Log page index: User:ProteinBoxBot/PBB_Log_Index
Protein Status Quick Log - Date: 23:31, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
[edit]Proteins without matches (11)
[edit]Proteins with a High Potential Match (6)
[edit]Redirected Proteins (8)
[edit]Manual Inspection (Page not found) (17)
[edit]
Protein Status Grid - Date: 23:31, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
[edit]Vebose Log - Date: 23:31, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
[edit]- INFO: Beginning work on CD81... {November 14, 2007 3:01:14 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:01:51 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_CD81_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1g8q.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1g8q}}, {{PDB2|1iv5}}
| Name = CD81 molecule
| HGNCid = 1701
| Symbol = CD81
| AltSymbols =; S5.7; TAPA1; TSPAN28
| OMIM = 186845
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 20915
| MGIid = 1096398
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_CD81_200675_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000187 |text = activation of MAPK activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006661 |text = phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006952 |text = defense response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008104 |text = protein localization}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008283 |text = cell proliferation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008284 |text = positive regulation of cell proliferation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030384 |text = phosphoinositide metabolic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030890 |text = positive regulation of B cell proliferation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043128 |text = positive regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046718 |text = entry of virus into host cell}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046813 |text = virion attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050731 |text = positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 975
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000110651
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_004347
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_004356
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 11
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 2355096
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 2375225
| Hs_Uniprot = P60033
| Mm_EntrezGene = 12520
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000037706
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = XM_993688
| Mm_RefseqProtein = XP_998782
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 7
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 142862185
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 142877314
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3UWG5
}}
}}
'''CD81 molecule''', also known as '''CD81''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. This encoded protein is a cell surface glycoprotein that is known to complex with integrins. This protein appears to promote muscle cell fusion and support myotube maintenance. Also it may be involved in signal transduction. This gene is localized in the tumor-suppressor gene region and thus it is a candidate gene for malignancies.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CD81 CD81 molecule| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=975| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Berditchevski F |title=Complexes of tetraspanins with integrins: more than meets the eye. |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=114 |issue= Pt 23 |pages= 4143-51 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11739647 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ye J |title=Reliance of host cholesterol metabolic pathways for the life cycle of hepatitis C virus. |journal=PLoS Pathog. |volume=3 |issue= 8 |pages= e108 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17784784 |doi= 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030108 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bradbury LE, Kansas GS, Levy S, ''et al.'' |title=The CD19/CD21 signal transducing complex of human B lymphocytes includes the target of antiproliferative antibody-1 and Leu-13 molecules. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=149 |issue= 9 |pages= 2841-50 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1383329 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Andria ML, Hsieh CL, Oren R, ''et al.'' |title=Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the TAPA-1 gene. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=147 |issue= 3 |pages= 1030-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1650385 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Oren R, Takahashi S, Doss C, ''et al.'' |title=TAPA-1, the target of an antiproliferative antibody, defines a new family of transmembrane proteins. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=10 |issue= 8 |pages= 4007-15 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1695320 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Levy S, Nguyen VQ, Andria ML, Takahashi S |title=Structure and membrane topology of TAPA-1. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=266 |issue= 22 |pages= 14597-602 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1860863 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Takahashi S, Doss C, Levy S, Levy R |title=TAPA-1, the target of an antiproliferative antibody, is associated on the cell surface with the Leu-13 antigen. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=145 |issue= 7 |pages= 2207-13 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2398277 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Matsumoto AK, Martin DR, Carter RH, ''et al.'' |title=Functional dissection of the CD21/CD19/TAPA-1/Leu-13 complex of B lymphocytes. |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=178 |issue= 4 |pages= 1407-17 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7690834 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nagira M, Imai T, Ishikawa I, ''et al.'' |title=Mouse homologue of C33 antigen (CD82), a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily: complementary DNA, genomic structure, and expression. |journal=Cell. Immunol. |volume=157 |issue= 1 |pages= 144-57 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8039242 |doi= 10.1006/cimm.1994.1212 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Virtaneva KI, Emi N, Marken JS, ''et al.'' |title=Chromosomal localization of three human genes coding for A15, L6, and S5.7 (TAPA1): all members of the transmembrane 4 superfamily of proteins. |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=39 |issue= 5 |pages= 329-34 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8168850 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Radford KJ, Thorne RF, Hersey P |title=CD63 associates with transmembrane 4 superfamily members, CD9 and CD81, and with beta 1 integrins in human melanoma. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=222 |issue= 1 |pages= 13-8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8630057 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0690 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Szöllósi J, Horejsí V, Bene L, ''et al.'' |title=Supramolecular complexes of MHC class I, MHC class II, CD20, and tetraspan molecules (CD53, CD81, and CD82) at the surface of a B cell line JY. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=157 |issue= 7 |pages= 2939-46 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8816400 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Berditchevski F, Tolias KF, Wong K, ''et al.'' |title=A novel link between integrins, transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins (CD63 and CD81), and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 5 |pages= 2595-8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9006891 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Berditchevski F, Chang S, Bodorova J, Hemler ME |title=Generation of monoclonal antibodies to integrin-associated proteins. Evidence that alpha3beta1 complexes with EMMPRIN/basigin/OX47/M6. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 46 |pages= 29174-80 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9360995 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tachibana I, Bodorova J, Berditchevski F, ''et al.'' |title=NAG-2, a novel transmembrane-4 superfamily (TM4SF) protein that complexes with integrins and other TM4SF proteins. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 46 |pages= 29181-9 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9360996 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hu RJ, Lee MP, Connors TD, ''et al.'' |title=A 2.5-Mb transcript map of a tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment from 11p15.5, and isolation and sequence analysis of three novel genes. |journal=Genomics |volume=46 |issue= 1 |pages= 9-17 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9403053 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1997.4981 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pileri P, Uematsu Y, Campagnoli S, ''et al.'' |title=Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81. |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue= 5390 |pages= 938-41 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9794763 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Serru V, Le Naour F, Billard M, ''et al.'' |title=Selective tetraspan-integrin complexes (CD81/alpha4beta1, CD151/alpha3beta1, CD151/alpha6beta1) under conditions disrupting tetraspan interactions. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=340 ( Pt 1) |issue= |pages= 103-11 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10229664 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tachibana I, Hemler ME |title=Role of transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) proteins CD9 and CD81 in muscle cell fusion and myotube maintenance. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=146 |issue= 4 |pages= 893-904 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10459022 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Higginbottom A, Quinn ER, Kuo CC, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of amino acid residues in CD81 critical for interaction with hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2. |journal=J. Virol. |volume=74 |issue= 8 |pages= 3642-9 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10729140 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on CDH2... {November 14, 2007 3:01:51 PM PST}
- SEARCH REDIRECT: Control Box Found: CDH2 {November 14, 2007 3:02:28 PM PST}
- UPDATE PROTEIN BOX: Updating Protein Box, No errors. {November 14, 2007 3:02:29 PM PST}
- UPDATE SUMMARY: Updating Summary, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:02:29 PM PST}
- UPDATE CITATIONS: Updating Citations, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:02:29 PM PST}
- UPDATED: Updated protein page: CDH2 {November 14, 2007 3:02:35 PM PST}
- INFO: Beginning work on CTSL1... {November 14, 2007 3:02:35 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:03:11 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
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| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_CTSL1_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1cjl.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1cjl}}, {{PDB2|1cs8}}, {{PDB2|1icf}}, {{PDB2|1mhw}}
| Name = Cathepsin L1
| HGNCid = 2537
| Symbol = CTSL1
| AltSymbols =; CATL; CTSL; FLJ31037; MEP
| OMIM = 116880
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 76699
| MGIid =
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_CTSL1_202087_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004197 |text = cysteine-type endopeptidase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004217 |text = cathepsin L activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005576 |text = extracellular region}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005764 |text = lysosome}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006508 |text = proteolysis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 1514
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000135047
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001903
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001912
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 9
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 89530254
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 89536127
| Hs_Uniprot = P07711
| Mm_EntrezGene =
| Mm_Ensembl =
| Mm_RefseqmRNA =
| Mm_RefseqProtein =
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr =
| Mm_GenLoc_start =
| Mm_GenLoc_end =
| Mm_Uniprot =
}}
}}
'''Cathepsin L1''', also known as '''CTSL1''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase that plays a major role in intracellular protein catabolism. Its substrates include collagen and elastin, as well as alpha-1 protease inhibitor, a major controlling element of neutrophil elastase activity. The encoded protein has been implicated in several pathologic processes, including myofibril necrosis in myopathies and in myocardial ischemia, and in the renal tubular response to proteinuria. This protein, which is a member of the peptidase C1 family, is a dimer composed of disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, both produced from a single protein precursor. At least two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CTSL1 cathepsin L1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1514| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Smith CG, Smith MT, Besch NF, ''et al.'' |title=Effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on female reproductive function. |journal=Advances in the biosciences |volume=22-23 |issue= |pages= 449-67 |year= 1980 |pmid= 116880 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Goretzki L, Schmitt M, Mann K, ''et al.'' |title=Effective activation of the proenzyme form of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (pro-uPA) by the cysteine protease cathepsin L. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=297 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 112-8 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1551416 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dunn AD, Crutchfield HE, Dunn JT |title=Thyroglobulin processing by thyroidal proteases. Major sites of cleavage by cathepsins B, D, and L. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=266 |issue= 30 |pages= 20198-204 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1939080 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Stearns NA, Dong JM, Pan JX, ''et al.'' |title=Comparison of cathepsin L synthesized by normal and transformed cells at the gene, message, protein, and oligosaccharide levels. |journal=Arch. Biochem. Biophys. |volume=283 |issue= 2 |pages= 447-57 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2275556 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Joseph LJ, Chang LC, Stamenkovich D, Sukhatme VP |title=Complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of human and murine preprocathepsin L. An abundant transcript induced by transformation of fibroblasts. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=81 |issue= 5 |pages= 1621-9 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2835398 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ritonja A, Popović T, Kotnik M, ''et al.'' |title=Amino acid sequences of the human kidney cathepsins H and L. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=228 |issue= 2 |pages= 341-5 |year= 1988 |pmid= 3342889 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gal S, Gottesman MM |title=Isolation and sequence of a cDNA for human pro-(cathepsin L). |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=253 |issue= 1 |pages= 303-6 |year= 1988 |pmid= 3421948 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Johnson DA, Barrett AJ, Mason RW |title=Cathepsin L inactivates alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor by cleavage in the reactive site region. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=261 |issue= 31 |pages= 14748-51 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3490478 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mason RW, Walker JE, Northrop FD |title=The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chains of human cathepsin L. Relationship to a cDNA clone for a major cysteine proteinase from a mouse macrophage cell line. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=240 |issue= 2 |pages= 373-7 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3545185 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Joseph L, Lapid S, Sukhatme V |title=The major ras induced protein in NIH3T3 cells is cathepsin L. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=15 |issue= 7 |pages= 3186 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3550705 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kärgel HJ, Dettmer R, Etzold G, ''et al.'' |title=Action of rat liver cathepsin L on glucagon. |journal=Acta Biol. Med. Ger. |volume=40 |issue= 9 |pages= 1139-43 |year= 1982 |pmid= 7340337 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chauhan SS, Popescu NC, Ray D, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization of human cathepsin L. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=268 |issue= 2 |pages= 1039-45 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8419312 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bevec T, Stoka V, Pungercic G, ''et al.'' |title=Major histocompatibility complex class II-associated p41 invariant chain fragment is a strong inhibitor of lysosomal cathepsin L. |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=183 |issue= 4 |pages= 1331-8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8666891 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Coulombe R, Grochulski P, Sivaraman J, ''et al.'' |title=Structure of human procathepsin L reveals the molecular basis of inhibition by the prosegment. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=15 |issue= 20 |pages= 5492-503 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8896443 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Baumgrass R, Williamson MK, Price PA |title=Identification of peptide fragments generated by digestion of bovine and human osteocalcin with the lysosomal proteinases cathepsin B, D, L, H, and S. |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=12 |issue= 3 |pages= 447-55 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9076588 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fujishima A, Imai Y, Nomura T, ''et al.'' |title=The crystal structure of human cathepsin L complexed with E-64. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=407 |issue= 1 |pages= 47-50 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9141479 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ménard R, Carmona E, Takebe S, ''et al.'' |title=Autocatalytic processing of recombinant human procathepsin L. Contribution of both intermolecular and unimolecular events in the processing of procathepsin L in vitro. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 8 |pages= 4478-84 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9468501 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schick C, Pemberton PA, Shi GP, ''et al.'' |title=Cross-class inhibition of the cysteine proteinases cathepsins K, L, and S by the serpin squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1: a kinetic analysis. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=37 |issue= 15 |pages= 5258-66 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9548757 |doi= 10.1021/bi972521d }}
