⟨þ⟩ (thorn), as well as ⟨ð⟩ (eth; ðæt in Old English), a modified version of the Latin letter ⟨d⟩, to represent this sound. Later, the digraph reappeared, gradually superseding these letters in Middle English.

In modern English, an example of the ⟨th⟩ digraph pronounced as /θ/ is the one in tooth.

In Old and Middle Irish, ⟨th⟩ was used for /θ/ as well, but the sound eventually changed into [h] (see below).

Other languages that use ⟨th⟩ for /θ/ include Albanian and Welsh, both of which treat it as a distinct letter and alphabetize it between ⟨t⟩ and ⟨u⟩.

Voiced fricative /ð/

English also uses ⟨th⟩ to represent the voiced dental fricative /ð/, as in father. This unusual extension of the digraph to represent a voiced sound is caused by the fact that, in Old English, the sounds [θ] and [ð] stood in allophonic relationship to each other and so did not need to be rigorously distinguished in spelling. The letters ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ were used indiscriminately for both sounds, and when these were replaced by ⟨th⟩ in the 15th century, it was likewise used for both sounds. (For the same reason, ⟨s⟩ is used in English for both /s/ and /z/.)

In the Norman dialect Jèrriais, the French phoneme /ʁ/ is realized as /ð/, and is spelled ⟨th⟩ under the influence of English.

Voiceless retroflex stop /ʈ/

In the Latin alphabet for the Javanese language, ⟨th⟩ is used to transcribe the phoneme voiceless retroflex stop ʈ, which is written as ꦛ in the native Javanese script.

Alveolar stop /t/

Because neither /tʰ/ nor /θ/ were native phonemes in Latin, the Greek sound represented by ⟨th⟩ came to be pronounced /t/. The spelling retained the digraph for etymological reasons. This practice was then borrowed into German, French, Dutch and other languages, where ⟨th⟩ still appears in originally Greek words, but is pronounced /t/. See German orthography. Interlingua also employs this pronunciation.

In early modern times, French, German and English all expanded this by analogy to words for which there is no etymological reason, but for the most part the modern spelling systems have eliminated this. Examples of unetymological ⟨th⟩ in English are the name of the River Thames from Middle English Temese and the name Anthony (though the ⟨th⟩ is often pronounced /θ/ under the influence of the spelling^[4]) from Latin Antonius.

In English, ⟨th⟩ for /t/ can also occur in loan-words from French or German, such as Neanderthal. The English name Thomas has initial /t/ because it was loaned from Norman.

Dental stop /t̪/

In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages ⟨th⟩ represents a dental stop, /t̪/.^[5]

/h/

In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, ⟨th⟩ represents the lenition of ⟨t⟩. In most cases word-initially, it is pronounced /h/. For example: Irish and Scottish Gaelic toil [tɛlʲ] 'will' → do thoil [də hɛlʲ] 'your will'.

This use of digraphs with ⟨h⟩ to indicate lenition is distinct from the other uses which derive from Latin. While it is true that the presence of digraphs with ⟨h⟩ in Latin inspired the Goidelic usage, their allocation to phonemes is based entirely on the internal logic of the Goidelic languages. Lenition in Gaelic lettering was traditionally denoted in handwriting using an overdot but typesetters lacked these pre-composed types and substituted a trailing ⟨h⟩. It is also a consequence of their history: the digraph initially, in Old and Middle Irish, designated the phoneme /θ/, but later sound changes complicated and obscured the grapheme–sound correspondence, so that ⟨th⟩ is even found in some words like Scottish Gaelic piuthar 'sister' that never had a /θ/ to begin with. This is an example of "inverted (historical) spelling": the model of words where the original interdental fricative had disappeared between vowels caused ⟨th⟩ to be reinterpreted as a marker of hiatus.

Ø

The Irish and Scottish Gaelic lenited /t/ is silent in final position, as in Scottish Gaelic sgith /skiː/ 'tired'. And, rarely, it is silent in initial position, as in Scottish Gaelic thu /uː/ 'you'.

In English, the ⟨th⟩ in asthma and clothes^[6] is often silent.

ᵺ

U+1D7A ᵺ LATIN SMALL LETTER TH WITH STRIKETHROUGH is used for phonetic notation in some dictionaries.^[7]

Footnotes

^ "Statistical information". scottbryce.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
^ Conti, Aidan; Shaw, Philip; Rold, Orietta Da (2015-01-01). Writing Europe, 500-1450: Texts and Contexts. Boydell & Brewer. p. 106. ISBN 9781843844150.
^ Engel, David; Engel, Jaruwan (2010-02-12). Tort, Custom, and Karma: Globalization and Legal Consciousness in Thailand. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804763820.
^ Jones, Daniel (2006). Cambridge English pronouncing dictionary (17. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25. ISBN 0521680867.
^ Dixon, Robert M. W. (2006-01-01). Australian Aboriginal Words in English: Their Origin and Meaning. Oxford University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780195540734.
^ "Definition of Clothes". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
^ Davis, Mark (2003-10-08). "L2/03-334: Latin Small Letter th with Strikethrough" (PDF).

[1] "Statistical information". scottbryce.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2011-04-05.

[2] Conti, Aidan; Shaw, Philip; Rold, Orietta Da (2015-01-01). Writing Europe, 500-1450: Texts and Contexts. Boydell & Brewer. p. 106. ISBN 9781843844150.

[3] Engel, David; Engel, Jaruwan (2010-02-12). Tort, Custom, and Karma: Globalization and Legal Consciousness in Thailand. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804763820.

[4] Jones, Daniel (2006). Cambridge English pronouncing dictionary (17. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25. ISBN 0521680867.

[5] Dixon, Robert M. W. (2006-01-01). Australian Aboriginal Words in English: Their Origin and Meaning. Oxford University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780195540734.

[6] "Definition of Clothes". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

[7] Davis, Mark (2003-10-08). "L2/03-334: Latin Small Letter th with Strikethrough" (PDF).

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