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Third Great Awakening

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Great Awakenings in America

The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period proposed by William G. McLoughlin that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century.[1] It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism.[2] It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness movement and Nazarene movements, and Christian Science.[3]

The era saw the adoption of a number of moral causes, such as the abolition of slavery and prohibition. However, some scholars, such as Kenneth Scott Latourette, dispute the thesis that the United States ever had a Third Great Awakening.[4]

Overview

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This article focuses on the Awakening that took place during the nineteenth century in America. So far, it also includes material about Korea. A similar Awakening took place in Britain, identified by J Edwin Orr as starting in 1859 with its influence continuing through to the end of the century, impacting significantly on church growth, overseas mission, and social action.[5]

The American Protestant mainline churches were growing rapidly in numbers, wealth and educational levels, throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities. Intellectuals and writers such as Josiah Strong advocated a muscular Christianity with systematic outreach to the unchurched in America and around the globe. Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation. Each denomination supported active missionary societies, and made the role of missionary one of high prestige.[6]

The great majority of pietistic mainline Protestants (in the North) supported the Republican Party, and urged it to endorse prohibition and social reforms.[7][8] See Third Party System.

The awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War. In the South, on the other hand, the Civil War stimulated revivals, especially the Confederate States Army revival in General Robert E. Lee's army.[9]

After the war, Dwight L. Moody made revivalism the centerpiece of his activities in Chicago by founding the Moody Bible Institute. The hymns of Ira Sankey were especially influential.[10]

Across the nation drys crusaded in the name of religion for the prohibition of alcohol. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union mobilized Protestant women for social crusades against liquor, pornography and prostitution, and sparked the demand for woman suffrage.[11]

The Gilded Age plutocracy came under sharp attack from the Social Gospel preachers and with reformers in the Progressive Era. Historian Robert Fogel identifies numerous reforms, especially the battles involving child labor, compulsory elementary education and the protection of women from exploitation in factories.[12]

All the major denominations sponsored growing missionary activities inside the United States and around the world.[13][14]

Colleges associated with churches rapidly expanded in number, size and quality of curriculum. The promotion of "muscular Christianity" became popular among young men on campus and in urban YMCA's, as well as such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans.[15]

New religions

Mary Baker Eddy introduced Christian Science, which gained a national following.[16] In 1880, the Salvation Army denomination arrived in America. Although its theology was based on ideals expressed during the Second Great Awakening, its focus on poverty was of the Third. The Society for Ethical Culture was established in New York in 1876 by Felix Adler attracted a Reform Jewish clientele. Charles Taze Russell founded the Bible Students movement, which later split into the "Jehovah's Witnesses" of today.

With Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago as its center, the settlement house movement and the vocation of social work were deeply influenced by the Social Gospel.[17]

The New Thought movement expanded as Unity and Church of Divine Science were founded.

The Holiness and Pentecostal movements

The goal of the Holiness movement in the Methodist Church was to move beyond the one-time conversion experience that the revivals produce, and reach entire sanctification.[18] The Pentecostals went one step further, seeking what they called a "baptism in the spirit" or "baptism of the Holy Ghost" that enabled those with this special gift to heal the sick, perform miracles, prophesy, and speak in tongues.[19]

Impact on Korea

Chun Beh Im (2000) compared the evangelistic method and results of the Third Great Awakening in America with the Korean revivals of 1884–1910. Many techniques of the Second and Third Great Awakenings were transposed from America to Korea, including the circuit-riding system of the Methodists, the Baptist farmer preachers, the campus revivals of the eastern seaboard, the camp meetings in the West, the new measures of Charles G. Finney, the Layman's Prayer Revival, urban mass revivalism of D. L. Moody, and the Student Volunteer Movement. Im discovered four areas of influence from a comparison and analysis of the two countries' revivals: the establishment of tradition, the adoption of similar emphases, the incorporation of evangelistic methodologies, and the observation of the results of the revivals. The American revivals had a major influence on the Korean revivals, and the American revival tradition and enthusiasm toward missions helped Korean Christians develop their own religious experience and tradition. This tradition has influenced Korean churches even into the 21st century.[20]