*{{cite journal | author=Estrada S, Nycander M, Hill NJ, ''et al.'' |title=The role of Gly-4 of human cystatin A (stefin A) in the binding of target proteinases. Characterization by kinetic and equilibrium methods of the interactions of cystatin A Gly-4 mutants with papain, cathepsin B, and cathepsin L. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=37 |issue= 20 |pages= 7551-60 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9585570 |doi= 10.1021/bi980026r }}
*{{cite journal | author=Halfon S, Ford J, Foster J, ''et al.'' |title=Leukocystatin, a new Class II cystatin expressed selectively by hematopoietic cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 26 |pages= 16400-8 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9632704 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on GRIN1... {November 14, 2007 3:03:11 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:03:53 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1
| HGNCid = 4584
| Symbol = GRIN1
| AltSymbols =; NMDA1; NMDAR1; NR1
| OMIM = 138249
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 7187
| MGIid = 95819
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_GRIN1_205914_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_GRIN1_205915_x_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_GRIN1_210781_x_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000287 |text = magnesium ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003774 |text = motor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004970 |text = ionotropic glutamate receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004972 |text = N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005216 |text = ion channel activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005234 |text = extracellular-glutamate-gated ion channel activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005509 |text = calcium ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016594 |text = glycine binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016595 |text = glutamate binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016933 |text = extracellular-glycine-gated ion channel activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0017146 |text = N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor complex}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030425 |text = dendrite}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030426 |text = growth cone}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045211 |text = postsynaptic membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006811 |text = ion transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006812 |text = cation transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006874 |text = cellular calcium ion homeostasis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007215 |text = glutamate signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007268 |text = synaptic transmission}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007611 |text = learning and/or memory}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045471 |text = response to ethanol}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0048167 |text = regulation of synaptic plasticity}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 2902
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000176884
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000823
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000832
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 9
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 139152663
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 139183028
| Hs_Uniprot = Q05586
| Mm_EntrezGene = 14810
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000026959
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_008169
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_032195
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 2
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 25114256
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 25140988
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3TZ31
}}
}}
'''Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1''', also known as '''GRIN1''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a critical subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, members of the glutamate receptor channel superfamily which are heteromeric protein complexes with multiple subunits arranged to form a ligand-gated ion channel. These subunits play a key role in the plasticity of synapses, which is believed to underlie memory and learning. The gene consists of 21 exons and is alternatively spliced, producing transcript variants differing in the C-terminus. Although the sequence of exon 5 is identical in human and rat, the alternative exon 5 splicing in rat has yet to be demonstrated in human. Cell-specific factors are thought to control expression of different isoforms, possibly contributing to the functional diversity of the subunits.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GRIN1 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2902| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Lin JW, Wyszynski M, Madhavan R, ''et al.'' |title=Yotiao, a novel protein of neuromuscular junction and brain that interacts with specific splice variants of NMDA receptor subunit NR1. |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=18 |issue= 6 |pages= 2017-27 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9482789 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schröder HC, Perovic S, Kavsan V, ''et al.'' |title=Mechanisms of prionSc- and HIV-1 gp120 induced neuronal cell death. |journal=Neurotoxicology |volume=19 |issue= 4-5 |pages= 683-8 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9745929 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Adriani W, Felici A, Sargolini F, ''et al.'' |title=N-methyl-D-aspartate and dopamine receptor involvement in the modulation of locomotor activity and memory processes. |journal=Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale |volume=123 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 52-9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9835392 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis SF |title=The glutamate receptor ion channels. |journal=Pharmacol. Rev. |volume=51 |issue= 1 |pages= 7-61 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10049997 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=King JE, Eugenin EA, Buckner CM, Berman JW |title=HIV tat and neurotoxicity. |journal=Microbes Infect. |volume=8 |issue= 5 |pages= 1347-57 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16697675 |doi= 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.014 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Monyer H, Sprengel R, Schoepfer R, ''et al.'' |title=Heteromeric NMDA receptors: molecular and functional distinction of subtypes. |journal=Science |volume=256 |issue= 5060 |pages= 1217-21 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1350383 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zimmer M, Fink TM, Franke Y, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and structure of the gene encoding the human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR1). |journal=Gene |volume=159 |issue= 2 |pages= 219-23 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7622053 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Karp SJ, Masu M, Eki T, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the key subunit of the human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=268 |issue= 5 |pages= 3728-33 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7679115 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Younkin DP, Tang CM, Hardy M, ''et al.'' |title=Inducible expression of neuronal glutamate receptor channels in the NT2 human cell line. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue= 6 |pages= 2174-8 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7681588 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Planells-Cases R, Sun W, Ferrer-Montiel AV, Montal M |title=Molecular cloning, functional expression, and pharmacological characterization of an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit from human brain. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue= 11 |pages= 5057-61 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7685113 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Magnuson DS, Knudsen BE, Geiger JD, ''et al.'' |title=Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat activates non-N-methyl-D-aspartate excitatory amino acid receptors and causes neurotoxicity. |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=37 |issue= 3 |pages= 373-80 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7695237 |doi= 10.1002/ana.410370314 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Foldes RL, Rampersad V, Kamboj RK |title=Cloning and sequence analysis of additional splice variants encoding human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (hNR1) subunits. |journal=Gene |volume=147 |issue= 2 |pages= 303-4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7926821 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sheng M, Cummings J, Roldan LA, ''et al.'' |title=Changing subunit composition of heteromeric NMDA receptors during development of rat cortex. |journal=Nature |volume=368 |issue= 6467 |pages= 144-7 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8139656 |doi= 10.1038/368144a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tingley WG, Roche KW, Thompson AK, Huganir RL |title=Regulation of NMDA receptor phosphorylation by alternative splicing of the C-terminal domain. |journal=Nature |volume=364 |issue= 6432 |pages= 70-3 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8316301 |doi= 10.1038/364070a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Foldes RL, Rampersad V, Kamboj RK |title=Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding human hippocampus N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits: evidence for alternative RNA splicing. |journal=Gene |volume=131 |issue= 2 |pages= 293-8 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8406025 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Collins C, Duff C, Duncan AM, ''et al.'' |title=Mapping of the human NMDA receptor subunit (NMDAR1) and the proposed NMDA receptor glutamate-binding subunit (NMDARA1) to chromosomes 9q34.3 and chromosome 8, respectively. |journal=Genomics |volume=17 |issue= 1 |pages= 237-9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8406459 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1993.1311 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lannuzel A, Lledo PM, Lamghitnia HO, ''et al.'' |title=HIV-1 envelope proteins gp120 and gp160 potentiate NMDA-induced [Ca2+]i increase, alter [Ca2+]i homeostasis and induce neurotoxicity in human embryonic neurons. |journal=Eur. J. Neurosci. |volume=7 |issue= 11 |pages= 2285-93 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8563977 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Corasaniti MT, Melino G, Navarra M, ''et al.'' |title=Death of cultured human neuroblastoma cells induced by HIV-1 gp120 is prevented by NMDA receptor antagonists and inhibitors of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase. |journal=Neurodegeneration : a journal for neurodegenerative disorders, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 315-21 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8581564 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ehlers MD, Zhang S, Bernhadt JP, Huganir RL |title=Inactivation of NMDA receptors by direct interaction of calmodulin with the NR1 subunit. |journal=Cell |volume=84 |issue= 5 |pages= 745-55 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8625412 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pittaluga A, Pattarini R, Severi P, Raiteri M |title=Human brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors regulating noradrenaline release are positively modulated by HIV-1 coat protein gp120. |journal=AIDS |volume=10 |issue= 5 |pages= 463-8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8724036 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on HLA-DRA... {November 14, 2007 3:03:53 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:04:23 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_HLA-DRA_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1a6a.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1a6a}}, {{PDB2|1aqd}}, {{PDB2|1bx2}}, {{PDB2|1d5m}}, {{PDB2|1d5x}}, {{PDB2|1d5z}}, {{PDB2|1d6e}}, {{PDB2|1dlh}}, {{PDB2|1fv1}}, {{PDB2|1fyt}}, {{PDB2|1h15}}, {{PDB2|1hqr}}, {{PDB2|1hxy}}, {{PDB2|1j8h}}, {{PDB2|1jwm}}, {{PDB2|1jws}}, {{PDB2|1jwu}}, {{PDB2|1kg0}}, {{PDB2|1klg}}, {{PDB2|1klu}}, {{PDB2|1lo5}}, {{PDB2|1pyw}}, {{PDB2|1r5i}}, {{PDB2|1seb}}, {{PDB2|1sje}}, {{PDB2|1sjh}}, {{PDB2|1t5w}}, {{PDB2|1t5x}}, {{PDB2|1ymm}}, {{PDB2|1zgl}}, {{PDB2|2g9h}}, {{PDB2|2iam}}, {{PDB2|2ian}}, {{PDB2|2icw}}, {{PDB2|2ipk}}, {{PDB2|2oje}}, {{PDB2|2seb}}
| Name = Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha
| HGNCid = 4947
| Symbol = HLA-DRA
| AltSymbols =; HLA-DRA1
| OMIM = 142860
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 7751
| MGIid = 95900
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_HLA-DRA_208894_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_HLA-DRA_210982_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0032395 |text = MHC class II receptor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005764 |text = lysosome}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005886 |text = plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042613 |text = MHC class II protein complex}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0002504 |text = antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006955 |text = immune response}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 3122
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000204287
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_061984
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_019111
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 6
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 32515597
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 32520943
| Hs_Uniprot =
| Mm_EntrezGene = 14968
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000036322
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_010381
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_034511
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 17
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 33950514
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 33952226
| Mm_Uniprot = O19462
}}
}}
'''Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha''', also known as '''HLA-DRA''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = HLA-DRA is one of the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa and its gene contains 5 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. DRA does not have polymorphisms in the peptide binding part and acts as the sole alpha chain for DRB1, DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HLA-DRA major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3122| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Bénichou S, Benmerah A |title=[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the endocytosis pathway] |journal=Med Sci (Paris) |volume=19 |issue= 1 |pages= 100-6 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12836198 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tolstrup M, Ostergaard L, Laursen AL, ''et al.'' |title=HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef. |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=2 |issue= 2 |pages= 141-51 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15078178 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Anderson JL, Hope TJ |title=HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell. |journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports |volume=1 |issue= 1 |pages= 47-53 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16091223 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, ''et al.'' |title=Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. |journal=Cell Res. |volume=15 |issue= 11-12 |pages= 923-34 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16354571 |doi= 10.1038/sj.cr.7290370 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Stove V, Verhasselt B |title=Modelling thymic HIV-1 Nef effects. |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 57-64 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16454711 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Matsushima GK, Itoh-Lindstrom Y, Ting JP |title=Activation of the HLA-DRA gene in primary human T lymphocytes: novel usage of TATA and the X and Y promoter elements. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=12 |issue= 12 |pages= 5610-9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1448091 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schaiff WT, Hruska KA, McCourt DW, ''et al.'' |title=HLA-DR associates with specific stress proteins and is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum in invariant chain negative cells. |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=176 |issue= 3 |pages= 657-66 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1512535 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Piatier-Tonneau D, Gastinel LN, Amblard F, ''et al.'' |title=Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120. |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=34 |issue= 2 |pages= 121-8 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1869305 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nong Y, Kandil O, Tobin EH, ''et al.'' |title=The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced increase of HLA-DR and cytochrome b heavy chain mRNA levels in the human monocyte-like cell line THP1. |journal=Cell. Immunol. |volume=132 |issue= 1 |pages= 10-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1905983 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rosenstein Y, Burakoff SJ, Herrmann SH |title=HIV-gp120 can block CD4-class II MHC-mediated adhesion. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=144 |issue= 2 |pages= 526-31 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1967269 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Callahan KM, Fort MM, Obah EA, ''et al.'' |title=Genetic variability in HIV-1 gp120 affects interactions with HLA molecules and T cell receptor. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=144 |issue= 9 |pages= 3341-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1970352 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bowman MR, MacFerrin KD, Schreiber SL, Burakoff SJ |title=Identification and structural analysis of residues in the V1 region of CD4 involved in interaction with human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=87 |issue= 22 |pages= 9052-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1978941 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Koppelman B, Cresswell P |title=Rapid nonlysosomal degradation of assembled HLA class II glycoproteins incorporating a mutant DR alpha-chain. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=145 |issue= 8 |pages= 2730-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2212658 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Clayton LK, Sieh M, Pious DA, Reinherz EL |title=Identification of human CD4 residues affecting class II MHC versus HIV-1 gp120 binding. |journal=Nature |volume=339 |issue= 6225 |pages= 548-51 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2543930 |doi= 10.1038/339548a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Diamond DC, Sleckman BP, Gregory T, ''et al.'' |title=Inhibition of CD4+ T cell function by the HIV envelope protein, gp120. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=141 |issue= 11 |pages= 3715-7 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2846691 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tjernlund U, Scheynius A, Johansson C, ''et al.'' |title=T-cell response to purified protein derivative after removal of Langerhans' cells from epidermal cell suspensions containing keratinocytes expressing class II transplantation antigens. |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=28 |issue= 6 |pages= 667-73 |year= 1989 |pmid= 3266023 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Andrieu JM, Even P, Venet A |title=AIDS and related syndromes as a viral-induced autoimmune disease of the immune system: an anti-MHC II disorder. Therapeutic implications. |journal=AIDS research |volume=2 |issue= 3 |pages= 163-74 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3489470 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Das HK, Lawrance SK, Weissman SM |title=Structure and nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain gene of HLA-DR. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=80 |issue= 12 |pages= 3543-7 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6304715 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schamboeck A, Korman AJ, Kamb A, Strominger JL |title=Organization of the transcriptional unit of a human class II histocompatibility antigen: HLA-DR heavy chain. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=11 |issue= 24 |pages= 8663-75 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6324094 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Das HK, Biro PA, Cohen SN, ''et al.'' |title=Use of synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to genes for human HLA-DR alpha and beta as extension primers for the isolation of 5'-specific genomic clones. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=80 |issue= 6 |pages= 1531-5 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6403940 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on HLA-DRB4... {November 14, 2007 3:04:23 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:04:56 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4
