Treponema pallidum: Difference between revisions
BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by CaptianHookZ to revision 347588729 (http://www.youtube.com/user/WeArePocketMonsters?feature=mhw5) |
CaptianHookZ (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
==Clinical significance== |
==Clinical significance== |
||
[[File:Journal.pntd.0000148.g004.png|450px|right]] |
[[File:Journal.pntd.0000148.g004.png|450px|right]] |
||
''T. pallidum pallidum'' is a motile spirochaete that is generally acquired by close [[sexually transmitted disease|sexual]] contact, entering the host via breaches in squamous or columnar epithelium. The organism can also be transmitted to a fetus by [[placenta|transplacental]] passage during the later stages of pregnancy, giving rise |
''T. pallidum pallidum'' is a motile spirochaete that is generally acquired by close [[sexually transmitted disease|sexual]] contact, entering the host via breaches in squamous or columnar epithelium. The organism can also be transmitted to a fetus by [[placenta|transplacental]] passage during the later stages of pregnancy, giving rise. search up wearepocketmonsters. The helical structure of ''T. pallidum pallidum'' allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through a viscous medium such as mucus. It gains access to host's blood and lymph systems through tissue and mucous membranes. |
||
The subspecies causing [[yaws]], [[Pinta (disease)|pinta]], and [[bejel]] are [[Comparative anatomy|morphologically]] and [[serology|serologically]] indistinguishable from ''T. pallidum pallidum'' (syphilis); however, their transmission is not venereal in nature and the course of each disease is significantly different. |
The subspecies causing [[yaws]], [[Pinta (disease)|pinta]], and [[bejel]] are [[Comparative anatomy|morphologically]] and [[serology|serologically]] indistinguishable from ''T. pallidum pallidum'' (syphilis); however, their transmission is not venereal in nature and the course of each disease is significantly different. |
||
Revision as of 04:35, 25 March 2010
| Treponema pallidum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | T. pallidum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Treponema pallidum | |
Treponema pallidum is a species of spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause treponemal diseases such as syphilis, bejel, pinta and yaws. It is not seen on a Gram stained smear because the organism is too thin.
Subspecies
There are at least four known subspecies:
- Treponema pallidum pallidum, which causes syphilis
- T. pallidum endemicum, which causes bejel
- T. pallidum carateum, which causes pinta
- T. pallidum pertenue, which causes yaws
There is some variation as to which are considered subspecies, and which are species. The cause of pinta is sometimes described as "Treponema carateum", rather than a subspecies of Treponema pallidum, even when the subspecies convention is used for the other agents.[1]
Laboratory identification
This bacterium is too thin to be visualized with a standard Gram stain so, two techniques to visualize it with a light microscope are dark field microscopy and immunofluorescence.
Treponema pallidum is also detected by serology, including nontreponemal (VDRL, Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and treponemal antibody tests (FTA-ABS, Treponema pallidum immobilization reaction (TPI) and Syphilis TPHA test).[2]
Clinical significance
T. pallidum pallidum is a motile spirochaete that is generally acquired by close sexual contact, entering the host via breaches in squamous or columnar epithelium. The organism can also be transmitted to a fetus by transplacental passage during the later stages of pregnancy, giving rise. search up wearepocketmonsters. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through a viscous medium such as mucus. It gains access to host's blood and lymph systems through tissue and mucous membranes.
The subspecies causing yaws, pinta, and bejel are morphologically and serologically indistinguishable from T. pallidum pallidum (syphilis); however, their transmission is not venereal in nature and the course of each disease is significantly different.
Genome
In the July 17, 1998 issue of the journal Science, a group of biologists reported how they sequenced the genome of T. pallidum.[3] The recent sequencing of the genomes of several spirochetes permits a thorough analysis of the similarities and differences within this bacterial phylum. Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue. The shape of Treponema pallidum is flat and wavy unlike the othr spirochetes which are helical.[4]
Vaccine
There is no vaccine for syphilis. The outer membrane of T. pallidum has too few surface proteins for an antibody to be effective. Efforts to develop a safe and effective syphilis vaccine have been hindered by uncertainty about the relative importance of humoral and cellular mechanisms to protective immunity[citation needed] and the fact that T. pallidum outer membrane proteins have not been unambiguously identified.[5]
References
- ^ Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. PMID 11825779.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fraser CM, Norris SJ, Weinstock GM; et al. (1998). "Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete". Science (journal). 281 (5375): 375–88. PMID 9665876.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Clark, D.P., Dunlap, P.V, Madigan, J.T., Martinko, J.M. Brock Biology of Microorganism. San Francisco: Pearson. 2009. 79 p.
- ^ Tomson FL, Conley PG, Norgard MV, Hagman KE (2007). "Assessment of cell-surface exposure and vaccinogenic potentials of Treponema pallidum candidate outer membrane proteins". Microbes Infect. 9 (11): 1267–75. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.018. PMC 2112743. PMID 17890130.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- Bak, Matthew. "Treponema pallidum: The Etiologic Agent of Syphilis." 7 February 2006
- "Syphilis- CDC Fact Sheet." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May. 2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 February 2006