See also

Bibliography

  • Abell, Aaron. The Urban Impact on American Protestantism, 1865–1900 Harvard University Press, 1943.
  • Ahlstrom, Sydney E. A Religious History of the American People. Yale University Press, 1972.
  • Bordin, Ruth. Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900 Temple University Press, 1981.
  • Curtis, Susan. A Consuming Faith: The Social Gospel and Modern American Culture. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
  • Dieter, Melvin Easterday. The Holiness Revival of the Nineteenth Century Scarecrow Press, 1980.
  • Dorsett, Lyle W. Billy Sunday and the Redemption of Urban America Eerdmans, 1991.
  • Dorsett, Lyle W. A Passion for Souls: The Life of D. L. Moody. Moody Press, 1997.
  • Edwards, Wendy J. Deichmann. and Carolyn De Swarte Gifford. Gender and the Social Gospel (2003) excerpt and text search
  • Evensen; Bruce J. God's Man for the Gilded Age: D.L. Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism (2003) online edition
  • Findlay, James F. Dwight L. Moody: American Evangelist, 1837–1899 University of Chicago Press, 1969.
  • Finke, Roger, and Rodney Stark. The Churching of America, 1776–1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy Rutgers University Press, 1992.
  • Fishwick, Marshall W. Great Awakenings: Popular Religion and Popular Culture (1995)
  • Fogel, Robert William. The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (2000)
  • Giggie, John M. "The Third Great Awakening: Religion and the Civil Rights Movement." Reviews in American History 2005 33(2): 254–262. ISSN 0048-7511 Fulltext: Project Muse
  • Hutchison William R. Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions. University of Chicago Press, 1987.
  • Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971)
  • Keller, Rosemary Skinner, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, eds. Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America (3 vol 2006) excerpt and text search
  • Long, Kathryn Teresa. The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening Oxford University Press, 1998 online edition
  • Luker, Ralph E. The Social Gospel in Black and White American Racial Reform, 1885–1912. (1991)online edition
  • Luker, Ralph E. "Liberal Theology and Social Conservatism: a Southern Tradition, 1840–1920." Church History v 10#2 1981. pp 193–207 p online edition
  • McClymond, Michael, ed. Encyclopedia of Religious Revivals in America. (2007). Vol. 1, A–Z: xxxii, 515 pp. Vol. 2, Primary Documents: xx, 663 pp. ISBN 0-313-32828-5/set.)
  • McLoughlin, William G. Revivals Awakenings and Reform 1980
  • McLoughlin, William G. Modern Revivalism: Charles Grandison Finney to Billy Graham 1959.
  • McLoughlin, William G. ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800–1900: An Anthology 1976.
  • Marty, Martin E. Modern American Religion, Vol. 1: The Irony of It All, 1893–1919 (1986); Modern American Religion. Vol. 2: The Noise of Conflict, 1919–1941 (1991)
  • Marsden, George M. Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (1980). very important history online edition
  • Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan. Religion and the American Civil War (1998) excerpt and text search; complete edition online
  • Shenk, Wilbert R., ed. North American Foreign Missions, 1810–1914: Theology, Theory, and Policy (2004) 349pp important essays by scholars excerpt and text search
  • Sizer, Sandra. Gospel Hymns and Social Religion: The Rhetoric of Nineteenth-Century Revivalism. Temple University Press, 1978.
  • Smith, Timothy L. Called Unto Holiness, the Story of the Nazarenes: The Formative Years. Kansas City: Nazarene Publishing House, 1962.
  • Smith, Timothy L. Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War Johns Hopkins Press, 1980.
  • Ward, W. R. The Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Weisberger, Bernard A. They Gathered at the River: The Story of the Great Revivalists and Their Impact upon Religion in America 1958.

Primary sources

  • Carroll, H. K. The Religious Forces of the United States, Enumerated, Classified and Described: Returns for 1900 and 1910 Compared with the Government Census of 1890: Condition and Characteristics of Christianity in the United States (1912), very useful summaries of each denomination and detailed statistics. complete text online free
  • McLoughlin, William G. ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800–1900: An Anthology 1976.

Notes

  1. ^ William G. McLoughlin, Revivals Awakenings and Reform (1980)
  2. ^ Mark A. Noll, A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada (1992) pp 286-310
  3. ^ Robert William Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (2000)
  4. ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity, 1945.
  5. ^ Orr, J. Edwin (1949). The Second Evangelical Awakening in Britain. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, Ltd. pp. 5–302.
  6. ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (1972) pp 731-872
  7. ^ Paul Kleppner, The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures (2009)
  8. ^ Jensen (171)
  9. ^ Randall M. Miller, et al, eds. Religion and the American Civil War 1998
  10. ^ James F. Findlay Dwight L. Moody: American Evangelist, 1837–1899 (2007
  11. ^ Ruth Bordin, Women and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900 (1981)
  12. ^ Fogel p 108
  13. ^ Paul A. Varg, "Motives in Protestant Missions, 1890–1917," Church History 1954 23(1): 68–82
  14. ^ Shenk (2004)
  15. ^ David P. Setran, "Following the Broad-Shouldered Jesus: The College YMCA and the Culture of Muscular Christianity in American Campus Life, 1890–1914," American Educational History Journal 2005 32(1): 59–66,
  16. ^ Stephen Gottschalk, Emergence of Christian Science in American Religious Life (1979)
  17. ^ Louise W. Knight, Jane Addams: Spirit in Action (2010)
  18. ^ Charles Edwin Jones, Perfectionist Persuasion: The Holiness Movement and American Methodism, 1867-1936 (1974)
  19. ^ Augustus Cerillo, Jr., "The Beginnings of American Pentecostalism: A Historiographical Overview," in Pentecostal Currents in American Protestantism, ed. by Edith L. Blumhofer, Russell P. Spittler, and Grant A. Wacker (1999).
  20. ^ Chun Beh Im, "A Critical Investigation of the Influence of the Second Great Awakening and Nineteenth-Century Revival on Revivals in Korea (1884–1910)." PhD dissertation New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary 2000. 200 pp. Citation: DAI 2001 61(10): 4044-A. DA9991964
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