| HGNCid = 4952
| Symbol = HLA-DRB4
| AltSymbols =; HLA DRB1; DRB4; HLA-DR4B
| OMIM =
| ECnumber =
| Homologene =
| MGIid =
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0032395 |text = MHC class II receptor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042613 |text = MHC class II protein complex}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0002504 |text = antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006955 |text = immune response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009405 |text = pathogenesis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 3126
| Hs_Ensembl =
| Hs_RefseqProtein = XP_945196
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = XM_940103
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr =
| Hs_GenLoc_start =
| Hs_GenLoc_end =
| Hs_Uniprot =
| Mm_EntrezGene =
| Mm_Ensembl =
| Mm_RefseqmRNA =
| Mm_RefseqProtein =
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr =
| Mm_GenLoc_start =
| Mm_GenLoc_end =
| Mm_Uniprot =
}}
}}
'''Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4''', also known as '''HLA-DRB4''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = HLA-DRB4 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. DRB1 is expressed at a level five times higher than its paralogues DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5. The presence of DRB4 is linked with allelic variants of DRB1, otherwise it is omitted. There are 4 related pseudogenes: DRB2, DRB6, DRB7, DRB8 and DRB9.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HLA-DRB4 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3126| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Germain RN |title=Binding domain regulation of MHC class II molecule assembly, trafficking, fate, and function. |journal=Semin. Immunol. |volume=7 |issue= 6 |pages= 361-72 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8775462 |doi= 10.1006/smim.1995.0041 }}
*{{cite journal | author=O'Brien RM, Cram DS, Russ GR, ''et al.'' |title=Nucleotide sequences of the HLA-DRw12 and DRw8 B1 chains from an Australian aborigine. |journal=Hum. Immunol. |volume=34 |issue= 2 |pages= 147-51 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1358866 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kenter M, Otting N, Anholts J, ''et al.'' |title=Mhc-DRB diversity of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=37 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-11 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1428007 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dong RP, Kimura A, Sasazuki T |title=Sequence analysis of three novel DRw14-DRB1 alleles. |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=36 |issue= 2 |pages= 130-3 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1612646 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Piatier-Tonneau D, Gastinel LN, Amblard F, ''et al.'' |title=Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120. |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=34 |issue= 2 |pages= 121-8 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1869305 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nong Y, Kandil O, Tobin EH, ''et al.'' |title=The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced increase of HLA-DR and cytochrome b heavy chain mRNA levels in the human monocyte-like cell line THP1. |journal=Cell. Immunol. |volume=132 |issue= 1 |pages= 10-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1905983 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rosenstein Y, Burakoff SJ, Herrmann SH |title=HIV-gp120 can block CD4-class II MHC-mediated adhesion. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=144 |issue= 2 |pages= 526-31 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1967269 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Callahan KM, Fort MM, Obah EA, ''et al.'' |title=Genetic variability in HIV-1 gp120 affects interactions with HLA molecules and T cell receptor. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=144 |issue= 9 |pages= 3341-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1970352 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bowman MR, MacFerrin KD, Schreiber SL, Burakoff SJ |title=Identification and structural analysis of residues in the V1 region of CD4 involved in interaction with human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=87 |issue= 22 |pages= 9052-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1978941 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gyllensten UB, Sundvall M, Erlich HA |title=Allelic diversity is generated by intraexon sequence exchange at the DRB1 locus of primates. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=88 |issue= 9 |pages= 3686-90 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2023919 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lee KW, Johnson AH, Hurley CK |title=Two divergent routes of evolution gave rise to the DRw13 haplotypes. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=145 |issue= 9 |pages= 3119-25 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2212675 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gorski J |title=First domain sequence of the HLA-DRB1 chain from two HLA-DRw14 homozygous typing cell lines: TEM (Dw9) and AMALA (Dw16). |journal=Hum. Immunol. |volume=24 |issue= 2 |pages= 145-9 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2466818 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fan WM, Kasahara M, Gutknecht J, ''et al.'' |title=Shared class II MHC polymorphisms between humans and chimpanzees. |journal=Hum. Immunol. |volume=26 |issue= 2 |pages= 107-21 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2511168 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Clayton LK, Sieh M, Pious DA, Reinherz EL |title=Identification of human CD4 residues affecting class II MHC versus HIV-1 gp120 binding. |journal=Nature |volume=339 |issue= 6225 |pages= 548-51 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2543930 |doi= 10.1038/339548a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Abe A, Ito I, Ohkubo M, ''et al.'' |title=Two distinct subtypes of the HLA-DRw12 haplotypes in the Japanese population detected by nucleotide sequence analysis and oligonucleotide genotyping. |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=30 |issue= 6 |pages= 422-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2592019 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Diamond DC, Sleckman BP, Gregory T, ''et al.'' |title=Inhibition of CD4+ T cell function by the HIV envelope protein, gp120. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=141 |issue= 11 |pages= 3715-7 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2846691 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Owerbach D, Rich C, Taneja K |title=Characterization of three HLA-DR beta genes isolated from an HLA-DR 3/4 insulin-dependent diabetic patient. |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=24 |issue= 1 |pages= 41-6 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3015788 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Karr RW, Gregersen PK, Obata F, ''et al.'' |title=Analysis of DR beta and DQ beta chain cDNA clones from a DR7 haplotype. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=137 |issue= 9 |pages= 2886-90 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3020127 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Andersson G, Larhammar D, Widmark E, ''et al.'' |title=Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex. Organization and evolutionary relationship of the DR beta genes. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=262 |issue= 18 |pages= 8748-58 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3036826 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wu S, Saunders TL, Bach FH |title=Polymorphism of human Ia antigens generated by reciprocal intergenic exchange between two DR beta loci. |journal=Nature |volume=324 |issue= 6098 |pages= 676-9 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3099214 |doi= 10.1038/324676a0 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on IFNA1... {November 14, 2007 3:04:56 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:05:35 PM PST}
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Interferon, alpha 1
| HGNCid = 5417
| Symbol = IFNA1
| AltSymbols =; IFL; IFN; IFN-ALPHA; IFNA13; IFNA@; MGC138207; MGC138505; MGC138507
| OMIM = 147660
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 88748
| MGIid =
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_IFNA1_208344_x_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_IFNA1_208375_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005126 |text = hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005132 |text = interferon-alpha/beta receptor binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005576 |text = extracellular region}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005615 |text = extracellular space}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006952 |text = defense response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009615 |text = response to virus}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 3439
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000197919
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_076918
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_024013
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 9
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 21430440
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 21431315
| Hs_Uniprot = P01562
| Mm_EntrezGene =
| Mm_Ensembl =
| Mm_RefseqmRNA =
| Mm_RefseqProtein =
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr =
| Mm_GenLoc_start =
| Mm_GenLoc_end =
| Mm_Uniprot =
}}
}}
'''Interferon, alpha 1''', also known as '''IFNA1''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = Leukocyte interferon is produced predominantly by B lymphocytes. Immune interferon (IFN-gamma; MIM 147570) is produced by mitogen- or antigen-stimulated T lymphocytes.[supplied by OMIM]<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: IFNA1 interferon, alpha 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3439| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Conti L, Fantuzzi L, Del Cornò M, ''et al.'' |title=Immunomodulatory effects of the HIV-1 gp120 protein on antigen presenting cells: implications for AIDS pathogenesis. |journal=Immunobiology |volume=209 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 99-115 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15481145 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bekisz J, Schmeisser H, Hernandez J, ''et al.'' |title=Human interferons alpha, beta and omega. |journal=Growth Factors |volume=22 |issue= 4 |pages= 243-51 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15621727 |doi= 10.1080/08977190400000833 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Copeland KF |title=Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines. |journal=Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry |volume=5 |issue= 12 |pages= 1093-101 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16375755 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Capobianchi MR, Ankel H, Ameglio F, ''et al.'' |title=Recombinant glycoprotein 120 of human immunodeficiency virus is a potent interferon inducer. |journal=AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses |volume=8 |issue= 5 |pages= 575-9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1381203 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Olopade OI, Bohlander SK, Pomykala H, ''et al.'' |title=Mapping of the shortest region of overlap of deletions of the short arm of chromosome 9 associated with human neoplasia. |journal=Genomics |volume=14 |issue= 2 |pages= 437-43 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1385305 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Silverman RH, Sengupta DN |title=Translational regulation by HIV leader RNA, TAT, and interferon-inducible enzymes. |journal=J. Exp. Pathol. |volume=5 |issue= 2 |pages= 69-77 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1708818 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Delcayre AX, Salas F, Mathur S, ''et al.'' |title=Epstein Barr virus/complement C3d receptor is an interferon alpha receptor. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=10 |issue= 4 |pages= 919-26 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1849076 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tyring SK, Cauda R, Tumbarello M, ''et al.'' |title=Synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences in HIV envelope gp41 and gp120 enhance in vitro production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor but depress production of interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma and interleukin-2. |journal=Viral Immunol. |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 33-42 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1905933 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Göttlinger HG, Dorfman T, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA |title=Effect of mutations affecting the p6 gag protein on human immunodeficiency virus particle release. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=88 |issue= 8 |pages= 3195-9 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2014240 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Stine KC, Bolognesi D, Weinhold KJ |title=Cytokine augmentation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120-specific cellular cytotoxicity. |journal=Journal of biological response modifiers |volume=8 |issue= 5 |pages= 501-10 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2552026 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Capon DJ, Shepard HM, Goeddel DV |title=Two distinct families of human and bovine interferon-alpha genes are coordinately expressed and encode functional polypeptides. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=5 |issue= 4 |pages= 768-79 |year= 1985 |pmid= 2985969 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Delfraissy JF, Wallon C, Galanaud P |title=Interferon-alpha can synergize with interleukin 2 for human in vitro antibody response. |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=18 |issue= 9 |pages= 1379-84 |year= 1988 |pmid= 3262520 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Henco K, Brosius J, Fujisawa A, ''et al.'' |title=Structural relationship of human interferon alpha genes and pseudogenes. |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=185 |issue= 2 |pages= 227-60 |year= 1985 |pmid= 4057246 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Taniguchi T, Mantei N, Schwarzstein M, ''et al.'' |title=Human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons are structurally related. |journal=Nature |volume=285 |issue= 5766 |pages= 547-9 |year= 1980 |pmid= 6157095 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mantei N, Schwarzstein M, Streuli M, ''et al.'' |title=The nucleotide sequence of a cloned human leukocyte interferon cDNA. |journal=Gene |volume=10 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-10 |year= 1980 |pmid= 6157600 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nagata S, Mantei N, Weissmann C |title=The structure of one of the eight or more distinct chromosomal genes for human interferon-alpha. |journal=Nature |volume=287 |issue= 5781 |pages= 401-8 |year= 1981 |pmid= 6159536 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Goeddel DV, Leung DW, Dull TJ, ''et al.'' |title=The structure of eight distinct cloned human leukocyte interferon cDNAs. |journal=Nature |volume=290 |issue= 5801 |pages= 20-6 |year= 1981 |pmid= 6163083 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Weber H, Weissmann C |title=Formation of genes coding for hybrid proteins by recombination between related, cloned genes in E. coli. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=11 |issue= 16 |pages= 5661-9 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6310510 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Todokoro K, Kioussis D, Weissmann C |title=Two non-allelic human interferon alpha genes with identical coding regions. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=3 |issue= 8 |pages= 1809-12 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6479148 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ameglio F, Capobianchi MR, Castilletti C, ''et al.'' |title=Recombinant gp120 induces IL-10 in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells; correlation with the induction of other cytokines. |journal=Clin. Exp. Immunol. |volume=95 |issue= 3 |pages= 455-8 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7511078 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on IFNB1... {November 14, 2007 3:05:35 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:06:10 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_IFNB1_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1au1.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1au1}}
| Name = Interferon, beta 1, fibroblast
| HGNCid = 5434
| Symbol = IFNB1
| AltSymbols =; IFB; IFF; IFNB; MGC96956
| OMIM = 147640
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 1640
| MGIid = 107657
