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Australian Democrats
Founded1977
Headquarters711 South Road
Black Forest, SA 5035
IdeologySocial liberalism
Political positionCentre
Website
www.democrats.org.au

The Australian Democrats is an Australian social liberal political party formed in 1977. It is an amalgamation of the Australia Party and the New Liberal Movement.

The party currently has no federal parliamentary representation. After 30 years of representation the remaining senators lost their seats in the 2007 election, polling only 1.29% of the national Senate vote [1].

History

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Foundation

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Don Chipp, Democrats leader 1977-1986

On the evening of 29 April 1977, Don Chipp addressed an overflowing Perth Town Hall meeting, called by Jack Evans, which unanimously passed a resolution to form a Centre-Line Party, from the merger of the Australia Party and the New Liberal Movement. The proposal had been facilitated by the leadership of both parties on the proviso that Chipp accept the leadership and the role of its public face. [2] Chipp firmly declined having quit professional politics. He was offered a lucrative position as a radio public affairs commentator.

However, at a May 9 meeting at the Melbourne Town Hall, Chipp received a standing ovation from over 3,000 people, including former Prime Minister John Gorton. This show of support garnered his commitment to lead a new party which was already being constructed by a national steering committee, which included Chair and later Senator Colin Mason, President of the New Liberal Movement and later Senator Jack Evans and the Australian Democrats' first President and later Senator John Siddons[3]. "Australian Democrats" [4] was the working title that would later be approved via postal ballot by the membership. It was the most favoured of 56 alternatives.

Reception

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Opinion in Canberra was mixed.[5]. MPs believed that Chipp's efforts were futile- Fraser referred to the party as "Chipp's unborn child"[5]. Despite this, he called an early election to circumvent the growing momentum of the fledging party. Popular opinion held that Chipp was more popular than both Fraser and the opposition leader [5]

The party's original support base consisted of two demographics; those alienated by the perceived unproductivity of the two party system, and an emerging constituency of people who desired a participatory democracy that could address environmental protection and social justice. Its membership largely comprised tertiary-educated and middle-class constituents. The party also appealed to voters opposed to untrammelled government power and wishing to have alternative views aired in parliaments and media.

Idealogy and structure

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Underlying philosophy

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The party philosophy is based on the social liberalism of the South Australian New Liberal movement. The modern party describes its political position as centrist rather than third way, highlighting its "small-l" liberal stance. For many years, the party's centrist role made it subject to criticism from both the right and left of the political spectrum. In particular, Chipp's former conservative affiliation was frequently recalled by opponents on the left, such as the then Socialist Workers' Party and early green-left parties such as the United Tasmania Group.

The party was based on the principles of honesty, tolerance, compassion and direct democracy. It was due to the fundamentally democratic nature of the party that saw the Janine Haines as the first female leader of a parliamentary party in Australia, and allowed for younger adults to become parliamentarians. Karin Sowada (30) [6] and Natasha Stott Despoja, (25)[7] both set records as the youngest Australians elected to the Senate, while Roslyn Dundas [8] was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly at 23.

Policy

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The party aimed to combine liberal social policies with centrist, particularly neo-Keynesian and interventionist economic policy.They would later oppose the primacy of economic rationalism. Their progressive environmental platform made the Australian Democrats the first representatives of green politics at the federal level in Australia. They played a key role in the cau célèbre of the Franklin River Dam.

They intitially supported reconciliation with Australia's indigenous population through such mechanisms as formal treaties. They advocated pacifist approaches to international relations, open government, constitutional reform, progressive approaches to social issues such as sexuality and drugs, strong support for human rights, and civil liberties. Other policies

By 1980, the Australian Democrats had employed the postal-ballot method at both national at state levels to develop an extensive body of written policy. Their scope was broad, innovative and with far-sighted policies wich included environmental and economic sustainability, water and energy conservation, alternative energy sources, expanded public transport, rejection of nuclear weapons and technology. The party added finely detailed policies on animal welfare, species preservation and human rights in response to growing community concern.

