Jump to content

Triticeae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Swpb (talk | contribs) at 21:12, 14 November 2016 (clean up - WP:ACCIM rule #6 using AWB). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Triticeae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Pooideae
Supertribe: Triticodae
Tribe: Triticeae
L.
Genera

See text.

The tribe Triticeae within the subfamily Pooideae of grasses includes genera with many domesticated species. Major crop genera found in this tribe include wheat (See Wheat taxonomy), barley, and rye; crops in other genera include some for human consumption and others used for animal feed or rangeland protection. Among the world's cultivated species, this tribe has some of the most complex genetic histories. An example is bread wheat, which contains the genomes of three species, only one of them originally a wheat Triticum species. Seed storage proteins in the Triticeae are implicated in various food allergies and intolerances.

Genera of Triticeae

This list of tribes broadly follows that in Grass Genera of World. Although taxonomic disagreements exist about the precise circumscription of some genera, this scheme is typical of those used in taxonomic literature.

Cultivated or edible species

4 different commercial forms of Triticeae cultivars. Clockwise from top: wheat gluten flour, European spelt, barley corns, rolled rye

Aegilops

Amblyopyrum

  • muticum - Source of T genome.

Elymus

Various species are cultivated for pastoral purposes or to protect fallow land from opportunistic or invasive species

Hordeum

Many barley cultivars

Leymus

Secale

Ryes

Triticum

(Wheat)

Genetics

Genomes of some Triticeae genera and species
Genera & Species 1st 2nd 3rd
Triticum boeoticum AA
Triticum monococcum AMAM
Triticum urartu AUAU
Aegilops speltoides var. speltoides BB
Aegilops caudata CC
Aegilops tauschii DD
Lophopyrum elongatum EE
Hordeum vulgare HH
Thinopyrum bessarabicum JJ
Aegilops comosa MM
Aegilops uniaristata NN
Henrardia persica OO
Agropyrum cristatum PP
Secale cereale RR
Aegilops bicornis SS
Amblyopyrum muticum TT
Aegilops umbellulata UU
Dasypyrum VV
Psathyrostachys NsNs
Pseudoroegneria StSt
Triticum zhukovskyi AA AMAM GG
Triticum turgidum AA BB
Triticum aestivum AA BB DD
Triticum timopheevii AA GG
Aegilops cylindrica CC DD
Stenostachys sp. HH WW
Elmyus canadensis HH StSt
Elmyus abolinii YY StSt
Thinopyrum Vjd =(V/J/D) JJ StSt VjdVjd
Leymus tricoides NsNs XmXm

Triticeae and its sister tribe Bromeae (possible cultivars: Bromus mango S. America) when joined form a sister clade with Poeae and Aveneae (Oats). Inter-generic gene flow characterized these taxa from the early stages. For example, Poeae and Aveneae share a genetic marker with barley and 10 other members of Triticeae, whereas all 19 genera of Triticeae bear a wheat marker along with Bromeae.[14] Genera within Triticeae contain diploid, allotetraploid and/or allohexaploid genomes, the capacity to form allopolyploid genomes varies within the tribe. In this tribe, the majority of diploid species tested are closely related to Aegilops, the more distal members (earliest branch points) include Hordeum (Barley), Eremian, Psathyrostachys. The broad distribution of cultivars within the Tribe and the properties of the proteins have implication in the treatment of certain digestive diseases and autoimmune disorders.[citation needed]

Evolution of the tribe

One of the earliest branches in Triticeae, to Pseudoroegeneria, produces the genome StSt and another Hordeum then genome = HH. Allotetraploid combinations of Pseudoroegeneria and Hordeum and are seen in Elmyus (HHStSt),[15] but also shows introgression from Australian and Agropyron wheatgrasses.[16] Elymus contains mostly Pseudoroegeneria mtDNA.[17]

Many genera and species of Triticeae are allopolyploids, having more chromosomes than seen in typical diploids. Typical allopolyploids are tetraploid or hexaploid, XXYY or XXYYZZ. The creation of polyploid species results from natural random events tolerated by polyploid-capable plants. Natural allopolyploid plants may have selective advantages and some may permit the recombination of distantly related genetic material. Poulard wheat is an example of a stable allotetraploid wheat.

The Secale (domesticated rye) may be a very early branch from the goat grass clad (or goat grasses are a branch of early rye grasses), as branch these are almost contemporary with the branching between monoploid wheat and Aegilops tauschii. Studies in Anatolia now suggest Rye (Secale) was cultivated, but not domesticated, prior to the holocene and to evidence for the cultivation of wheat. As climate changed the favorablitiy of Secale declined. At that time other strains of barley and wheat may have been cultivated, but humans did little to change them.