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_IFNB1_208173_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005132 |text = interferon-alpha/beta receptor binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005576 |text = extracellular region}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005615 |text = extracellular space}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006917 |text = induction of apoptosis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006919 |text = caspase activation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007166 |text = cell surface receptor linked signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008285 |text = negative regulation of cell proliferation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009615 |text = response to virus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030101 |text = natural killer cell activation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042100 |text = B cell proliferation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042742 |text = defense response to bacterium}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045089 |text = positive regulation of innate immune response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045343 |text = regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046597 |text = negative regulation of virion penetration into host}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 3456
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000171855
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_002167
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_002176
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 9
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 21067104
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 21067962
| Hs_Uniprot = P01574
| Mm_EntrezGene = 15977
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000048806
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_010510
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_034640
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 4
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 87993457
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 87994005
| Mm_Uniprot = Q0VE17
}}
}}
'''Interferon, beta 1, fibroblast''', also known as '''IFNB1''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text =
}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Biron CA, Nguyen KB, Pien GC |title=Innate immune responses to LCMV infections: natural killer cells and cytokines. |journal=Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=263 |issue= |pages= 7-27 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11987821 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Conti L, Fantuzzi L, Del Cornò M, ''et al.'' |title=Immunomodulatory effects of the HIV-1 gp120 protein on antigen presenting cells: implications for AIDS pathogenesis. |journal=Immunobiology |volume=209 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 99-115 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15481145 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bekisz J, Schmeisser H, Hernandez J, ''et al.'' |title=Human interferons alpha, beta and omega. |journal=Growth Factors |volume=22 |issue= 4 |pages= 243-51 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15621727 |doi= 10.1080/08977190400000833 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Copeland KF |title=Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines. |journal=Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry |volume=5 |issue= 12 |pages= 1093-101 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16375755 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Silverman RH, Sengupta DN |title=Translational regulation by HIV leader RNA, TAT, and interferon-inducible enzymes. |journal=J. Exp. Pathol. |volume=5 |issue= 2 |pages= 69-77 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1708818 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Flores I, Mariano TM, Pestka S |title=Human interferon omega (omega) binds to the alpha/beta receptor. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=266 |issue= 30 |pages= 19875-7 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1834641 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=May LT, Sehgal PB |title=On the relationship between human interferon alpha 1 and beta 1 genes. |journal=J. Interferon Res. |volume=5 |issue= 3 |pages= 521-6 |year= 1985 |pmid= 2414376 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Francois DT, Katona IM, June CH, ''et al.'' |title=Examination of the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of IFN-alpha, -beta, and -gamma on human B-cell proliferation induced by various B-cell mitogens. |journal=Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. |volume=48 |issue= 3 |pages= 297-306 |year= 1988 |pmid= 3135963 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Conradt HS, Egge H, Peter-Katalinic J, ''et al.'' |title=Structure of the carbohydrate moiety of human interferon-beta secreted by a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell line. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=262 |issue= 30 |pages= 14600-5 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3667593 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Blank KJ, McKernan LN, Murasko DM |title=Poly I:C or IFN-alpha/beta treatment inhibits macrophage induced T cell proliferation. |journal=J. Interferon Res. |volume=5 |issue= 1 |pages= 215-21 |year= 1985 |pmid= 3872918 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Derynck R, Content J, DeClercq E, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation and structure of a human fibroblast interferon gene. |journal=Nature |volume=285 |issue= 5766 |pages= 542-7 |year= 1980 |pmid= 6157094 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Taniguchi T, Ohno S, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Muramatsu M |title=The nucleotide sequence of human fibroblast interferon cDNA. |journal=Gene |volume=10 |issue= 1 |pages= 11-5 |year= 1980 |pmid= 6157601 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Houghton M, Easton MA, Stewart AG, ''et al.'' |title=The complete amino acid sequence of human fibroblast interferon as deduced using synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers of reverse transcriptase. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=8 |issue= 13 |pages= 2885-94 |year= 1981 |pmid= 6159580 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Goeddel DV, Shepard HM, Yelverton E, ''et al.'' |title=Synthesis of human fibroblast interferon by E. coli. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=8 |issue= 18 |pages= 4057-74 |year= 1981 |pmid= 6159584 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Houghton M, Stewart AG, Doel SM, ''et al.'' |title=The amino-terminal sequence of human fibroblast interferon as deduced from reverse transcripts obtained using synthetic oligonucleotide primers. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=8 |issue= 9 |pages= 1913-31 |year= 1981 |pmid= 6159597 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wetzel R |title=Assignment of the disulphide bonds of leukocyte interferon. |journal=Nature |volume=289 |issue= 5798 |pages= 606-7 |year= 1981 |pmid= 6162107 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lawn RM, Adelman J, Franke AE, ''et al.'' |title=Human fibroblast interferon gene lacks introns. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=9 |issue= 5 |pages= 1045-52 |year= 1981 |pmid= 6164984 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shepard HM, Leung D, Stebbing N, Goeddel DV |title=A single amino acid change in IFN-beta1 abolishes its antiviral activity. |journal=Nature |volume=294 |issue= 5841 |pages= 563-5 |year= 1982 |pmid= 6171735 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Content J, De Wit L, Pierard D, ''et al.'' |title=Secretory proteins induced in human fibroblasts under conditions used for the production of interferon beta. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=79 |issue= 9 |pages= 2768-72 |year= 1982 |pmid= 6178110 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fiers W, Remaut E, Devos R, ''et al.'' |title=The human fibroblast and human immune interferon genes and their expression in homologous and heterologous cells. |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=299 |issue= 1094 |pages= 29-38 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6183692 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on IL6R... {November 14, 2007 3:06:10 PM PST}
- SEARCH REDIRECT: Control Box Found: IL6R {November 14, 2007 3:06:53 PM PST}
- UPDATE PROTEIN BOX: Updating Protein Box, No errors. {November 14, 2007 3:06:54 PM PST}
- UPDATE SUMMARY: Updating Summary, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:06:54 PM PST}
- UPDATE CITATIONS: Updating Citations, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:06:54 PM PST}
- UPDATED: Updated protein page: IL6R {November 14, 2007 3:07:00 PM PST}
- INFO: Beginning work on MITF... {November 14, 2007 3:07:00 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:07:37 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
| HGNCid = 7105
| Symbol = MITF
| AltSymbols =; WS2A
| OMIM = 156845
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 4892
| MGIid = 104554
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_MITF_207233_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003682 |text = chromatin binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003705 |text = RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, enhancer binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016563 |text = transcription activator activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007275 |text = multicellular organismal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007605 |text = sensory perception of sound}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016055 |text = Wnt receptor signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030318 |text = melanocyte differentiation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042127 |text = regulation of cell proliferation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042981 |text = regulation of apoptosis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045165 |text = cell fate commitment}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045670 |text = regulation of osteoclast differentiation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045944 |text = positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 4286
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000187098
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000239
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000248
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 3
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 69871323
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 70100174
| Hs_Uniprot = O75030
| Mm_EntrezGene = 17342
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000035158
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_008601
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_032627
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 6
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 97772647
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 97984170
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3U2D2
}}
}}
'''Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor''', also known as '''MITF''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes a transcription factor that contains both basic helix-loop-helix and leucine zipper structural features. It regulates the differentiation and development of melanocytes retinal pigment epithelium and is also responsible for pigment cell-specific transcription of the melanogenesis enzyme genes. Heterozygous mutations in the this gene cause auditory-pigmentary syndromes, such as Waardenburg syndrome type 2 and Tietz syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MITF microphthalmia-associated transcription factor| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4286| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Shibahara S, Takeda K, Yasumoto K, ''et al.'' |title=Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF): multiplicity in structure, function, and regulation. |journal=J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. |volume=6 |issue= 1 |pages= 99-104 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11764295 |doi= 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.00010.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, ''et al.'' |title=Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway. |journal=Pigment Cell Res. |volume=16 |issue= 3 |pages= 261-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12753399 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Garraway LA, Sellers WR |title=From integrated genomics to tumor lineage dependency. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=66 |issue= 5 |pages= 2506-8 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16510564 |doi= 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4604 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bard LA |title=Heterogeneity in Waardenburg's syndrome. Report of a family with ocular albinism. |journal=Arch. Ophthalmol. |volume=96 |issue= 7 |pages= 1193-8 |year= 1978 |pmid= 666627 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tassabehji M, Newton VE, Read AP |title=Waardenburg syndrome type 2 caused by mutations in the human microphthalmia (MITF) gene. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=8 |issue= 3 |pages= 251-5 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7874167 |doi= 10.1038/ng1194-251 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hughes AE, Newton VE, Liu XZ, Read AP |title=A gene for Waardenburg syndrome type 2 maps close to the human homologue of the microphthalmia gene at chromosome 3p12-p14.1. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=7 |issue= 4 |pages= 509-12 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7951321 |doi= 10.1038/ng0894-509 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Yasumoto K, Yokoyama K, Shibata K, ''et al.'' |title=Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor as a regulator for melanocyte-specific transcription of the human tyrosinase gene. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=14 |issue= 12 |pages= 8058-70 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7969144 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tachibana M, Perez-Jurado LA, Nakayama A, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning of MITF, the human homolog of the mouse microphthalmia gene and assignment to chromosome 3p14.1-p12.3. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=3 |issue= 4 |pages= 553-7 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8069297 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tassabehji M, Newton VE, Liu XZ, ''et al.'' |title=The mutational spectrum in Waardenburg syndrome. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=4 |issue= 11 |pages= 2131-7 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8589691 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fuse N, Yasumoto K, Suzuki H, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a melanocyte-type promoter of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor gene. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=219 |issue= 3 |pages= 702-7 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8645245 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nobukuni Y, Watanabe A, Takeda K, ''et al.'' |title=Analyses of loss-of-function mutations of the MITF gene suggest that haploinsufficiency is a cause of Waardenburg syndrome type 2A. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=59 |issue= 1 |pages= 76-83 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8659547 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Yasumoto K, Yokoyama K, Takahashi K, ''et al.'' |title=Functional analysis of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in pigment cell-specific transcription of the human tyrosinase family genes. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 1 |pages= 503-9 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8995290 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Morell R, Spritz RA, Ho L, ''et al.'' |title=Apparent digenic inheritance of Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) and autosomal recessive ocular albinism (AROA). |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=6 |issue= 5 |pages= 659-64 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9158138 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hemesath TJ, Price ER, Takemoto C, ''et al.'' |title=MAP kinase links the transcription factor Microphthalmia to c-Kit signalling in melanocytes. |journal=Nature |volume=391 |issue= 6664 |pages= 298-301 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9440696 |doi= 10.1038/34681 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Watanabe A, Takeda K, Ploplis B, Tachibana M |title=Epistatic relationship between Waardenburg syndrome genes MITF and PAX3. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=18 |issue= 3 |pages= 283-6 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9500554 |doi= 10.1038/ng0398-283 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Amae S, Fuse N, Yasumoto K, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a novel isoform of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor that is enriched in retinal pigment epithelium. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=247 |issue= 3 |pages= 710-5 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9647758 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Price ER, Ding HF, Badalian T, ''et al.'' |title=Lineage-specific signaling in melanocytes. C-kit stimulation recruits p300/CBP to microphthalmia. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 29 |pages= 17983-6 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9660747 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bertolotto C, Abbe P, Hemesath TJ, ''et al.'' |title=Microphthalmia gene product as a signal transducer in cAMP-induced differentiation of melanocytes. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=142 |issue= 3 |pages= 827-35 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9700169 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Steingrímsson E, Tessarollo L, Reid SW, ''et al.'' |title=The bHLH-Zip transcription factor Tfeb is essential for placental vascularization. |journal=Development |volume=125 |issue= 23 |pages= 4607-16 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9806910 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lalwani AK, Attaie A, Randolph FT, ''et al.'' |title=Point mutation in the MITF gene causing Waardenburg syndrome type II in a three-generation Indian family. |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=80 |issue= 4 |pages= 406-9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9856573 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on ND1... {November 14, 2007 3:07:37 PM PST}
- SEARCH REDIRECT: Control Box Found: ND1 {November 14, 2007 3:08:02 PM PST}
- UPDATE PROTEIN BOX: Updating Protein Box, No errors. {November 14, 2007 3:08:04 PM PST}
- UPDATE SUMMARY: Updating Summary, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:08:04 PM PST}
- UPDATE CITATIONS: Updating Citations, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:08:04 PM PST}
- UPDATED: Updated protein page: ND1 {November 14, 2007 3:08:11 PM PST}
- INFO: Beginning work on POLR2C... {November 14, 2007 3:08:11 PM PST}
- SEARCH REDIRECT: Control Box Found: POLR2C {November 14, 2007 3:08:53 PM PST}
- UPDATE PROTEIN BOX: Updating Protein Box, No errors. {November 14, 2007 3:08:55 PM PST}
- UPDATE SUMMARY: Updating Summary, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:08:55 PM PST}
- UPDATE CITATIONS: Updating Citations, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:08:55 PM PST}
- UPDATED: Updated protein page: POLR2C {November 14, 2007 3:09:02 PM PST}
- INFO: Beginning work on POLR2E... {November 14, 2007 3:09:02 PM PST}
- SEARCH REDIRECT: Control Box Found: POLR2E {November 14, 2007 3:09:44 PM PST}
- UPDATE PROTEIN BOX: Updating Protein Box, No errors. {November 14, 2007 3:09:46 PM PST}
- UPDATE SUMMARY: Updating Summary, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:09:46 PM PST}