In 2009, the party began an extensive reconstruction program including review of policies and internal processes coupled with a drive to rebuild the membership base and run effective campaigns with quality candidates.[9] The Party restated what it stands for as five core beliefs of Freedom, Equality, Sustainability, Representation and Responsibility.[10]

Current party structure

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All members can engage in a participatory non-hierarchical structure through postal ballots of all members, to avoid an "elite [that] could make decisions for the members" and allow citizen-initiated referenda. [11] From the outset, members' participation was fiercely protected in national and divisional constitutions prescribing internal elections, regular meeting protocols, annual conferences and pre-selection. Monthly journals were used for open discussion and balloting. Dispute resolution procedures were etablished with a final recourse to a party ombudsman and membership ballot.

Many of the policies brought to parliament during the height of party in the Senate were determined by their unique participatory method. The parliamentarians however, were granted extensive freedom in their interpretation.

The membership structure and the priority of participation clashed with the emerging 'electoral objective' of the leaders and strategies in the 1990s. The first substantive reason given by rebellious senators for deposing leader Janet Powell in 1991 was her alleged failure to develop a media profile which would attract more electoral support. The first conclusive constitutional abandonment of founding principles was probably the July, 1993, decision of the party's national executive to terminate monthly publication of the members' National Journal and to replace it with less frequent publication of glossy promotional material.

Support

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Support for the Democrats historically tended to fluctuate between about 5 and 10 per cent of the population and was geographically concentrated around the wealthy dense CBD and inner-suburban neighbourhoods of the capital cities (especially Adelaide). Therefore, they never managed to win a House of Representatives seat (despite coming close on a number of occasions, particularly Haines in Kingston in 1990). During the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s they typically held one or two Senate seats in each state, as well as having some representatives in state parliaments and local councils.

Following the internal conflict over GST (1998-2001) and resultant leadership changes, a dramatic decline occurred in the Democrats' membership and voting support in all states. Simultaneously, an increase was recorded in support for the Australian Greens who, by 2009, had replaced the Democrats as a substantial third party. The trend had been noted in 2004 by political scientists Dean Jaensch et al.[12] Elsewhere, Jaensch later suggested it was possible the Democrats could make a political comeback in the federal arena.[13]

Following the dumping of Malcolm Turnbull for Tony Abbott as Federal Leader of the Liberal Party in 2009, content targeting disaffected Liberal supporters appeared on the website purely to assist those Liberals who no longer feel they can support their party.[14]

Representation

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Over three decades, the Australian Democrats achieved representation in the legislatures of the ACT, South Australia, New South Wales, Western Australia and Tasmania as well as Senate seats in all six states. However, at the 2004 and 2007 elections, all seven of its Senate seats were lost.[1]

Former Senators

Former members in the states and territories

Parliamentary Commentary

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The first Australian Democrats (AD) federal parliamentarian was Senator Janine Haines who filled Steele Hall's casual Senate vacancy for South Australia in 1977. Surprisingly, she was not a candidate when the party contested the 1977 federal elections after Don Chipp had agreed to be leader and figurehead. Members and candidates were not lacking in electoral experience, since the Australia Party had been contesting all federal elections since 1969 and the Liberal Movement, in 1974 and 1975. The party's broad aim was to achieve a balance of power in one or more parliaments and to exercise it responsibly in line with policies determined by membership.

1977-1986

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Leadership and legislative Agenda
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Under Chipp's leadership the Democrats aim was legislative accountability of the major parties. At a Melbourne media conference in 1980, Chipp described his party's aim as "to keep the bastards honest" --the "bastards" being the major parties and/or politicians in general. This became a long-lived slogan for the Democrats.

