Transmembrane protein 89

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TMEM89
Identifiers
AliasesTMEM89, transmembrane protein 89
External IDsMGI: 1916634 HomoloGene: 52857 GeneCards: TMEM89
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

440955

69384

Ensembl

ENSG00000183396

ENSMUSG00000025652

UniProt

A2RUT3

Q9DA04

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001008269

NM_027066

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001008270

NP_081342

Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 48.62 – 48.62 MbChr 9: 108.74 – 108.74 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Transmembrane protein 89 (TMEM89) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM89 gene.

Gene[edit]

Structure[edit]

The TMEM89 gene is found on the minus strand of chromosome 3 (3p21.31) from 48,658,192 to 48,659,288 and is 1,011 nucleotides long.[5][6] The gene has two exons.[5][6] These two exons are not predicted to be alternatively spliced.[5][6]

Gene expression[edit]

The TMEM89 gene is most highly expressed in the testis.[5][6] TMEM89 is also found to be expressed at low levels in other tissues such as the stomach, kidneys, heart, ovaries, thyroid, colon, bone marrow, and in adrenal tissues.[5] This gene is also expressed in fetal heart, stomach, kidney, and intestine tissues.[5] Immunohistochemistry data has also found TMEM89 located in the cell membranes of the colon, fallopian tube, kidney, and testis tissues.[7][8] Expression of the TMEM89 gene has also been found in low amounts in the brain tissue from a mouse cerebellum.[9]

Gene expression neighborhood[edit]

Human TMEM89 is a part of the Human Protein Atlas expression cluster 23: SpermatidS - Flagellum & Golgi organization.[7][10] The 15 closest expression neighbors include OR4M1, ANTXRL, TGIF2LX, CPXCR1, C3orf84, CXorf66, CLDN17, C11orf94, USP50, SPDYE4, MMP20, SSMEM1, C17orf98, SPACA1, and LYZL1.[10]

Differential gene expression[edit]

TMEM89 expression is much higher in amniotic fluid derived hAKPC-P cells compared with immortalized hIPod line cells.[11] TMEM89 expression is higher in cells that have macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) knocked down compared to the control.[12] TMEM89 expression is the lowest in cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cells, compared to expression in human embryonic stem cells, embryoid bodies with beating cardiomyocytes, and cardiomyocytes from fetal hearts.[13]

Clinical significance[edit]

Gene expression of TMEM89 was found to be upregulated in upper tract urothelial carcinomas, and therefore predicted as a possible biomarker secretory protein for these types of carcinomas.[14] The TMEM89 gene was found to be a potential modifier of autism spectrum disorder severity in a SNP analysis.[citation needed] Gene expression of TMEM89 was also used in a model that predicted the risk score for a potential relapse in stage 1 testicular germ cell tumors.[15]

Human TMEM89 Conceptual Translation[5][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Protein[edit]

Structure[edit]

Primary[edit]

The human TMEM89 protein is 159 amino acids long.[5] This protein has a molecular mass of ~17.5kDa and an isoelectric point of ~10 pI.[6][22] Proteins with a more basic pI are usually associated with the mitochondria or the plasma membrane and have fewer protein interactions.[23][24] The protein structure contains two topological domains (extracellular and cytoplasmic) and a helical transmembrane domain.[17][25][26] The human TMEM89 protein is rich in the amino acids histidine, leucine, and tryptophan.[18] The amino acids aspartate, asparagine, and phenylalanine are present in low amounts in the human TMEM89 protein.[18] Amino acid patterns such as ED are present in the human TMEM89 protein at low amounts, while the pattern KR-ED is present in high amounts.[18] Within the extracellular domain of the human TMEM89 protein, there are 3 cysteines with regular spacing.[18] In the cytoplasmic domain, there are two positive amino acid runs from amino acids 3-5 and 25-27.[18] These different amino acid patterns and protein domains can be visualized in the figures to the right.

Human TMEM89 SOSUI Hydrophobicity and Net Charge Density Graph[25]
SOSUI Human TMEM89 Wheel Plot[25]
Protter Human TMEM89 Snake Plot[26]

Secondary[edit]

The TMEM89 protein is only made up of α-helices and strands.[27][28] The α-helices are distributed all throughout the protein in all three domains.[27][28]

Tertiary[edit]

The tertiary structure of Human TMEM89 was predicted using Alphafold and I-Tasser software.[27][28] These structures can be seen on the right.

