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Theodosius (son of Maurice)

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Theodosius
Co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire
Copper follis from the Cherson mint, showing Maurice, the empress Constantina, and Theodosius holding a staff surmounted with the Chi-Rho.
Reign590–602
PredecessorMaurice
SuccessorPhocas
BornAugust 4, 583/585
Diedafter November 27, 602
DynastyJustinian Dynasty
FatherMaurice
MotherConstantina

Theodosius (Template:Lang-el; August 4, 583/585 – after November 27, 602) was the eldest son of Byzantine Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) and was co-emperor from 590 until his deposition and execution during a military revolt in November 602.[1][2] Along with his father-in-law Germanus, he was briefly proposed as successor to Maurice by the troops, but the army eventually favoured Phocas instead. Sent in an abortive mission to secure aid from Sassanid Persia by his father, Theodosius was captured and executed by Phocas's supporters a few days after Maurice. Nevertheless, rumours spread that he had survived the execution, and became popular to the extent that a man who purported to be Theodosius was entertained by the Persians as a pretext for launching a war against Byzantium.

Biography

Theodosius was the first child of Maurice and his wife, the Augusta Constantina. He was born on August 4, 583 (according to the contemporary John of Ephesus and other chroniclers) or 585 (according to the later histories of Theophanes the Confessor and Kedrenos).[2][3] He was the first son to be born to a reigning emperor since Theodosius II in 401, and was accordingly named after the previous ruler. The papal envoy, or apocrisiarius, to Constantinople, the future Pope Gregory the Great, acted as his godfather.[2][3] The scholar Evagrius Scholasticus composed a work celebrating Theodosius' birth, for which he was rewarded by Maurice with the rank of consul.[4]

A few years after his birth, possibly in 587, Theodosius was raised to the rank of Caesar and thus became his father's heir-apparent, while on March 26, 590, he was publicly proclaimed as co-emperor.[2]

In November 601 or early February 602, Maurice married Theodosius to a daughter of the patrician Germanus, a leading member of the Byzantine Senate.[a][5] The historian Theophylact Simocatta, the major chronicler of Maurice's reign, also records that on February 2, 602, Germanus saved Theodosius from harm during food riots in Constantinople.[6]

Later in the same year, during the revolt of the Danubian armies in autumn, Theodosius and his father-in-law were hunting in the outskirts of Constantinople. There they received a letter from the mutinous troops, in which they demanded Maurice's resignation, a redress of their grievances, and offered the crown to either of the two.[1][7] They presented the letter to Maurice, who rejected the army's demands. The emperor however began suspecting Germanus of playing a part in the revolt. Theodosius promptly informed his father-in-law of this and advised him to hide, and on 21 November Germanus fled first to a local church and then to the Hagia Sophia, seeking sanctuary from the Byzantine emperor's emissaries.[8][9]

On the very next day however, Maurice and his family and closest associates fled the capital before the advancing rebel army under Phocas, and crossed over to Chalcedon. From there, Theodosius was dispatched along with the praetorian prefect Constantine Lardys to seek the aid of Khosrau II, the ruler of Sassanid Persia. Maurice however soon recalled him, and on his return Theodosius fell into the hands of Phocas' men and was executed at Chalcedon. His father and younger brothers had been executed a few days earlier on November 27.[9][10]

Rumours of survival and pseudo-Theodosius

Subsequently, rumours emerged of Theodosius's survival and spread far and wide. It was alleged that his father-in-law Germanus had bribed his executioner, a leading Phocas supporter named Alexander, to spare his life. In this story, Theodosius then fled, eventually reaching Lazica, where he died. Theophylact Simocatta reports that he thoroughly investigated these rumours and found them false.[1][11]

However, the general Narses, who rose against Phocas in Mesopotamia, exploited these rumours: he produced a false Theodosius, and claimed to be fighting in his name. The imposter was then presented to Khosrau II by Narses. The Persian ruler in turn used him as a pretext for his own invasion of Byzantium, claiming that it was done in order to avenge the murder of Maurice and his family and place the "rightful" heir Theodosius on the throne.[1][12]

Coinage

Theodosius does not appear on most of the regular coinage of Maurice's reign, with two exceptions: the copper nummi of the Cherson mint, which show him along with his father and mother, and a special silver siliqua issue (apparently cut in 591/592 to celebrate his proclamation as co-emperor)[12] from the Carthage mint.[13]

Notes

^ a: Germanus's identity is unclear. He has been sometimes identified with the son of the magister militum Germanus and Matasuntha,[14] but also with Germanus, a son-in-law of Tiberius II Constantine who became Caesar alongside Maurice but refused the throne.[15]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Kazhdan 1991, p. 2050.
  2. ^ a b c d Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 1293.
  3. ^ a b Whitby 1988, p. 18.
  4. ^ Whitby 1988, p. 21.
  5. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 531, 1293.
  6. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 531.
  7. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 531, 1293; Whitby 1988, p. 168.
  8. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 531–532.
  9. ^ a b Whitby 1988, p. 26.
  10. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 1293–1294.
  11. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 47, 532, 1294; Whitby 1988, pp. 312, 316.
  12. ^ a b Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 1294.
  13. ^ Grierson 1999, pp. 44–45, 58.
  14. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 528.
  15. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 529; Whitby 1988, p. 25.

Sources

  • Grierson, Philip (1999). Byzantine Coins. Washington, District of Columbia: Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 0-88402-274-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York, NY and Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. III: A.D. 527–641. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Whitby, Michael (1988). The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822945-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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