Goat grasses and the evolution of bread wheat

Evolution of Bread Wheat

Tetraploidation in wild emmer wheat

Aegilops appears to be basal to several taxa such as Triticum, Ambylopyrum, and Crithopsis. Certain species such as Aegilops speltoides could potentially represent core variants of the taxa. The generic placement may be more a matter of nomenclature. Aegilops and Triticum genera are very closely related as the adjacent image illustrates the Aegilops species occupy most of the basal branch points in bread wheat evolution indicating that Triticum genus evolved from Aegilops after an estimated 4 million years ago.[18] The divergence of the genomes is followed by allotetraploidation of a speltoid goatgrass x basal wheat species Triticum boeoticum with strains in the middle eastern region giving rise to cultivated emmer wheat.[19]

Hexaploidation of tetraploid wheat

Hybridization of tetraploid wheat with Ae. tauschii produced a hulled wheat similar to spelt, suggesting T. spelta is basal. The tauschii species can be subdivided into subspecies tauschii (eastern Turkey to China or Pakistan) and strangulata (Caucasus to S. Caspian, N. Iran). The D genome of bread wheat is closer to A.t. strangulata than A.t. tauschii. It is suggested that Ae. tauschii underwent rapid selective evolution prior to combining with tetraploid wheat.

Wild Triticeae use by humans

Intense use of wild Triticeae can be seen in the Levant as early as 23,000 years ago.[20] This site, Ohala II (Israel), also shows that Triticeae grains were processed and cooked.[21] Many cultivars appear to have been domesticated in the region of the upper Fertile Crescent, Levant and central Anatolia.[22][23] More recent evidence suggests that cultivation of wheat from emmer's wheat required a longer period with wild seeding maintaining a presence in archaeological finds.[24]

Pastoral grasses

Triticeae has a pastoral component that some contend goes back to the Neolithic period and is referred to as the Garden Hunting Hypothesis. In this hypothesis grains could be planted or shared for the purpose of attracting game animals so that they could be hunted close to settlements.

Today, rye and other Triticeae cultivars are used to graze animals, particularly cattle. Rye grasses in the New World have been used selectively as fodder, but also to protect grasslands without the introduction of invasive Old World species.

Triticeae and health

Glutens (storage proteins) in the Triticeae tribe have been linked to gluten-sensitive diseases. While it was once believed that oats carried similar potentials, recent studies indicate that most oat sensitivity is the result of contamination.[citation needed] Triticeae glutens studies are important in determining the links between gluten and gastrointestinal, allergic, and autoimmune diseases.[25] Some of the recently discovered biochemical and immunochemical properties of these proteins suggest they evolved for protection against dedicated or continuous consumption by mammalian seed-eaters.[26][27] One recent publication even raises doubts about wheat's safety for anyone to eat.[28] Overlapping properties with regard to food preparation[clarification needed] have made these proteins much more useful as cereal cultivars, and a balanced perspective suggests a variable tolerance to Triticeae glutens reflects early childhood environment and genetic predisposition.[29][30][31][32]