- UPDATE CITATIONS: Updating Citations, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:09:46 PM PST}
- UPDATED: Updated protein page: POLR2E {November 14, 2007 3:09:53 PM PST}
- INFO: Beginning work on PROS1... {November 14, 2007 3:09:53 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:10:37 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
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| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_PROS1_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1z6c.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1z6c}}
| Name = Protein S (alpha)
| HGNCid = 9456
| Symbol = PROS1
| AltSymbols =; PSA; PROS; PS 26; PS21; PS22; PS23; PS24; PS25; Protein S; protein Sa
| OMIM = 176880
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 264
| MGIid = 1095733
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_PROS1_207808_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004866 |text = endopeptidase inhibitor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005509 |text = calcium ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005576 |text = extracellular region}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007596 |text = blood coagulation}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 5627
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000184500
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000304
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000313
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 3
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 95074647
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 95175412
| Hs_Uniprot = P07225
| Mm_EntrezGene = 19128
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000022912
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_011173
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_035303
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 16
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 62796685
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 62871594
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3TR66
}}
}}
'''Protein S (alpha)''', also known as '''PROS1''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text =
}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Dahlbäck B |title=Protein S and C4b-binding protein: components involved in the regulation of the protein C anticoagulant system. |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=66 |issue= 1 |pages= 49-61 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1833851 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Witt I |title=[Molecular biological basis and diagnosis of hereditary defect of antithrombin III, protein c and protein S] |journal=Hamostaseologie |volume=22 |issue= 2 |pages= 14-24 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12193972 |doi= 10.1267/Hamo02020057 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rezende SM, Simmonds RE, Lane DA |title=Coagulation, inflammation, and apoptosis: different roles for protein S and the protein S-C4b binding protein complex. |journal=Blood |volume=103 |issue= 4 |pages= 1192-201 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12907438 |doi= 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1551 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dahlbäck B |title=The tale of protein S and C4b-binding protein, a story of affection. |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=98 |issue= 1 |pages= 90-6 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17597997 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=García de Frutos P, Fuentes-Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N |title=Molecular basis of protein S deficiency. |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=98 |issue= 3 |pages= 543-56 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17849042 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Maillard C, Berruyer M, Serre CM, ''et al.'' |title=Protein-S, a vitamin K-dependent protein, is a bone matrix component synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts. |journal=Endocrinology |volume=130 |issue= 3 |pages= 1599-604 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1531628 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Griffin JH, Gruber A, Fernández JA |title=Reevaluation of total, free, and bound protein S and C4b-binding protein levels in plasma anticoagulated with citrate or hirudin. |journal=Blood |volume=79 |issue= 12 |pages= 3203-11 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1534488 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Guglielmone HA, Vides MA |title=A novel functional assay of protein C in human plasma and its comparison with amidolytic and anticoagulant assays. |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=67 |issue= 1 |pages= 46-9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1615482 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bertina RM, Ploos van Amstel HK, van Wijngaarden A, ''et al.'' |title=Heerlen polymorphism of protein S, an immunologic polymorphism due to dimorphism of residue 460. |journal=Blood |volume=76 |issue= 3 |pages= 538-48 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2143091 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schmidel DK, Tatro AV, Phelps LG, ''et al.'' |title=Organization of the human protein S genes. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=29 |issue= 34 |pages= 7845-52 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2148110 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ploos van Amstel HK, Reitsma PH, van der Logt CP, Bertina RM |title=Intron-exon organization of the active human protein S gene PS alpha and its pseudogene PS beta: duplication and silencing during primate evolution. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=29 |issue= 34 |pages= 7853-61 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2148111 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Allaart CF, Aronson DC, Ruys T, ''et al.'' |title=Hereditary protein S deficiency in young adults with arterial occlusive disease. |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=64 |issue= 2 |pages= 206-10 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2148653 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ohlin AK, Landes G, Bourdon P, ''et al.'' |title=Beta-hydroxyaspartic acid in the first epidermal growth factor-like domain of protein C. Its role in Ca2+ binding and biological activity. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=263 |issue= 35 |pages= 19240-8 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2461936 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schwarz HP, Heeb MJ, Lottenberg R, ''et al.'' |title=Familial protein S deficiency with a variant protein S molecule in plasma and platelets. |journal=Blood |volume=74 |issue= 1 |pages= 213-21 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2526663 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ploos van Amstel HK, van der Zanden AL, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM |title=Human protein S cDNA encodes Phe-16 and Tyr 222 in consensus sequences for the post-translational processing. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=222 |issue= 1 |pages= 186-90 |year= 1987 |pmid= 2820795 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dahlbäck B, Lundwall A, Stenflo J |title=Primary structure of bovine vitamin K-dependent protein S. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue= 12 |pages= 4199-203 |year= 1986 |pmid= 2940598 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lundwall A, Dackowski W, Cohen E, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue= 18 |pages= 6716-20 |year= 1986 |pmid= 2944113 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Engesser L, Broekmans AW, Briët E, ''et al.'' |title=Hereditary protein S deficiency: clinical manifestations. |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=106 |issue= 5 |pages= 677-82 |year= 1987 |pmid= 2952034 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Watkins PC, Eddy R, Fukushima Y, ''et al.'' |title=The gene for protein S maps near the centromere of human chromosome 3. |journal=Blood |volume=71 |issue= 1 |pages= 238-41 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2961379 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on RARB... {November 14, 2007 3:10:37 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:13:38 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_RARB_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1dsz.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1dsz}}, {{PDB2|1hra}}, {{PDB2|1xap}}, {{PDB2|1xdk}}
| Name = Retinoic acid receptor, beta
| HGNCid = 9865
| Symbol = RARB
| AltSymbols =; HAP; NR1B2; RRB2
| OMIM = 180220
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 68100
| MGIid = 97857
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_RARB_205080_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_RARB_208530_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_RARB_208412_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003707 |text = steroid hormone receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003708 |text = retinoic acid receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043565 |text = sequence-specific DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005575 |text = cellular_component}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006350 |text = transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 5915
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000077092
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000956
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000965
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 3
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 25190893
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 25614424
| Hs_Uniprot = P10826
| Mm_EntrezGene = 218772
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000017491
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_011243
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_035373
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 14
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 15224106
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 15612134
| Mm_Uniprot = Q8K1P6
}}
}}
'''Retinoic acid receptor, beta''', also known as '''RARB''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes retinoic acid receptor beta, a member of the thyroid-steroid hormone receptor superfamily of nuclear transcriptional regulators. This receptor localizes to the cytoplasm and to subnuclear compartments. It binds retinoic acid, the biologically active form of vitamin A which mediates cellular signalling in embryonic morphogenesis, cell growth and differentiation. It is thought that this protein limits growth of many cell types by regulating gene expression. The gene was first identified in a hepatocellular carcinoma where it flanks a hepatitis B virus integration site. The gene expresses at least two transcript variants; one additional transcript has been described, but its full length nature has not been determined.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: RARB retinoic acid receptor, beta| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5915| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Dejean A, de Thé H |title=Hepatitis B virus as an insertional mutagene in a human hepatocellular carcinoma. |journal=Mol. Biol. Med. |volume=7 |issue= 3 |pages= 213-22 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2170809 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sun SY |title=Retinoic acid receptor beta and colon cancer. |journal=Cancer Biol. Ther. |volume=3 |issue= 1 |pages= 87-8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14726690 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Saba N, Jain S, Khuri F |title=Chemoprevention in lung cancer. |journal=Current problems in cancer |volume=28 |issue= 5 |pages= 287-306 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15375805 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Klein O, Grignon Y, Civit T, ''et al.'' |title=[Methylation status of RARbeta gene promoter in low and high grade cerebral glioma. Comparison with normal tissue. Immuno-histochemical study of nuclear RARbeta expression in low and high grade cerebral glioma cells. Comparison with normal cells. 48 tumors] |journal=Neuro-Chirurgie |volume=51 |issue= 3-4 Pt 1 |pages= 147-54 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16389900 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Katahira M, Knegtel RM, Boelens R, ''et al.'' |title=Homo- and heteronuclear NMR studies of the human retinoic acid receptor beta DNA-binding domain: sequential assignments and identification of secondary structure elements. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=31 |issue= 28 |pages= 6474-80 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1321662 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Berrodin TJ, Marks MS, Ozato K, ''et al.'' |title=Heterodimerization among thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptor, retinoid X receptor, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor, and an endogenous liver protein. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 1468-78 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1331778 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=van der Leede BJ, Folkers GE, Kruyt FA, van der Saag PT |title=Genomic organization of the human retinoic acid receptor beta 2. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=188 |issue= 2 |pages= 695-702 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1332705 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Prentice A, Matthews CJ, Thomas EJ, Redfern CP |title=The expression of retinoic acid receptors in cultured human endometrial stromal cells and effects of retinoic acid. |journal=Hum. Reprod. |volume=7 |issue= 5 |pages= 692-700 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1379266 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shen S, Kruyt FA, den Hertog J, ''et al.'' |title=Mouse and human retinoic acid receptor beta 2 promoters: sequence comparison and localization of retinoic acid responsiveness. |journal=DNA Seq. |volume=2 |issue= 2 |pages= 111-9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1663808 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=de Thé H, Vivanco-Ruiz MM, Tiollais P, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a retinoic acid responsive element in the retinoic acid receptor beta gene. |journal=Nature |volume=343 |issue= 6254 |pages= 177-80 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2153268 |doi= 10.1038/343177a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hoffmann B, Lehmann JM, Zhang XK, ''et al.'' |title=A retinoic acid receptor-specific element controls the retinoic acid receptor-beta promoter. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=4 |issue= 11 |pages= 1727-36 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2177841 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=de Thé H, Marchio A, Tiollais P, Dejean A |title=A novel steroid thyroid hormone receptor-related gene inappropriately expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma. |journal=Nature |volume=330 |issue= 6149 |pages= 667-70 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2825037 |doi= 10.1038/330667a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Brand N, Petkovich M, Krust A, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor. |journal=Nature |volume=332 |issue= 6167 |pages= 850-3 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2833708 |doi= 10.1038/332850a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Benbrook D, Lernhardt E, Pfahl M |title=A new retinoic acid receptor identified from a hepatocellular carcinoma. |journal=Nature |volume=333 |issue= 6174 |pages= 669-72 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2836738 |doi= 10.1038/333669a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mattei MG, de Thé H, Mattei JF, ''et al.'' |title=Assignment of the human hap retinoic acid receptor RAR beta gene to the p24 band of chromosome 3. |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=80 |issue= 2 |pages= 189-90 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2844650 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dejean A, Bougueleret L, Grzeschik KH, Tiollais P |title=Hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a sequence homologous to v-erb-A and steroid receptor genes in a hepatocellular carcinoma. |journal=Nature |volume=322 |issue= 6074 |pages= 70-2 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3014347 |doi= 10.1038/322070a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Si SP, Tsou HC, Lee X, Peacocke M |title=Effect of cellular senescence and retinoic acid on the expression of cellular retinoic acid binding proteins in skin fibroblasts. |journal=Exp. Cell Res. |volume=219 |issue= 1 |pages= 243-8 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7628539 |doi= 10.1006/excr.1995.1224 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Houle B, Pelletier M, Wu J, ''et al.'' |title=Fetal isoform of human retinoic acid receptor beta expressed in small cell lung cancer lines. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=54 |issue= 2 |pages= 365-9 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8275470 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Knegtel RM, Katahira M, Schilthuis JG, ''et al.'' |title=The solution structure of the human retinoic acid receptor-beta DNA-binding domain. |journal=J. Biomol. NMR |volume=3 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-17 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8383553 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on RBL2... {November 14, 2007 3:13:38 PM PST}
- SEARCH REDIRECT: Control Box Found: RBL2 {November 14, 2007 3:14:48 PM PST}
- UPDATE PROTEIN BOX: Updating Protein Box, No errors. {November 14, 2007 3:14:50 PM PST}
- UPDATE SUMMARY: Updating Summary, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:14:50 PM PST}
- UPDATE CITATIONS: Updating Citations, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:14:50 PM PST}
- UPDATED: Updated protein page: RBL2 {November 14, 2007 3:14:57 PM PST}
- INFO: Beginning work on RPS6KA3... {November 14, 2007 3:14:57 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:15:58 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 3
| HGNCid = 10432
| Symbol = RPS6KA3
| AltSymbols =; RSK; CLS; HU-3; ISPK-1; MAPKAPK1B; MRX19; RSK2; S6K-alpha3; p90-RSK2; pp90RSK2
| OMIM = 300075
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 37940
| MGIid = 104557
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_RPS6KA3_203843_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000166 |text = nucleotide binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000287 |text = magnesium ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004672 |text = protein kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004674 |text = protein serine/threonine kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005524 |text = ATP binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016740 |text = transferase activity}}
| Component =
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001501 |text = skeletal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006468 |text = protein amino acid phosphorylation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007417 |text = central nervous system development}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 6197
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000177189
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_004577
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_004586
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = X
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 20077950
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 20194671