Legislation

Legislation Introduced by Notes
Rainforests Preservation Agreements Bill 1982 Colin Mason, NSW Mason ensured international environmental convention was included in this legislation
Income Tax Assessment Act (Amm 1983) Removed tax deducations for destruction of native trees
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Amm 1985 Prohibited Mining or Drilling Activities
Queensland Rainforest Conservation Bill 1984
World Heritage Properties Conservation Act Amm. 1986
Policy
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Initial policies included environmental sustainability, anti-nuclear power amongst a gammit of progressive social reform. he Australian Democrats' first national conference, on 16-17 February 1980, was opened by the distinguished nuclear physicist and former governor of South Australia, Sir Mark Oliphant, who said:

I was privileged to be in the chair at the public meeting in Melbourne when [Don Chipp] announced formation of a new party, dedicated to preserve what freedoms we still retain, and to increase them. A party in which dictatorship from the top was replaced by consensus. A party not ordered about by big business and the rich, or by union bosses. A party where a man could retain freedom of conscience and not thereby be faced with expulsion. A party to which the intelligent individual could belong without having to subscribe to a dogmatic creed. In other words, a democratic party.[15]

Election platforms and electoral results
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The grassroot support attracted by Chipp's leadership was measurable at the party's first electoral test at the 1977 federal election on 10 December, when 9.38 per cent of the total Lower House vote was polled and 11.13 per cent of the Senate vote. At that time, with five Senate seats being contested in each state, the required quota was a daunting 16.66 per cent. However, the first 6-year-term seats were won by Don Chipp (Vic) and Colin Mason (NSW).

A South Australian by-election in the state seat of Mitcham (now Waite) in 1982 saw Heather Southcott retain the seat for the Democrats from Robin Millhouse since 1955 (Democrat since 1977), however it was lost later that year at the 1982 state election. Mitcham was the only single-member lower house seat anywhere in Australia to be won by the Democrats. T At the October 1980 election, the Democrats polled 9.25 per cent of the Senate vote, electing Janine Haines (SA) and two new senators Michael Macklin (Qld) and John Siddons (Vic), bringing the party's strength to five Senate seats from 1 July 1981 .

1986-1991

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During the Hawke and Keating Labor Governments (1983-96), the Australian Democrats held a theoretical balance of power in the Senate: the numbers were such that they could team with Labor to pass legislation, or team with the Coalition to block legislation on occasions when the Coalition decided to oppose a government bill. By 1986 almost half of the party were women. The biggest muscling the Democrats mustered of the early 1990s was their lone voice against the 1990 Gulf War. New Leader Janet Powell's leadership on the matter ultimately lead to the recall of the entire parliament to debate the merits of the conflict.

Leadership and legislative Agenda

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Janine Haines lead the party into their second decade on the Australian political scene. Under Haines’ leadership the Democrats continued fighting for the environment and saved the Daintree Forest. They also protected the civil liberties of all Australians by taking the lead on blocking the introduction of the Australia card [16]

Democrats blocked the amalgamation of the ABC and SBS,and in 1988 blocked timed local calls by Telecom. They also introduced legislation protecting the Daintree that was passed by the Labour government and acts preserving Kakadu National Park from uranium mining.

In addition amendments on the economic and international relations front, requiring annual reports to parliament on Australia’s participation in the World Bank.

Their control of the upper house led to debate on the merits of genetically modified foods, and human rights issues in Tibet and East Timor. They also used their parliamentary voice to call for an end to U.S. Military Bases in Australia and opposed the then Labour government's mandatory detention policy for refugees.

n addition, leader Janet Powell introduced legislation that banned tobacco advertising in print media. [17] Sid Spindler introduced a bill to abolish sexuality discrimination, a bill that drew support for a senate inquiry [18]

Policy
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The Hawke and Keating governments pursued economic policies that drew on economic rationalist and neoliberal thought, and the Australian Democrats positioned themselves to the left of the ALP government, and thus at the left end of mainstream Australian politics. However, the party's progressive-liberal politics remained attractive to middle class ("wet") Liberal supporters who were disaffected by the Liberal party's social conservatism.

