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A list of translations of the Finnish national epic Kalevala in chronological order by language.
Based partially on the list made by Rauni Puranen and the article here.
Language | Year | Translator | Remark |
Swedish | 1841 | M. A. Castrén | Full translation of the 1835 Old Kalevala. |
1864–1868 | Karl Collan | Full translation of the 1849 Kalevala. | |
1884 | Rafaël Hertzberg | ||
1944 | Olaf Homén | An abridged edition | |
1948 | Björn Collinder | ||
1999 | Lars Huldén and Mats Huldén | ||
French | 1845 and 1867 | Louis Léouzon le Duc | An important translation used by many other translators to bring Kalevala to their own language. |
1926 | Charles Guyot | Abridged version of Louis Léouzon le Duc's translation. | |
1927 | Jean Louis Perret | Full translation in metric verse. | |
1991 | Gabriel Rebourcet | Full translation. In old style French vocabulary. | |
German | 1848 | Jacob Grimm | A short 38 line reading at a presentation in the Berlin Academy of Sciences |
1852 | Franz Anton Schiefner | A very important translation used by many other translators to bring Kalevala to their own language. | |
1885–1886 | H. Paul | ||
1967 | Lore Fromm, Hans Fromm | Full translation directly from Finnish. | |
2004[1] | Gisbert Jänicke | Full translation. | |
English | 1868 | John Addison Porter | Partial translation, via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation. |
1869 | Edward Taylor Fletcher | Partial translation directly from Finnish (with a lengthy essay). | |
1888[2] | John Martin Crawford | Full translation, via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation. | |
1893[3][4] | R. Eivind | A complete prose adaptation for children. | |
1907[5][6] | William Forsell Kirby | Second full translation. Directly from Finnish. Imitates the Kalevala meter. | |
1950[3] | Aili Kolehmainen Johnson | Abridged prose translation. | |
1954[3] | Margaret Sperry | Adapted verse translation of song 50. | |
1963 | Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. | Scholarly prose translation. Included with detailed essays and background information. | |
1969 | Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. | Scholarly prose translation of the 1835 Old Kalevala. | |
1977 | Ursula Synge | Abridged prose version. Using W.F.Kirby's translation as a reference. | |
1989 | Eino Friberg | Editing and introduction by George C. Schoolfield. Imitates the Kalevala meter selectively. The songs in this version are also not of the same length or structure as in the original.[7] Released to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the original publication. | |
1989 | Keith Bosley | Uses a syllabic verse form to allow for accuracy and metrical variety. Released to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the original publication. | |
Hungarian | 1871 | Ferdinánd Barna | Full translation via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation. |
1909[8] | Béla Vikár | ||
1971 | Kálmán Nagy | ||
1976 | István Rácz | ||
1985[9] | Antal Reguly | Old Kalevala songs 1-3 and 29. | |
1987 | Imre Szente | ||
Russian | 1888[10] | Leonid Petrovic Belsky | An important translation used by many other slavic translators to bring Kalevala to their own language. |
1998[11] & 2006[9] | Eino Kiuru and Armas Hiiri | ||
Estonian | 1891–1898 | M. J. Eisen | |
1938 | August Annist | ||
Czech | 1894–1895 | J. Holeček | Translated via Leonid Petrovic Belsky's Russian translation. |
Ukrainian | 1901 | E. Timcenko | |
Danish | 1902 | Ferdinand Ohrt | Partial translation. |
1994 | Hilkka and Bent Søndergaard | ||
Italian | 1909 | Igino Cocchi | |
1910[12] | Paolo Emilio Pavolini | ||
1980 | Liliana Calimeri | Used Ursula Synge's version as a model. | |
Lithuanian | 1922 | Adolfas Sabaliauskas | |
1972 | Justinas Marcinkevičius | ||
Latvian | 1924[9] | Linards Laicens | |
1965 | ? | Uses trochaic tetrameter and syllable stress rhythm. | |
Dutch | 1928[9] | Maya Tamminen | Partial prose translation. |
1940[9] | Jan H. Eekhout. | An excerpt in poetic form. | |
1969 | Jr. Henrik Hartwijk | Translation of song #5. Published in the Yearbook of the Kalevala Society. | |
1985[9] | Maria Mies le Nobel | Utilised German as well as English translations in his translation process. | |
Serbian | 1935 | Ivan S. Šajković | |
Japanese | 1937 | Kakutan Morimoto | |
1961[9] | Tsutomu Kuwaki | ||
1976 | Tamotsu Koizumi | ||
Spanish | 1944 | Alejandro Casona | Based on Charles Guyot's version. |
1953 | María Dolores Arroyo | Partial translation via Perret's French and Pavolini's Italian translations | |
1985 | Ursula Ojanen and Joaquín Fernández | Full translation directly from Finnish. | |
1995 | Carmen Crouzeilles | Abridged prose translation. Published in Buenos Aires. | |
1999 | Juan B. Bergua | ||
Romanian | 1946 | Barbu B. Brezianu's | Full prose translation. |
1959 | Iulian Vesper | Full translation using an eight syllable verse form. | |