| Hs_Uniprot = P51812
| Mm_EntrezGene = 110651
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000031309
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_148945
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_683747
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = X
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 154600225
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 154707590
| Mm_Uniprot = P18654
}}
}}
'''Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 3''', also known as '''RPS6KA3''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains 2 non-identical kinase catalytic domains and phosphorylates various substrates, including members of the mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. The activity of this protein has been implicated in controlling cell growth and differentiation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS).<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: RPS6KA3 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 3| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6197| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Omary MB, Baxter GT, Chou CF, ''et al.'' |title=PKC epsilon-related kinase associates with and phosphorylates cytokeratin 8 and 18. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=117 |issue= 3 |pages= 583-93 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1374067 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ku NO, Omary MB |title=Identification of the major physiologic phosphorylation site of human keratin 18: potential kinases and a role in filament reorganization. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=127 |issue= 1 |pages= 161-71 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7523419 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, ''et al.'' |title=Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence. |journal=Nature |volume=377 |issue= 6547 Suppl |pages= 3-174 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7566098 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhao Y, Bjørbaek C, Weremowicz S, ''et al.'' |title=RSK3 encodes a novel pp90rsk isoform with a unique N-terminal sequence: growth factor-stimulated kinase function and nuclear translocation. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=15 |issue= 8 |pages= 4353-63 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7623830 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bjørbaek C, Vik TA, Echwald SM, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning of a human insulin-stimulated protein kinase (ISPK-1) gene and analysis of coding regions and mRNA levels of the ISPK-1 and the protein phosphatase-1 genes in muscle from NIDDM patients. |journal=Diabetes |volume=44 |issue= 1 |pages= 90-7 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7813820 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Donnelly AJ, Choo KH, Kozman HM, ''et al.'' |title=Regional localisation of a non-specific X-linked mental retardation gene (MRX19) to Xp22. |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=51 |issue= 4 |pages= 581-5 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7943043 |doi= 10.1002/ajmg.1320510457 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Moller DE, Xia CH, Tang W, ''et al.'' |title=Human rsk isoforms: cloning and characterization of tissue-specific expression. |journal=Am. J. Physiol. |volume=266 |issue= 2 Pt 1 |pages= C351-9 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8141249 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Xing J, Ginty DD, Greenberg ME |title=Coupling of the RAS-MAPK pathway to gene activation by RSK2, a growth factor-regulated CREB kinase. |journal=Science |volume=273 |issue= 5277 |pages= 959-63 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8688081 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Trivier E, De Cesare D, Jacquot S, ''et al.'' |title=Mutations in the kinase Rsk-2 associated with Coffin-Lowry syndrome. |journal=Nature |volume=384 |issue= 6609 |pages= 567-70 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8955270 |doi= 10.1038/384567a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Paudel HK |title=Phosphorylation by neuronal cdc2-like protein kinase promotes dimerization of Tau protein in vitro. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 45 |pages= 28328-34 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9353289 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Joel PB, Smith J, Sturgill TW, ''et al.'' |title=pp90rsk1 regulates estrogen receptor-mediated transcription through phosphorylation of Ser-167. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=18 |issue= 4 |pages= 1978-84 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9528769 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zheng-Fischhöfer Q, Biernat J, Mandelkow EM, ''et al.'' |title=Sequential phosphorylation of Tau by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and protein kinase A at Thr212 and Ser214 generates the Alzheimer-specific epitope of antibody AT100 and requires a paired-helical-filament-like conformation. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=252 |issue= 3 |pages= 542-52 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9546672 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Deak M, Clifton AD, Lucocq LM, Alessi DR |title=Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) is directly activated by MAPK and SAPK2/p38, and may mediate activation of CREB. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=17 |issue= 15 |pages= 4426-41 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9687510 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/17.15.4426 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Du K, Montminy M |title=CREB is a regulatory target for the protein kinase Akt/PKB. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 49 |pages= 32377-9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9829964 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hanger DP, Betts JC, Loviny TL, ''et al.'' |title=New phosphorylation sites identified in hyperphosphorylated tau (paired helical filament-tau) from Alzheimer's disease brain using nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=71 |issue= 6 |pages= 2465-76 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9832145 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jacquot S, Merienne K, De Cesare D, ''et al.'' |title=Mutation analysis of the RSK2 gene in Coffin-Lowry patients: extensive allelic heterogeneity and a high rate of de novo mutations. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=63 |issue= 6 |pages= 1631-40 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9837815 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jacquot S, Merienne K, Pannetier S, ''et al.'' |title=Germline mosaicism in Coffin-Lowry syndrome. |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=6 |issue= 6 |pages= 578-82 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9887375 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200230 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Smith JA, Poteet-Smith CE, Malarkey K, Sturgill TW |title=Identification of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) docking site in ribosomal S6 kinase, a sequence critical for activation by ERK in vivo. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 5 |pages= 2893-8 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9915826 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Abidi F, Jacquot S, Lassiter C, ''et al.'' |title=Novel mutations in Rsk-2, the gene for Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS). |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=7 |issue= 1 |pages= 20-6 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10094187 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200231 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Merienne K, Jacquot S, Pannetier S, ''et al.'' |title=A missense mutation in RPS6KA3 (RSK2) responsible for non-specific mental retardation. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=22 |issue= 1 |pages= 13-4 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10319851 |doi= 10.1038/8719 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on RPS6KB1... {November 14, 2007 3:15:58 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:18:09 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1
| HGNCid = 10436
| Symbol = RPS6KB1
| AltSymbols =; PS6K; S6K; S6K1; STK14A; p70(S6K)-alpha; p70-S6K; p70-alpha
| OMIM = 608938
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 81703
| MGIid =
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_RPS6KB1_204171_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_RPS6KB1_211578_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000166 |text = nucleotide binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004672 |text = protein kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004674 |text = protein serine/threonine kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005524 |text = ATP binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016740 |text = transferase activity}}
| Component =
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006468 |text = protein amino acid phosphorylation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007281 |text = germ cell development}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 6198
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000108443
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_003152
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_003161
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 17
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 55325225
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 55382564
| Hs_Uniprot = P23443
| Mm_EntrezGene =
| Mm_Ensembl =
| Mm_RefseqmRNA =
| Mm_RefseqProtein =
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr =
| Mm_GenLoc_start =
| Mm_GenLoc_end =
| Mm_Uniprot =
}}
}}
'''Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1''', also known as '''RPS6KB1''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains 2 non-identical kinase catalytic domains and phosphorylates several residues of the S6 ribosomal protein. The kinase activity of this protein leads to an increase in protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Amplification of the region of DNA encoding this gene and overexpression of this kinase are seen in some breast cancer cell lines. Alternate translational start sites have been described and alternate transcriptional splice variants have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: RPS6KB1 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6198| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Proud CG |title=p70 S6 kinase: an enigma with variations. |journal=Trends Biochem. Sci. |volume=21 |issue= 5 |pages= 181-5 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8871403 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Manning BD |title=Balancing Akt with S6K: implications for both metabolic diseases and tumorigenesis. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=167 |issue= 3 |pages= 399-403 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15533996 |doi= 10.1083/jcb.200408161 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Grove JR, Banerjee P, Balasubramanyam A, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of two human p70 S6 kinase polypeptides differing only at their amino termini. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=11 |issue= 11 |pages= 5541-50 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1922062 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Moser BA, Dennis PB, Pullen N, ''et al.'' |title=Dual requirement for a newly identified phosphorylation site in p70s6k. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=17 |issue= 9 |pages= 5648-55 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9271440 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Alessi DR, Kozlowski MT, Weng QP, ''et al.'' |title=3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) phosphorylates and activates the p70 S6 kinase in vivo and in vitro. |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=8 |issue= 2 |pages= 69-81 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9427642 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pullen N, Dennis PB, Andjelkovic M, ''et al.'' |title=Phosphorylation and activation of p70s6k by PDK1. |journal=Science |volume=279 |issue= 5351 |pages= 707-10 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9445476 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Burnett PE, Blackshaw S, Lai MM, ''et al.'' |title=Neurabin is a synaptic protein linking p70 S6 kinase and the neuronal cytoskeleton. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=95 |issue= 14 |pages= 8351-6 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9653190 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gout I, Minami T, Hara K, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel p70 S6 kinase, p70 S6 kinase beta containing a proline-rich region. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 46 |pages= 30061-4 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9804755 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Barcova M, Speth C, Kacani L, ''et al.'' |title=Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase activation in IL-10 up-regulation in human monocytes by gp41 envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. |journal=Pflugers Arch. |volume=437 |issue= 4 |pages= 538-46 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10089566 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Couch FJ, Wang XY, Wu GJ, ''et al.'' |title=Localization of PS6K to chromosomal region 17q23 and determination of its amplification in breast cancer. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=59 |issue= 7 |pages= 1408-11 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10197603 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Balendran A, Currie R, Armstrong CG, ''et al.'' |title=Evidence that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 mediates phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase in vivo at Thr-412 as well as Thr-252. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 52 |pages= 37400-6 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10601311 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Speth C, Joebstl B, Barcova M, Dierich MP |title=HIV-1 envelope protein gp41 modulates expression of interleukin-10 and chemokine receptors on monocytes, astrocytes and neurones. |journal=AIDS |volume=14 |issue= 6 |pages= 629-36 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10807185 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wilson KF, Wu WJ, Cerione RA |title=Cdc42 stimulates RNA splicing via the S6 kinase and a novel S6 kinase target, the nuclear cap-binding complex. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 48 |pages= 37307-10 |year= 2001 |pmid= 10973943 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.C000482200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Armstrong JL, Bonavaud SM, Toole BJ, Yeaman SJ |title=Regulation of glycogen synthesis by amino acids in cultured human muscle cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 2 |pages= 952-6 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11013237 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M004812200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Diggle TA, Subkhankulova T, Lilley KS, ''et al.'' |title=Phosphorylation of elongation factor-2 kinase on serine 499 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase induces Ca2+/calmodulin-independent activity. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=353 |issue= Pt 3 |pages= 621-6 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11171059 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sapkota GP, Kieloch A, Lizcano JM, ''et al.'' |title=Phosphorylation of the protein kinase mutated in Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome, LKB1/STK11, at Ser431 by p90(RSK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, but not its farnesylation at Cys(433), is essential for LKB1 to suppress cell vrowth. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 22 |pages= 19469-82 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11297520 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M009953200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Remy I, Michnick SW |title=Visualization of biochemical networks in living cells. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue= 14 |pages= 7678-83 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11438723 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.131216098 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wang X, Li W, Williams M, ''et al.'' |title=Regulation of elongation factor 2 kinase by p90(RSK1) and p70 S6 kinase. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=20 |issue= 16 |pages= 4370-9 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11500364 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/20.16.4370 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Belham C, Comb MJ, Avruch J |title=Identification of the NIMA family kinases NEK6/7 as regulators of the p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=11 |issue= 15 |pages= 1155-67 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11516946 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on S100A4... {November 14, 2007 3:18:09 PM PST}
- SEARCH REDIRECT: Control Box Found: S100A4 {November 14, 2007 3:18:49 PM PST}
- UPDATE PROTEIN BOX: Updating Protein Box, No errors. {November 14, 2007 3:18:50 PM PST}
- UPDATE SUMMARY: Updating Summary, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:18:50 PM PST}
- UPDATE CITATIONS: Updating Citations, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:18:50 PM PST}
- UPDATED: Updated protein page: S100A4 {November 14, 2007 3:18:57 PM PST}
- INFO: Beginning work on SGK... {November 14, 2007 3:18:57 PM PST}
- SEARCH REDIRECT: Control Box Found: SGK {November 14, 2007 3:19:34 PM PST}
- UPDATE PROTEIN BOX: Updating Protein Box, No errors. {November 14, 2007 3:19:36 PM PST}
- UPDATE SUMMARY: Updating Summary, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:19:36 PM PST}
- UPDATE CITATIONS: Updating Citations, No Errors. {November 14, 2007 3:19:36 PM PST}
- UPDATED: Updated protein page: SGK {November 14, 2007 3:19:42 PM PST}
- INFO: Beginning work on SPTA1... {November 14, 2007 3:19:42 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:20:12 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_SPTA1_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1owa.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1owa}}
| Name = Spectrin, alpha, erythrocytic 1 (elliptocytosis 2)
| HGNCid = 11272
| Symbol = SPTA1
| AltSymbols =; EL2; SPTA
| OMIM = 182860
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 74460
| MGIid = 98385
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_SPTA1_206937_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005200 |text = structural constituent of cytoskeleton}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005509 |text = calcium ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0051015 |text = actin filament binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005624 |text = membrane fraction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005856 |text = cytoskeleton}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008091 |text = spectrin}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007015 |text = actin filament organization}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008360 |text = regulation of cell shape}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0051016 |text = barbed-end actin filament capping}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 6708