Election platforms and electoral results
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See 'Give a Damn: Vote Democrat 1' campaign commercial

1990 saw the voluntary departure from the Senate of Janine Haines and the failure of her strategic goal of winning the House of Representatives known as the seat of Kingston. Her casual vacancy was filled by Meg Lees several months before the arrival of Cheryl Kernot, elected to replace the retiring deputy leader Michael Macklin. The ambitious Kernot immediately contested the Senate leadership. Being unemployed at the time, she requested and obtained party funds to pay for her travel to address members in all seven divisions.[19] In the event, Janet Powell was successful and John Coulter was chosen as deputy leader.

Despite the loss of Haines and the WA Senate seat (through an inconsistent national preference agreement with the ALP), the 1990 federal election heralded something of a rebirth for the party, with a dramatic rise in primary vote. This was at the same time as an economic recession was building, and events such as the Gulf War in Kuwait were beginning to shepherd issues of globalisation and transnational trade on to national government agendas.


Janet Powell attacked both the government and opposition which had closed ranks in support of the Gulf War. Whereas the House of Representatives was thus able to avoid any debate about the war and Australia's participation,[n 1][20] the Democrats took full advantage of the opportunity to move for a debate in the Senate.[21]

Possibly because of the party's opposition to the Gulf War, there was mass-media antipathy and negative publicity which some construed as poor performance by Janet Powell.[citation needed] Before 12 months of her leadership had passed, the South Australian and Queensland divisions were circulating the party's first-ever petition to criticise and oust the parliamentary leader. The explicit grounds related to Powell's alleged responsibility for poor AD ratings in Gallup and other media surveys of potential voting support. When this charge was deemed insufficient, interested party officers and senators reinforced it with negative media 'leaks' concerning her openly established relationship with Sid Spindler and exposure of administrative failings resulting in excessive overtime to a staff member. With national-executive blessing, the party room pre-empted the ballot by replacing the leader with deputy John Coulter. In the process, severe internal divisions were generated. One major collateral casualty was the party whip Paul McLean who resigned and quit the Senate in disgust at what he perceived as infighting between close friends. The casual NSW vacancy created by his resignation was filled by Karin Sowada.

Election Results
 Senate - National

1991-2004

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Leadership and legislative Agenda

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Cheryl Kernot became leader in 1993. She had strong media appeal, which increased media and public awareness of herself and the party. She was known to have interests in industrial relations and was able to cultivate solid relationships with Labor government frontbenchers, which also added to her credibility in the press gallery. Kernot, however, remained broadly opposed to the Liberal government. This, together with her personal ambition for a role in government,[citation needed] led her to defect to the ALP in 1997.

In 2001, Lees was replaced as leader by Natasha Stott Despoja. Despite criticism about her age and lack of experience Stott Despoja was not able to bring back enough voters to prevent the loss of a seat to Greens Senator Kerry Nettle, indicating the loss of Australian Democrats votes on the left.[citation needed] Ongoing tensions between Stott Despoja and Lees led to Stott Despoja standing down from the leadership.[22] It led to a protracted leadership battle in 2002, which eventually led to the election of Senator Andrew Bartlett as leader.

On 6 December 2003, Andrew Bartlett stepped aside temporarily as leader of the party, after an incident in which he assaulted Liberal Senator Jeannie Ferris on the floor of Parliament while intoxicated.[23] The party issued a statement stating that Deputy Leader Lyn Allison would serve as the Acting Leader of the party. Bartlett apologised to the Democrats, Jeannie Ferris and the Australian public for his behaviour and assured all concerned that it would never happen again. On 29 January 2004, after seeking medical treatment, Bartlett returned to the Australian Democrats leadership, vowing to abstain from alcohol.

