User:Garygo golob/Kostel dialect/sandbox
| Kostel dialect | |
|---|---|
| kȯsˈteːu̯skȯ naˈrėːčje | |
| Pronunciation | kʊ͈sˈteːu̯skʊ͈ naˈrɪ͈t͡ʃjɛ |
| Native to | Slovenia, Croatia |
| Region | Gorski Kotar, Upper Kupa Valley |
| Ethnicity | Slovenes, Croats |
Early forms | Southeastern Slovene dialect
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 Kostel dialect | |
| South Slavic languages and dialects |
|---|
This article uses Logar transcription.
The Kostel dialect (Slovene: kostelsko narečje [kɔsˈtéwskɔ naˈrét͡ʃjɛ],[1] kostelska belokranjščina,[2] kostelščina;[3] Serbo-Croatian: kostelsko narječje), is a Slovene dialect, though not all speakers self-identify as speaking Slovene.[4] It is spoken along the Kupa Valley in Slovenia and Croatia, around Banja Loka and Brod na Kupi.[5] The dialect borders Mixed Kočevje subdialects to the north, Southern White Carniolan and Eastern Goran dialect to the east, Čabar dialect to the west, and Goran dialects to the south and east, as well Shtokavian, which is spoken in Moravice and neighbouring villages. The dialect belongs to the Lower Carniolan dialect group, and evolved from Lower Carniolan dialect plane.[6][7] Until recently, neighbouring Čabar dialect considered to be a part of Kostel dialect, but it was later discovered both dialects evolved differently, but are in process of becoming more similar to each other.[8]
Geographical distribution[edit]
Kostel dialect is spoken in Croatia, but the northernmost part extends into southern Slovenia. It extends from Kuželj and Gornji Turni in the west, south to Ravna Gora, as far east as Razdrto and north to Banja Loka and Kostel.It is the southernmost Slovene dialect. Notable settlements include Kuželj, Guče Selo, Brod na Kupi, Krivac, Gornji Turni, Kupjak, Ravna Gora, Skrad, Brod Moravice, Lokvica and Šimatovo in Croatia, and Vas, Fara, Kuželj and Potok in Slovenia.[6][9]
The border between Kostel dialect, South White Carniolan dialect and Mixed kočevje subdialects is a bit unclear and Kostel dialect might also extend down the Kupa river on Slovene side.[10]
Accentual changes[edit]
Kostel dialect lost the difference between high- and low-pitched accent, both on long and short vowels, which are still differentiated.[11][12] It also underwent three accent shifts: *ženȁ → *žèna, *məglȁ → *mə̀gla, *sěnȏ / *prosȏ → *sě̀no / *pròso, *visȍk → vìsok, and *kováč → *kòvač accent shift.[13][14]
Phonology[edit]
Almost all vowels have monophthongized, which sets this dialect apart from all other Lower Carniolan dialects.[15]
- Non-final *ě̀ and *ě̄ is pronounced as ẹː or ėː.
- Vowel *ō is pronounced as ọː or ȯː.
- Non-final *è and ē, as well as non-final *ę̀ and ę̄ are pronounced as i̯ẹː or ẹː.
- Similarly, non-final *ò and ǫ̀, as well as ǭ are pronounced as u̯ọː or ọː.
- Newly stressed *e and *o after ženȁ → žèna shift mostly got simplified into eː and oː, or ḙː and o̭ː, respectively.
- Non-final *ə̀ and *ə̄ turned into aː.
- Non-final *à and *ā turned into aː.
- Non-final *ì and *ī became iː.
- Non-final *ù and *ū became üː.
- Non-final *l̥̀ and *l̥̄ evolved into long or short u.
- Non-final *r̥̀ and *r̥̄ mostly evolved into ər, but some microdialects still pronounce them as r̥.
Akanye is not that common, but ukanye is, turning word-final o into ȯ or u. Unstressed *u is reduced into e̥, ė, ü or i. Unstressed *ə evolved into a. Banja Loka and Delač microdialects also have unstressed long vowels, which became unstressed after accent shifts.
Word-final *m mostly turned into *n. Palatal *ĺ and *ń have not depalatalized. If a word started with u, then v appeared before, and if a word started with a, j appeared before. It, however, lost the j before i at the beginning of a word. Alpine Slovene *w evolved into non-sonorant v, which devoices if at the end of a word or before a non-voiced consonant. Clusters ṷm- and ṷb- simplified into xm- and xb-, respectively. Other consonant simplifications also appeared, such as tl- → kl-.
Morphology[edit]
Dual forms were fully replaced by plural forms. Future and preterite tense are formed using the l-participle.[16]
Vocabulary[edit]
A priest and slavicist Jože Gregorič collected almost 17 000 words spoken in Slovene part of Kostel dialect, from Srobotnik to Grgelj, which is currently still listed as belonging to Mixed Kočevje subdialects and published a dictionary of Kostel dialect.[17][18]
References[edit]
- ^ Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." Enciklopedija Slovenije vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 2.
- ^ Logar, Tine. 1996. Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave. Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 203.
- ^ Horvat, Sonja. 1994. "Nekaj naglasnih in fonoloških značilnosti slovenskega kostelskega govora." Slavistična revija 42: 305–312, p. 305.
- ^ Kapović, Mate (2017). The Position of Kajkavian in the South Slavic Dialect Continuumin in Light of Old Accentual Isoglosses. 62. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/slaw-2017-0038.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 88.
- ^ a b Logar, Tine; Rigler, Jakob (2016). Karta slovenskih narečij (PDF) (in Slovenian). Založba ZRC.
- ^ Šekli (2018:335–339)
- ^ Gostenčnik (2018:42–45)
- ^ Lončarić, Mijo (2010). Karta Kajkavskog narječja [A map of Kajkavian dialects] (in Croatian). Retrieved April 3, 2022.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Gostenčnik (2020:355)
- ^ Šekli (2018:337–339)
- ^ Ramovš (1935:143)
- ^ Gostenčnik (2020:363)
- ^ Šekli (2018:311–314)
- ^ Gostenčnik (2020:359–370)
- ^ Gostenčnik, Januška (2019). Kostelski govor kraja Vas (SLA T416) (in Slovenian). pp. 74–76. doi:10.3986/JZ.25.2.4. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Gostenčnik (2020:358–359)
- ^ Gregorič, Jože (2015). Horvat, Sonja; Šircelj-Žnidaršič, Ivanka; Weiss, Peter (eds.). Kostelski slovar [Kostel Dictionary] (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. ISBN 978-961-254-480-5. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
Bibliography[edit]
- Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. ISBN 978-961-05-0137-4.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Gostenčnik, Januška (2020). Kostelsko narečje (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)