References

  1. ^ USDA PLANTS goatgrass
  2. ^ USDA PLANTS jointed goatgrass
  3. ^ USDA PLANTSTausch goatgrass
  4. ^ http://herbarium.usu.edu/triticeae/agropyron.htm [dead link]
  5. ^ USDA PLANTS Desert wheatgrass
  6. ^ Field Guide to Noxious and Other Selected Weeds of British Columbia: quackgrass
  7. ^ http://herbarium.usu.edu/triticeae/australopyrum.htm
  8. ^ http://herbarium.usu.edu/triticeae/dasypyrum.htm
  9. ^ http://herbarium.usu.edu/triticeae/elymus.htm
  10. ^ http://herbarium.usu.edu/triticeae/eremopyrum.htm
  11. ^ Shewry PR, Parmar S, Pappin DJ (April 1987). "Characterization and genetic control of the prolamins of Haynaldia villosa: relationship to cultivated species of the Triticeae (rye, wheat, and barley)". Biochem. Genet. 25 (3–4): 309–25. doi:10.1007/BF00499323. PMID 3606565.
  12. ^ Eadie M (2004). "Ergot of rye-the first specific for migraine". J Clin Neurosci. 11 (1): 4–7. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2003.05.002. PMID 14642357.
  13. ^ Oliver, R.E.; Cai, X.; Friesen, T.L.; Halley, S.; Stack, R.W.; Xu, S.S. (2008). "Evaluation of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)". Crop Science. 48 (1): 213–222. doi:10.2135/cropsci2007.03.0129.
  14. ^ Kubo N, Salomon B, Komatsuda T, von Bothmer R, Kadowaki K (2005). "Structural and distributional variation of mitochondrial rps2 genes in the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae)". Theor Appl Genet. 110 (6): 995–1002. doi:10.1007/s00122-004-1839-x. PMID 15754209.
  15. ^ Mason-Gamer R (2004). "Reticulate evolution, introgression, and intertribal gene capture in an allohexaploid grass". Syst Biol. 53 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1080/10635150490424402. PMID 14965898.
  16. ^ Liu Q, Ge S, Tang H, Zhang X, Zhu G, Lu B (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships in Elymus (Poaceae: Triticeae) based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast trnL-F sequences". New Phytol. 170 (2): 411–20. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01665.x. PMID 16608465.
  17. ^ Mason-Gamer R, Orme N, Anderson C (2002). "Phylogenetic analysis of North American Elymus and the monogenomic Triticeae (Poaceae) using three chloroplast DNA data sets". Genome. 45 (6): 991–1002. doi:10.1139/g02-065. PMID 12502243.
  18. ^ Dvorak J, Akhunov ED, Akhunov AR, Deal KR, Luo MC (2006). "Molecular characterization of a diagnostic DNA marker for domesticated tetraploid wheat provides evidence for gene flow from wild tetraploid wheat to hexaploid wheat". Mol Biol Evol. 23 (7): 1386–1396. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl004. PMID 16675504.
  19. ^ Heun M, Schäfer-Pregl R, Klawan D, Castagna R, Accerbi M, Borghi B, Salamini F (1997). "Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprinting". Science. 278 (5341): 1312–1314. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1312.
  20. ^ Weiss E, Wetterstrom W, Nadel D, Bar-Yosef O (2004). "The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101 (26): 9551–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402362101. PMC 470712. PMID 15210984.
  21. ^ Piperno D, Weiss E, Holst I, Nadel D (2004). "Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis". Nature. 430 (7000): 670–3. doi:10.1038/nature02734. PMID 15295598.
  22. ^ Lev-Yadun S, Gopher A, Abbo S (2000). "(ARCHAEOLOGY:Enhanced:) The Cradle of Agriculture". Science. 288 (5471): 1602–1603. doi:10.1126/science.288.5471.1602. PMID 10858140.
  23. ^ Weiss E, Kislev ME, Hartmann A (2006). "(Perspectives-Anthropology:) Autonomous Cultivation Before Domestication". Science. 312 (5780): 1608–1610. doi:10.1126/science.1127235. PMID 16778044.
  24. ^ Balter M (2007). "Seeking Agriculture's Ancient Roots". Science. 316 (5833): 1830–1835. doi:10.1126/science.316.5833.1830. PMID 17600193.
  25. ^ Silano M, Dessì M, De Vincenzi M, Cornell H (2007). "In vitro tests indicate that certain varieties of oats may be harmful to patients with coeliac disease". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22 (4): 528–31. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04512.x. PMID 17376046.
  26. ^ Mamone G, Ferranti P, Rossi M, et al. (2007). "Identification of a peptide from alpha-gliadin resistant to digestive enzymes: Implications for celiac disease". Journal of Chromatography B. 855 (2): 236–41. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.009. PMID 17544966.
  27. ^ Shan L, Qiao SW, Arentz-Hansen H, et al. (2005). "Identification and Analysis of Multivalent Proteolytically Resistant Peptides from Gluten: Implications for Celiac Sprue". J. Proteome Res. 4 (5): 1732–41. doi:10.1021/pr050173t. PMC 1343496. PMID 16212427.
  28. ^ Bernardo D, Garrote JA, Fernández-Salazar L, Riestra S, Arranz E (2007). "Is gliadin really safe for non‐coeliac individuals? Production of interleukin 15 in biopsy culture from non‐coeliac individuals challenged with gliadin peptides". Gut. 56 (6): 889–90. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.118265. PMC 1954879. PMID 17519496.
  29. ^ Collin P, Mäki M, Kaukinen K (2007). "Safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease: some patients are more tolerant than others". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86 (1): 260, author reply 260–1. PMID 17616789.
  30. ^ Guandalini S (2007). "The influence of gluten: weaning recommendations for healthy children and children at risk for celiac disease". Nestlé Nutrition workshop series. Paediatric programme. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series: Pediatric Program. 60: 139–55. doi:10.1159/000106366. ISBN 3-8055-8283-8. PMID 17664902.
  31. ^ Bao F, Yu L, Babu S, et al. (1999). "One third of HLA DQ2 homozygous patients with type 1 diabetes express celiac disease-associated transglutaminase autoantibodies". J. Autoimmun. 13 (1): 143–8. doi:10.1006/jaut.1999.0303. PMID 10441179.
  32. ^ Zubillaga P, Vidales MC, Zubillaga I, Ormaechea V, García-Urkía N, Vitoria JC (2002). "HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genetic markers and clinical presentation in celiac disease". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 34 (5): 548–54. doi:10.1097/00005176-200205000-00014. PMID 12050583.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triticeae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triticeae&oldid=749536146"