Policy

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Lack of clear direction other than, possibly, senators' common ambition to play a more productive role in government manifested itself in tensions over Cheryl Kernot's policy on industrial relations (see the Workplace Relations Act 1996). Under Kernot, after negotiations and some compromises from the government, the Australian Democrats voted for the Howard Government's right-leaning industrial relations legislation which decreased union power and allowed a larger role for individual employer-employee contracts.[citation needed]

Internal conflict over the Government's proposed Goods and Services Tax (GST), during the 1998 federal election and in Parliament in 1999 was damaging to the Democrats. Meg Lees campaigned on a modified GST platform, opposing the GST on food and books. After negotiations with Prime Minister Howard, Meg Lees and Andrew Murray agreed to support the GST legislation with exemptions for most food and some medicines. Many supporters regarded this as a betrayal. Two senators on the party's left.[citation needed] Natasha Stott Despoja and Andrew Bartlett voted against the GST, Meg Lees and the other four Australian Democrats senators voted in favour.[24]

However, the tension led to Meg Lees leaving the party in 2002, becoming an independent and forming the [[Australian Progressive Alliance]

Election platforms and electoral results

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See also the results of the Australian Federal Elections;1993, 1996, 1998, 2001, and 2004.

Meg Lees led Democrats to the 1998 poll, campaigning on a modified GST that excluded food and books.

Despite passing the GST, the Australian Democrats' election results in 1998 and 2001 were both good.[clarification needed]

In the 1998 federal election, the Democrats' candidate John Schumann came within 3 per cent of taking Liberal Foreign Minister Alexander Downer's seat of Mayo in the Adelaide Hills under Australia's preferential voting system.

Natasha Stott Despoja

2004 to 2007

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Leadership and legislative Agenda

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Following the loss of 2004, the customary post-election leadership ballot installed Lyn Allison as leader and Andrew Bartlett as her deputy. During this period. Richard Pascoe, Natasha Stott Despoja, Andrew Murray and Sue Kanck retired from thei seats.

Policy

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Election platforms and electoral results

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Lyn Allison led the party into the 2007 election. The party platform included reiterating their aim of balance and accountability in the senate [7]. Other issues included treatment of refugees and asylum seekers for which she received the endorsement of the Asylum Seeker Resource Centre, [8] and the promotion of public broadcasting which earnt the endorsment of the Friends of the ABC [9] and the role of woman for which the democrats received endorsements from Barbara Spalding and Anne Summers

The democrats did a nationally announced preference deal with the Australian Greens to ensure a progressive third party was successful. Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

On 18 March 2006, at the 2006 South Australian state election, the Australian Democrats were reduced to 1.7 per cent of the Legislative Council (upper house) vote. Their sole councillor up for re-election, Kate Reynolds, was defeated.

After the election, South Australian senator Natasha Stott Despoja was obliged to deny rumours that she was considering quitting the party.[25]

In early July, Richard Pascoe, national and South Australian party president, resigned, citing slumping opinion polls and the poor result in the 2006 South Australian election as well as South Australian parliamentary leader Sandra Kanck's comments regarding the drug MDMA which he saw as damaging to the party.[26][27][28]

On 5 July 2006, Australian Democrats senator for Western Australia Andrew Murray announced his intention not to contest the 2007 federal election, citing frustration arising from the Howard Government's control of both houses and his unwillingness to serve another six-year term.[29]. His term ended on 30 June, 2008.

On 28 August 2006, the founder of the Australuan Democrats, Don Chipp, died. Former prime minister Bob Hawke said: "... there is a coincidental timing almost between the passing of Don Chipp and what I think is the death throes of the Democrats[30]."

On 22 October 2006, Australian Democrats Senator Natasha Stott Despoja announced her intention not to seek re-election at the 2007 federal election due to health concerns.[31] Her term ended on 30 June 2008.