Human TMEM89 Tertiary Structure With Labeled Domains[27][29]
Human TMEM89 Tertiary Structure with Labeled Charges[29][27]
I-Tasser Human TMEM89 Signal Peptide and Extracellular Domain Structure Prediction[28][29]
I-Tasser and Alphafold Human TMEM89 Signal Peptide and Extracellular Domain Comparison[27][28][29]
I-Tasser Human TMEM89 Cytoplasmic Domain Structure Prediction[29][28]
I-Tasser and Alphafold Human TMEM89 Cytoplasmic Domain Comparison[27][29][28]

Post-translational modifications[edit]

The TMEM89 protein has a predicted N-myristylation site from amino acids 47-52, a predicted Src homology 3 (SH3) binding domain from amino acids 106-111, and one conserved predicted phosphorylation site at amino acid S117.[19][21][20] N-myristylation is a protein lipid modification that has roles in protein-protein interactions, cell signaling, and targeting proteins to endomembranes and the plasma membrane.[30] Proteins with SH3 binding domains are usually involved in signal transduction pathways, cytoskeleton organization, membrane trafficking, or organelle assembly.[31] Protein phosphorylation is an important process involved with signal transduction, protein synthesis, cell division, cell growth, development, and aging.[32]

Human TMEM89 Motif Schematic[33][19][21][20]
Human TMEM89 N-myristylation Site Multiple Sequence Alignment[34][19]

Interactions[edit]

The human TMEM89 protein interacts with the proteins C4A, RBM15B, GOLGA6A, PFKFB4, DOCK3, MAPKAPK3, ZNF557, and ZBTB47.[35][36]

Homologs[edit]

Orthologs[edit]

Orthologs of TMEM89 are only found in mammals.[5] The only mammalian taxon that does not contain a TMEM89 ortholog is the monotremes.

Below is a table with information on some of the orthologs of human TMEM89. These orthologs were used to make the multiple sequence alignment and N-myristylation site alignment to the right.

TMEM89 Ortholog Table[37][38][39]
Genus and Species Common Name Taxon Date of Divergence (MYA) NCBI Accession Number Sequence Length (aa) % Identity % Similarity
Homo sapiens Humans Primate 0 NP_001008270.1 159 100 100
Castor canadensis American beaver Rodentia 87 XP_020018275.1 158 73.1 81.2
Urocitellus parryii Arctic ground squirrel Rodentia 87 XP_026239733.1 155 66.0 74.8
Orcinus orca Orca Artiodactyla 94 XP_004283952.1 159 71.9 80.0
Bos taurus Cow Artiodactyla 94 NP_001104538.1 159 63.5 73.5
Odobenus rosmarus divergens Pacific walrus Carnivora 94 XP_004399365.2 159 67.9 77.4
Canis lupus familiaris Dog Carnivora 94 XP_038283783.1 159 65.6 76.2
Talpa occidentalis Spanish mole Eulipotphyla 94 XP_037376292.1 162 66.7 75.3
Condylura cristata Star-nosed mole Eulipotphyla 94 XP_004676653.1 162 63.0 74.1
Pteropus alecto Black flying fox Chiroptera 94 XP_006909233.1 156 65.2 74.5
Desmodus rotundus Common vampire bat Chiroptera 94 XP_024421609.1 159 63.8 74.4
Ceratotherium simum simum Southern white rhinoceros Perissodactyla 94 XP_004419716.1 159 64.2 78.0
Equus caballus Horse Perissodactyla 94 XP_003363167.2 207 49.8 58.9
Manis javanica Malayan pangolin Pholidota 94 KAI5937412.1 158 53.8 67.5
Manis pentadactyla Chinese pangolin Pholidota 94 XP_036733472.1 158 53.1 66.0
Orycteropus afer afer Aardvark Tubulidentata 99 XP_007953489.1 160 68.9 77.0
Loxodonta africana African bush elephant Proboscidea 99 XP_003409726.1 160 68.8 79.4
Dasypus novemcinctus Nine-banded armadillo Cingulata 99 XP_004451990.1 157 67.5 75.0
Sarcophilus harrisii Tasmanian devil Dasyuromorphia 160 XP_031794457.1 168 41.0 52.2
Trichosurus vulpecula Common brushtail possum Diprotodontia 160 XP_036595517.1 168 40.8 51.4
Unrooted Phylogenetic Tree of Human TMEM89 Orthologs[37][40]

Conserved regions[edit]

Regions within the cytoplasmic and extracellular domains of the human TMEM89 protein seem to be the most conserved, as seen in figures on the right.[34][37] Some of these conserved amino acids are part of α-helices in the cytoplasmic and extracellular regions.[34][37]

Human TMEM89 Orthologs Multiple Sequence Alignment[34][37]

References[edit]

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