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000163554
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_003117
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_003126
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 1
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 156846902
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 156923112
| Hs_Uniprot = P02549
| Mm_EntrezGene = 20739
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000026532
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_011465
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_035595
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 1
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 176011002
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 176084132
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3UQ30
}}
}}
'''Spectrin, alpha, erythrocytic 1 (elliptocytosis 2)''', also known as '''SPTA1''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = Spectrin is an actin crosslinking and molecular scaffold protein that links the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, and functions in the determination of cell shape, arrangement of transmembrane proteins, and organization of organelles. It is a tetramer made up of alpha-beta dimers linked in a head-to-head arrangement. This gene is one member of a family of alpha-spectrin genes. The encoded protein is primarily composed of 22 spectrin repeats which are involved in dimer formation. It forms weaker tetramer interactions than non-erythrocytic alpha spectrin, which may increase the plasma membrane elasticity and deformability of red blood cells. Mutations in this gene result in a variety of hereditary red blood cell disorders, including elliptocytosis type 2, pyropoikilocytosis, and spherocytic hemolytic anemia.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SPTA1 spectrin, alpha, erythrocytic 1 (elliptocytosis 2)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6708| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Gallagher PG, Forget BG |title=Spectrin genes in health and disease. |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=30 |issue= 1 |pages= 4-20 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8094577 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Delaunay J, Dhermy D |title=Mutations involving the spectrin heterodimer contact site: clinical expression and alterations in specific function. |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=30 |issue= 1 |pages= 21-33 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8434258 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Snásel J, Pichová I |title=The cleavage of host cell proteins by HIV-1 protease. |journal=Folia Biol. (Praha) |volume=42 |issue= 5 |pages= 227-30 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8997639 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Iolascon A, Miraglia del Giudice E, Perrotta S, ''et al.'' |title=Hereditary spherocytosis: from clinical to molecular defects. |journal=Haematologica |volume=83 |issue= 3 |pages= 240-57 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9573679 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=De Matteis MA, Morrow JS |title=Spectrin tethers and mesh in the biosynthetic pathway. |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=113 ( Pt 13) |issue= |pages= 2331-43 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10852813 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Delaunay J |title=Molecular basis of red cell membrane disorders. |journal=Acta Haematol. |volume=108 |issue= 4 |pages= 210-8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12432217 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dhermy D, Schrével J, Lecomte MC |title=Spectrin-based skeleton in red blood cells and malaria. |journal=Curr. Opin. Hematol. |volume=14 |issue= 3 |pages= 198-202 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17414207 |doi= 10.1097/MOH.0b013e3280d21afd }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hentati A, Hu P, Asgharzadeh S, Siddique T |title=Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human erythroid alpha spectrin (SPTA1) locus. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=1 |issue= 3 |pages= 218 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1339473 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kanzaki A, Rabodonirina M, Yawata Y, ''et al.'' |title=A deletional frameshift mutation of the beta-spectrin gene associated with elliptocytosis in spectrin Tokyo (beta 220/216). |journal=Blood |volume=80 |issue= 8 |pages= 2115-21 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1391962 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gallagher PG, Tse WT, Coetzer T, ''et al.'' |title=A common type of the spectrin alpha I 46-50a-kD peptide abnormality in hereditary elliptocytosis and pyropoikilocytosis is associated with a mutation distant from the proteolytic cleavage site. Evidence for the functional importance of the triple helical model of spectrin. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=89 |issue= 3 |pages= 892-8 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1541680 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Speicher DW, Weglarz L, DeSilva TM |title=Properties of human red cell spectrin heterodimer (side-to-side) assembly and identification of an essential nucleation site. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 21 |pages= 14775-82 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1634521 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Alloisio N, Wilmotte R, Morlé L, ''et al.'' |title=Spectrin Jendouba: an alpha II/31 spectrin variant that is associated with elliptocytosis and carries a mutation distant from the dimer self-association site. |journal=Blood |volume=80 |issue= 3 |pages= 809-15 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1638030 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kotula L, Laury-Kleintop LD, Showe L, ''et al.'' |title=The exon-intron organization of the human erythrocyte alpha-spectrin gene. |journal=Genomics |volume=9 |issue= 1 |pages= 131-40 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1672285 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Coetzer TL, Sahr K, Prchal J, ''et al.'' |title=Four different mutations in codon 28 of alpha spectrin are associated with structurally and functionally abnormal spectrin alpha I/74 in hereditary elliptocytosis. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=88 |issue= 3 |pages= 743-9 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1679439 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sahr KE, Laurila P, Kotula L, ''et al.'' |title=The complete cDNA and polypeptide sequences of human erythroid alpha-spectrin. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=265 |issue= 8 |pages= 4434-43 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1689726 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gallagher PG, Tse WT, Marchesi SL, ''et al.'' |title=A defect in alpha-spectrin mRNA accumulation in hereditary pyropoikilocytosis. |journal=Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians |volume=104 |issue= |pages= 32-9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1845156 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Floyd PB, Gallagher PG, Valentino LA, ''et al.'' |title=Heterogeneity of the molecular basis of hereditary pyropoikilocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis associated with increased levels of the spectrin alpha I/74-kilodalton tryptic peptide. |journal=Blood |volume=78 |issue= 5 |pages= 1364-72 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1878597 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shoeman RL, Kesselmier C, Mothes E, ''et al.'' |title=Non-viral cellular substrates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=278 |issue= 2 |pages= 199-203 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1991513 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Garbarz M, Tse WT, Gallagher PG, ''et al.'' |title=Spectrin Rouen (beta 220-218), a novel shortened beta-chain variant in a kindred with hereditary elliptocytosis. Characterization of the molecular defect as exon skipping due to a splice site mutation. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=88 |issue= 1 |pages= 76-81 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2056132 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tse WT, Gallagher PG, Pothier B, ''et al.'' |title=An insertional frameshift mutation of the beta-spectrin gene associated with elliptocytosis in spectrin nice (beta 220/216). |journal=Blood |volume=78 |issue= 2 |pages= 517-23 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2070088 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on STAT6... {November 14, 2007 3:20:12 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:20:53 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, interleukin-4 induced
| HGNCid = 11368
| Symbol = STAT6
| AltSymbols =; D12S1644; IL-4-STAT; STAT6B; STAT6C
| OMIM = 601512
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 2373
| MGIid = 103034
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_STAT6_201331_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_STAT6_201332_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004871 |text = signal transducer activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005509 |text = calcium ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006350 |text = transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006357 |text = regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007242 |text = intracellular signaling cascade}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042127 |text = regulation of cell proliferation}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 6778
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000166888
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_003144
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_003153
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 12
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 55775462
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 55791428
| Hs_Uniprot = P42226
| Mm_EntrezGene = 20852
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000002147
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_009284
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_033310
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 10
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 127046117
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 127063894
| Mm_Uniprot = P70383
}}
}}
'''Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, interleukin-4 induced''', also known as '''STAT6''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell nucleus where they act as transcription activators. This protein plays a central role in exerting IL4 mediated biological responses. It is found to induce the expression of BCL2L1/BCL-X(L), which is responsible for the anti-apoptotic activity of IL4. Knockout studies in mice suggested the roles of this gene in differentiation of T helper 2 (Th2) cells, expression of cell surface markers, and class switch of immunoglobulins.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: STAT6 signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, interleukin-4 induced| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6778| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Jiang H, Harris MB, Rothman P |title=IL-4/IL-13 signaling beyond JAK/STAT. |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=105 |issue= 6 Pt 1 |pages= 1063-70 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10856136 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kisseleva T, Bhattacharya S, Braunstein J, Schindler CW |title=Signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway, recent advances and future challenges. |journal=Gene |volume=285 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 1-24 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12039028 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hou J, Schindler U, Henzel WJ, ''et al.'' |title=An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor: IL-4 Stat. |journal=Science |volume=265 |issue= 5179 |pages= 1701-6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8085155 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Takeda K, Tanaka T, Shi W, ''et al.'' |title=Essential role of Stat6 in IL-4 signalling. |journal=Nature |volume=380 |issue= 6575 |pages= 627-30 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8602263 |doi= 10.1038/380627a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shimoda K, van Deursen J, Sangster MY, ''et al.'' |title=Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene. |journal=Nature |volume=380 |issue= 6575 |pages= 630-3 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8602264 |doi= 10.1038/380630a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kotanides H, Reich NC |title=Interleukin-4-induced STAT6 recognizes and activates a target site in the promoter of the interleukin-4 receptor gene. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 41 |pages= 25555-61 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8810328 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mikita T, Campbell D, Wu P, ''et al.'' |title=Requirements for interleukin-4-induced gene expression and functional characterization of Stat6. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=16 |issue= 10 |pages= 5811-20 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8816495 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shen CH, Stavnezer J |title=Interaction of stat6 and NF-kappaB: direct association and synergistic activation of interleukin-4-induced transcription. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=18 |issue= 6 |pages= 3395-404 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9584180 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Leek JP, Hamlin PJ, Bell SM, Lench NJ |title=Assignment of the STAT6 gene (STAT6) to human chromosome band 12q13 by in situ hybridization. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=79 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 208-9 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9605853 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mikita T, Kurama M, Schindler U |title=Synergistic activation of the germline epsilon promoter mediated by Stat6 and C/EBP beta. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=161 |issue= 4 |pages= 1822-8 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9712049 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Patel BK, Keck CL, O'Leary RS, ''et al.'' |title=Localization of the human stat6 gene to chromosome 12q13.3-q14.1, a region implicated in multiple solid tumors. |journal=Genomics |volume=52 |issue= 2 |pages= 192-200 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9782085 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1998.5436 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhu M, John S, Berg M, Leonard WJ |title=Functional association of Nmi with Stat5 and Stat1 in IL-2- and IFNgamma-mediated signaling. |journal=Cell |volume=96 |issue= 1 |pages= 121-30 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9989503 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=McDonald C, Reich NC |title=Cooperation of the transcriptional coactivators CBP and p300 with Stat6. |journal=J. Interferon Cytokine Res. |volume=19 |issue= 7 |pages= 711-22 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10454341 |doi= 10.1089/107999099313550 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Harris MB, Chang CC, Berton MT, ''et al.'' |title=Transcriptional repression of Stat6-dependent interleukin-4-induced genes by BCL-6: specific regulation of iepsilon transcription and immunoglobulin E switching. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=19 |issue= 10 |pages= 7264-75 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10490661 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gupta S, Jiang M, Pernis AB |title=IFN-alpha activates Stat6 and leads to the formation of Stat2:Stat6 complexes in B cells. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=163 |issue= 7 |pages= 3834-41 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10490982 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gupta S, Jiang M, Anthony A, Pernis AB |title=Lineage-specific modulation of interleukin 4 signaling by interferon regulatory factor 4. |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=190 |issue= 12 |pages= 1837-48 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10601358 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Daniel C, Salvekar A, Schindler U |title=A gain-of-function mutation in STAT6. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 19 |pages= 14255-9 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10747856 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Arinobu Y, Sugimoto R, Akaiwa M, ''et al.'' |title=Augmentation of signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT)6 and STAT3 expression in stimulated B and T cells. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=277 |issue= 2 |pages= 317-24 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11032724 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3674 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Masuda A, Matsuguchi T, Yamaki K, ''et al.'' |title=Interleukin-15 prevents mouse mast cell apoptosis through STAT6-mediated Bcl-xL expression. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 28 |pages= 26107-13 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11369758 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M011475200 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on TAP2... {November 14, 2007 3:20:53 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:22:51 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Transporter 2, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP)
| HGNCid = 44
| Symbol = TAP2
| AltSymbols =; ABC18; ABCB3; APT2; D6S217E; PSF2; RING11
| OMIM = 170261
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 37323
| MGIid = 98484
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_TAP2_204769_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_TAP2_204770_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_TAP2_208428_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000166 |text = nucleotide binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004409 |text = homoaconitate hydratase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005215 |text = transporter activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005524 |text = ATP binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015198 |text = oligopeptide transporter activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015433 |text = peptide antigen-transporting ATPase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016887 |text = ATPase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042288 |text = MHC class I protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042301 |text = phosphate binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042605 |text = peptide antigen binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042626 |text = ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046980 |text = tapasin binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046982 |text = protein heterodimerization activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005783 |text = endoplasmic reticulum}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005788 |text = endoplasmic reticulum lumen}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005829 |text = cytosol}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042825 |text = TAP complex}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006461 |text = protein complex assembly}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006857 |text = oligopeptide transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006886 |text = intracellular protein transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006955 |text = immune response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015833 |text = peptide transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0019885 |text = antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046967 |text = cytosol to ER transport}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 6891