In November 2006, the Australian Democrats fared very poorly in the Victorian state election, receiving a Legislative Council vote tally of only 0.83 per cent.[32], less than half of the party's result in 2002 (1.79 per cent).[33]

South Australian MLC Sandra Kanck, elected in 1993, resigned in 2009 and was replaced by David Winderlich.

In the New South Wales state election of March 2007, the Australian Democrats lost their last remaining NSW Upper House representative, Arthur Chesterfield-Evans. The party fared poorly, gaining only 1.8 per cent of the Legislative Council vote. A higher vote was achieved in some of the Legislative Assembly seats selectively contested as compared to 2003. However, the statewide vote share fell because the party was unable to field as many candidates as in 2003.

In the Victorian state by-election in Albert Park District[34] the Australian Democrats stood candidate Paul Kavanagh, who polled a respectable 5.75 per cent of the primary vote, despite a large number of candidates, and all media attention focusing on the battle between Labor and Greens candidates.

On 13 September 2007, the ACT Democrats (Australian Capital Territory Division of the party) was deregistered[35] by the ACT Electoral Commissioner, being unable to demonstrate a minimum membership of 100 electors. As as result the party was ineligible to contest the ACT election in October 2008.

2008 -

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As was widely expected, the Democrats had no success at the 2007 federal election. Two incumbent senators, Lyn Allison (Victoria) and Andrew Bartlett (Queensland), were defeated, their seats both reverting to major parties. Their two remaining colleagues, Andrew Murray (WA) and Natasha Stott Despoja (SA), did not run for new terms. All four senators' terms expired on 30 June 2008—leaving the Australian Democrats with no federal representation for the first time since its founding in 1977. An ABC report noted that "on the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) website the party is now referred to just as 'other'".[36]

Andrew Castrique, an Adelaide Hills resident who contested Mayo in 2007, stood in the 2008 Mayo by-election. The Democrat vote in Mayo was reduced even further, though turnout was down by 15 per cent.

David Winderlich

In July 2009, the party's sole remaining parliamentarian, David Winderlich, announced he would leave the party and sit as an independent unless the South Australian Democrats could recruit 1,000 new members by November 2009.[37] When this clearly could not eventuate, he resigned from the party on 7 October 2009, declining to relinqish his seat to a Democrat successor and vowing to contest the 2010 election as an independent.[38] His action ended almost 32 years of continuous presence by Australian Democrat parliamentarians since the appointment of Janine Haines to the Senate in December 1977.

David Collyer contested the Higgins by-election in December 09, doubling the vote of the previous Mayo candidate to 2.3% of the vote.[39]


Leadership

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Janine Haines and Chipp in 1977

Of the party's eleven federal parliamentary leaders, six have been women. Aboriginal senator Aden Ridgeway was deputy leader under Natasha Stott Despoja.

Federal parliamentary leaders of the Australian Democrats.