1985[9] | P. Starostin | Published in Moldovan which is identical to Romanian. Abridged translation. | |
Hebrew | 1954 | Saul Tschernichovsky | |
1978 | Sarah Tubia | ||
Yiddish | 1954 | Hersh Rosenfeld | |
Belarusian | 1956[9] | M. Mašapa | Prose and poetry excerpts. |
Icelandic | 1957 & 1962[9] | Karl Ísfeld | This translation utilises the Icelandic "three-par" alliteration method. |
Chinese | 1962 | Shih Hêng | Translated via the Russian translation. |
1981[13] | Sun Yong | Translated via W.F.Kirby's English translation. | |
2000[9] | Zhang Hua Wen | ||
Esperanto | 1964 | Johan Edvard Leppäkoski | |
Turkish | 1965[14] | Hilmi Ziya Ülken | Translation of the first 2 songs. Using the Hungarian and French as basis. Published in the Yearbook of the Kalevala Society, volume 43 (1963) |
1982 | Lale and Muammar Oğuz | Full interpreted prose translation. Missing 25% of the original content for artistic purposes. | |
Norwegian | 1967 | Albert Lange Fliflet | Nynorsk language translation. Based on an earlier unpublished translation. |
Georgian | 1969[9] | M. Macavarian, Š. Tšantladze & G. Dzneladze. | |
Arabic | 1970 | Muhamed Said al-Juneid | Abridged translation published in the yearbook of the Kalevala Society. |
1991 | Sahban Ahmad Mroueh | ||
Armenian | 1972[9] | A. Siras. Proosaa | Abridged prose translation. |
Polish | 1974 | Józef Ozga-Michalski | Full translation based on the work of Karol Laszecki. |
1998 | Jerzy Litwiniuk | Full translation | |
Komi | 1980 & 1984[9] | Adolf Turkin | Partial translation (Väinämöinen's playing and song 10.) |
Fulani | 1983 | Alpha A. Diallo | Book was published in Hungary, illustrated with Akseli Gallen-Kallela's artwork. |
Tulu | 1985 | Amrith Someshwar | Used Keith Bosley's Wanton Loverboy to aid in the translation of some parts. |
Latin | 1986 | Tuomo Pekkanen | |
Vietnamese | 1986 | Cao Xuân Nghiêp | Full prose translation. |
1991 | Hoàng Thái Anh | Full prose translation. | |
1994 | Búi Viêt Hòa's | Full translation in metrical verse. | |
Slovak | 1986[9] | Marek Svetlik & Jan Petr Velkoborský. | |
Hindi | 1990 & 1997[9] | Vishnu Khare | |
Slovene | 1991 | Jelka Ovaska Novak | Partial translation. |
1997 | Jelka Ovaska Novak | Full translation. | |
Swahili | 1992 | Jan Knappert | Illustrated with Tanzanian Robino Ntila's graphics. |
Bulgarian | 1992 | Nino Nikolov | |
Greek | 1992 [9] | Maria Martzouk | Verse translation of the first 20 poems with prose translation of the rest. |
Faroese | 1993 | Jóhannes av Skarði | |
Tamil | 1994[15] | R. Sivalingam (Uthayanan) | Full translation. Introduction by Asko Parpola. |
Catalan | 1997 | Ramon Garriga i Marquès, Pirkko-Merja Lounavaara | Full translation directly from Finnish. |
1997 | Encarna Sant-Celoni i Verger | Abridged translation. | |
Persian | 1998 | Mahmoud Amir Yar Ahmadi and Mercedeh Khadivar Mohseni | Full translation directly from Finnish. |
Macedonian | 1998 | Vesna Acevska | |
Croatian | 2001 | Stjepan A. Szabo | Partial translation in narrative form. |
2006 | Slavko Peleh | Full translation using the German translation partially. | |
Low German | 2001[9] | Herbert Strehmel. | |
Oriya | 2001[9] | Mahendra Kumar Mishra | Prose translation. |
Udmurt | 2001[9] | Anatoli Uvarov | Summary. |
Veps | 2003[9] | Nina Zaiceva | Verse summary. |
Portuguese | 2007 | Orlando Moreira | Full translation. |
2009 | José Bizerril and Álvaro Faleiros | Partial translation. Only the first song. | |
2009 | Ana Soares & Merja de Mattos-Pareira | ||
Meänkieli | 2007[9] | Bengt Pohjanen | Translation of a select four songs. |
- ^ "National epic "The Kalevala" reaches the respectable age of 175". Retrieved 23 August 2010.
- ^ "Kalevala: The Epic Poem of Finland". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ a b c Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. "The Kalevala or Poems of the Kaleva district" Appendix (1963).
- ^ "Finnish Legends for English Children". Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ "Kalevala: The land of heroes - Vol 1". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ "Kalevala: The land of heroes - Vol 2". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ Eino Friberg. "Kalevala - Epic of the Finnish people" Introduction of the first edition, (1989).
- ^ "KALEVALA SZEMELVÉNYEK A FINNEK NAIV EPOSZÁBÓL". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Kalevalan käännökset ja kääntäjät". Retrieved 23 August 2010.
- ^ "Leonid Petrovic Belsky - Калевала". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ "Eino Kiuru and Armas Hiiri - Калевала". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ "Paolo Emilio Pavolini - KALEVALA". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ "Sun Yong - Kalevala". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ Hilmi Ziya Ülken. "Turkish translation of The Kaevala Runos 1 and 2" Yearbook of the Kalevala Society, volume 43 (1963)..
- ^ "R. Sivalingam - KALEVALA". Retrieved August 19, 2010.