References

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  1. ^ a b 2007 Senate election: (National tally of) First Preferences by Group
  2. ^ Chipp D and Larkin J The Third Man Rigby, Melbourne (1978) ISBN 0 7270 0827 7
  3. ^ Warhurst, J. (1997) "1977: Don Chipp's New Party" in Warhust, J (ed) Keeping the Bastards Honest, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, pp 53-57
  4. ^ Hewat T & Wilson D Don Chipp (1978) p. 84
  5. ^ a b c Rout, M 'How Don Chipp spoke up for the disenchanted' The Australian, Jan 1, 2008, last accessed Dec 24 2009 [1]
  6. ^ Anglican Archdiocese of Sydney, Inspiring People last accessed 24 DEC 2009 [2]
  7. ^ Career Faqs last accessed 24 DEC 2009 [3]
  8. ^ The National Women's Archives Project last accessed 24 DEC 2009 [4]
  9. ^ What are you doing to rebuild the party FAQ Australian Democrats official website, December 2009
  10. ^ Core Beliefs of the Australian Democrats Australian Democrats official website, December 2009
  11. ^ Chipp D & Larkin J The Third Man Rigby, Melbourne 1978 ISBN 0 7270 0827 7
  12. ^ "the Australian Democrats appear to be in decline, having performed very poorly at the 2004 federal election and look to be replaced by the Greens as the major ‘minor’ party". --Jaensch D et al. Australian Political Parties in the Spotlight pp 40-41. Australian National University, January 2005
  13. ^ Dean Jaensch radio interview, http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/s2631202.htm, accessed 28/7/09
  14. ^ media release dated 12 December 2009
  15. ^ 1980 Conference Proceedings, Beyond our Expectations
  16. ^ http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/OzCard.html
  17. ^ Quit, Facts and Issues last accessed 24 DEC 2009 [5]
  18. ^ The Coalition for Equality last accessed 24 DEC 2009 [6]
  19. ^ AD National Journal June 1990, p.5
  20. ^ Ted Mack's speech on Gulf War
  21. ^ Senate Hansard, 21 Jan, 1991
  22. ^ Stott Despoja resigns as Democrats leader, ABC 7.30 Report, 21 October 2002
  23. ^ Disgraced leader steps aside, The Age, 7 December 2003. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
  24. ^ Kirk, Alexandra (19 June 1999). "Democrats make good on GST compromise deal". ABC PM, Radio National. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  25. ^ Stott-Despoja denies rumours she is quitting, ABC News, 22 March 2006
  26. ^ Political analyst predicts Democrats' demise, ABC News 11 July 2006
  27. ^ Former leader sees Democrats in 'tatters', ABC News 11 July 2006
  28. ^ Kanck says rave party safer than the front bar, The Advertiser 5 July 2006 Article no longer available online.
  29. ^ Sydney Morning Herald 8 July 2006
  30. ^ Hawke predicts end is near for Democrats, ABC News 29 August 2006
  31. ^ Stott-Despoja to bow out of politics, ABC News 22 October 2006
  32. ^ Victorian Electoral Commission: Results for Upper House, 2006
  33. ^ Victorian Electoral Commission: Results for Upper House, 2006
  34. ^ http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/stateby2007resultAlbertParkDistrict.html
  35. ^ http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/ni/2007-279/default.asp
  36. ^ Caldwell A Democrats to lose parliamentary representation 26 November 2007
  37. ^ Democrats MP divides party with 1,000-member ultimatum
  38. ^ David Winderlich quits, Democrats are no more
  39. ^ AEC Tally Room http://vtr.aec.gov.au/HouseDivisionFirstPrefs-14358-215.htm
  1. ^ The sole independent member in the House, Ted Mack, was unable to launch his critical motion for lack of a seconder.

Further reading

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  • Beyond Our Expectations—Proceedings of the Australian Democrats First National Conference, Canberra, 16-17 February, 1980. [Papers by: Don Chipp, Sir Mark Oliphant, Prof. Stephen Boyden, Bob Whan, Julian Cribb, Colin Mason, John Siddons, A. McDonald]
  • Chipp D (ed. Larkin J) Chipp, Methuen Haynes, North Ryde NSW, 1987 ISBN 0 454 01345 0
  • Paul A and Miller L The Third Team July 2007 A historical essay in 30 Years—Australian Democrats Melbourne 2007. (A 72-page anthology of historical and biogaphical monographs about the state and federal parliamentary experiences of the Democrats, for the party's 30th anniversary.)
  • Sugita H Challenging 'twopartism'—the contribution of the Australian Democrats to the Australian party system, PhD thesis, Flinders University of South Australia, July 1995
  • Warhurst J (ed.) Keeping the bastards honest Allen & Unwin Sydney 1997 ISBN 10 1864484209

See also

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[edit]


{{Politics of Australia}}

Category:Liberal parties Category:Political parties established in 1977 Category:Political parties in Australia Category:Organisations based in Adelaide

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