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000204267
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000535
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000544
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 6
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 32897588
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 32914525
| Hs_Uniprot = Q03519
| Mm_EntrezGene = 21355
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000024339
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_011530
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_035660
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 17
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 33814426
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 33826594
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3TXM1
}}
}}
'''Transporter 2, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP)''', also known as '''TAP2''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. This gene is located 7 kb telomeric to gene family member ABCB2. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in antigen presentation. This protein forms a heterodimer with ABCB2 in order to transport peptides from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in this gene may be associated with ankylosing spondylitis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces two products which differ in peptide selectivity and level of restoration of surface expression of MHC class I molecules.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TAP2 transporter 2, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6891| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Townsend A, Trowsdale J |title=The transporters associated with antigen presentation. |journal=Semin. Cell Biol. |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 53-61 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8453065 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Beck S, Kelly A, Radley E, ''et al.'' |title=DNA sequence analysis of 66 kb of the human MHC class II region encoding a cluster of genes for antigen processing. |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=228 |issue= 2 |pages= 433-41 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1453454 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bodmer JG, Marsh SG, Albert ED, ''et al.'' |title=Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1991. WHO Nomenclature Committee for factors of the HLA system. |journal=Tissue Antigens |volume=39 |issue= 4 |pages= 161-73 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1529427 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kelly A, Powis SH, Kerr LA, ''et al.'' |title=Assembly and function of the two ABC transporter proteins encoded in the human major histocompatibility complex. |journal=Nature |volume=355 |issue= 6361 |pages= 641-4 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1538751 |doi= 10.1038/355641a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Colonna M, Bresnahan M, Bahram S, ''et al.'' |title=Allelic variants of the human putative peptide transporter involved in antigen processing. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=89 |issue= 9 |pages= 3932-6 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1570316 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Powis SH, Mockridge I, Kelly A, ''et al.'' |title=Polymorphism in a second ABC transporter gene located within the class II region of the human major histocompatibility complex. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=89 |issue= 4 |pages= 1463-7 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1741401 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bahram S, Arnold D, Bresnahan M, ''et al.'' |title=Two putative subunits of a peptide pump encoded in the human major histocompatibility complex class II region. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=88 |issue= 22 |pages= 10094-8 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1946428 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Trowsdale J, Hanson I, Mockridge I, ''et al.'' |title=Sequences encoded in the class II region of the MHC related to the 'ABC' superfamily of transporters. |journal=Nature |volume=348 |issue= 6303 |pages= 741-4 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2259383 |doi= 10.1038/348741a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=de la Salle H, Hanau D, Fricker D, ''et al.'' |title=Homozygous human TAP peptide transporter mutation in HLA class I deficiency. |journal=Science |volume=265 |issue= 5169 |pages= 237-41 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7517574 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cano P, Baxter-Lowe LA |title=Novel human TAP2*103 allele shows further polymorphism in the ATP-binding domain. |journal=Tissue Antigens |volume=45 |issue= 2 |pages= 139-42 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7792761 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Roby KF, Fei K, Yang Y, Hunt JS |title=Expression of HLA class II-associated peptide transporter and proteasome genes in human placentas and trophoblast cell lines. |journal=Immunology |volume=83 |issue= 3 |pages= 444-8 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7835969 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 171-4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Singal DP, Ye M, Qiu X, D'Souza M |title=Polymorphisms in the TAP2 gene and their association with rheumatoid arthritis. |journal=Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. |volume=12 |issue= 1 |pages= 29-33 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8162639 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Powis SH, Tonks S, Mockridge I, ''et al.'' |title=Alleles and haplotypes of the MHC-encoded ABC transporters TAP1 and TAP2. |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=37 |issue= 5 |pages= 373-80 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8428770 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Glynne R, Kerr LA, Mockridge I, ''et al.'' |title=The major histocompatibility complex-encoded proteasome component LMP7: alternative first exons and post-translational processing. |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=23 |issue= 4 |pages= 860-6 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8458375 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Beck S, Abdulla S, Alderton RP, ''et al.'' |title=Evolutionary dynamics of non-coding sequences within the class II region of the human MHC. |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=255 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-13 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8568858 |doi= 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0001 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ahn K, Meyer TH, Uebel S, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular mechanism and species specificity of TAP inhibition by herpes simplex virus ICP47. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=15 |issue= 13 |pages= 3247-55 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8670825 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pattanakitsakul S, Takeuchi F, Nabeta H, ''et al.'' |title=A novel TAP 2 gene RFLP observed in a Japanese. |journal=Tissue Antigens |volume=47 |issue= 4 |pages= 353-5 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8773329 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lewis JW, Neisig A, Neefjes J, Elliott T |title=Point mutations in the alpha 2 domain of HLA-A2.1 define a functionally relevant interaction with TAP. |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=6 |issue= 7 |pages= 873-83 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8805302 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on TCF7L2... {November 14, 2007 3:22:51 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:24:06 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_TCF7L2_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1jdh.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1jdh}}, {{PDB2|1jpw}}, {{PDB2|2gl7}}, {{PDB2|2lef}}
| Name = Transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box)
| HGNCid = 11641
| Symbol = TCF7L2
| AltSymbols =; TCF4; TCF-4
| OMIM = 602228
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 7564
| MGIid = 1202879
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_TCF7L2_212759_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_TCF7L2_212761_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_TCF7L2_212762_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003677 |text = DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003702 |text = RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000074 |text = regulation of progression through cell cycle}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006325 |text = establishment and/or maintenance of chromatin architecture}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006350 |text = transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006357 |text = regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030111 |text = regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 6934
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000148737
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_110383
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_030756
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 10
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 114700201
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 114917427
| Hs_Uniprot = Q9NQB0
| Mm_EntrezGene = 21416
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000024985
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_009333
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_033359
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 19
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 55795070
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 55986503
| Mm_Uniprot = Q80WT9
}}
}}
'''Transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box)''', also known as '''TCF7L2''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text =
}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Segditsas S, Tomlinson I |title=Colorectal cancer and genetic alterations in the Wnt pathway. |journal=Oncogene |volume=25 |issue= 57 |pages= 7531-7 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17143297 |doi= 10.1038/sj.onc.1210059 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Florez JC |title=The new type 2 diabetes gene TCF7L2. |journal=Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care |volume=10 |issue= 4 |pages= 391-6 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17563454 |doi= 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3281e2c9be }}
*{{cite journal | author=Castrop J, van Norren K, Clevers H |title=A gene family of HMG-box transcription factors with homology to TCF-1. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=20 |issue= 3 |pages= 611 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1741298 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 171-4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Korinek V, Barker N, Morin PJ, ''et al.'' |title=Constitutive transcriptional activation by a beta-catenin-Tcf complex in APC-/- colon carcinoma. |journal=Science |volume=275 |issue= 5307 |pages= 1784-7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9065401 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, ''et al.'' |title=Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library. |journal=Gene |volume=200 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 149-56 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9373149 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=He TC, Sparks AB, Rago C, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. |journal=Science |volume=281 |issue= 5382 |pages= 1509-12 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9727977 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Barker N, Huls G, Korinek V, Clevers H |title=Restricted high level expression of Tcf-4 protein in intestinal and mammary gland epithelium. |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=154 |issue= 1 |pages= 29-35 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9916915 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Omer CA, Miller PJ, Diehl RE, Kral AM |title=Identification of Tcf4 residues involved in high-affinity beta-catenin binding. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=256 |issue= 3 |pages= 584-90 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10080941 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0379 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Giannini AL, Vivanco MM, Kypta RM |title=Analysis of beta-catenin aggregation and localization using GFP fusion proteins: nuclear import of alpha-catenin by the beta-catenin/Tcf complex. |journal=Exp. Cell Res. |volume=255 |issue= 2 |pages= 207-20 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10694436 |doi= 10.1006/excr.1999.4785 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Duval A, Busson-Leconiat M, Berger R, Hamelin R |title=Assignment of the TCF-4 gene (TCF7L2) to human chromosome band 10q25.3. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=88 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 264-5 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10828605 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Duval A, Rolland S, Tubacher E, ''et al.'' |title=The human T-cell transcription factor-4 gene: structure, extensive characterization of alternative splicings, and mutational analysis in colorectal cancer cell lines. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=60 |issue= 14 |pages= 3872-9 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10919662 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Brantjes H, Roose J, van De Wetering M, Clevers H |title=All Tcf HMG box transcription factors interact with Groucho-related co-repressors. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=29 |issue= 7 |pages= 1410-9 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11266540 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Palacino JJ, Murphy MP, Murayama O, ''et al.'' |title=Presenilin 1 regulates beta-catenin-mediated transcription in a glycogen synthase kinase-3-independent fashion. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 42 |pages= 38563-9 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11504726 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M105376200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Miravet S, Piedra J, Miró F, ''et al.'' |title=The transcriptional factor Tcf-4 contains different binding sites for beta-catenin and plakoglobin. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 3 |pages= 1884-91 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11711551 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M110248200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Graham TA, Ferkey DM, Mao F, ''et al.'' |title=Tcf4 can specifically recognize beta-catenin using alternative conformations. |journal=Nat. Struct. Biol. |volume=8 |issue= 12 |pages= 1048-52 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11713475 |doi= 10.1038/nsb718 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Poy F, Lepourcelet M, Shivdasani RA, Eck MJ |title=Structure of a human Tcf4-beta-catenin complex. |journal=Nat. Struct. Biol. |volume=8 |issue= 12 |pages= 1053-7 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11713476 |doi= 10.1038/nsb720 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Thiele A, Wasner M, Müller C, ''et al.'' |title=Regulation and possible function of beta-catenin in human monocytes. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=167 |issue= 12 |pages= 6786-93 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11739494 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Marchenko GN, Marchenko ND, Leng J, Strongin AY |title=Promoter characterization of the novel human matrix metalloproteinase-26 gene: regulation by the T-cell factor-4 implies specific expression of the gene in cancer cells of epithelial origin. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=363 |issue= Pt 2 |pages= 253-62 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11931652 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Leung JY, Kolligs FT, Wu R, ''et al.'' |title=Activation of AXIN2 expression by beta-catenin-T cell factor. A feedback repressor pathway regulating Wnt signaling. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 24 |pages= 21657-65 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11940574 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M200139200 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
- INFO: Beginning work on TGFA... {November 14, 2007 3:24:06 PM PST}
- AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 14, 2007 3:24:36 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_TGFA_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1mox.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1mox}}, {{PDB2|1yuf}}, {{PDB2|1yug}}, {{PDB2|2tgf}}, {{PDB2|3tgf}}, {{PDB2|4tgf}}
| Name = Transforming growth factor, alpha
| HGNCid = 11765
| Symbol = TGFA
| AltSymbols =; TFGA
| OMIM = 190170
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 2431
| MGIid = 98724
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_TGFA_205016_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_TGFA_205015_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_TGFA_211258_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001948 |text = glycoprotein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004871 |text = signal transducer activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005155 |text = epidermal growth factor receptor activating ligand activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008083 |text = growth factor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005615 |text = extracellular space}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005625 |text = soluble fraction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005886 |text = plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000074 |text = regulation of progression through cell cycle}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001525 |text = angiogenesis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007267 |text = cell-cell signaling}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008283 |text = cell proliferation}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 7039
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000163235
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_003227
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_003236
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 2
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 70527927
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 70634438
| Hs_Uniprot = P01135
| Mm_EntrezGene = 21802
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000029999
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_031199
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_112476
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 6
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 86228789
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 86237128
| Mm_Uniprot = Q545E4
}}
}}
'''Transforming growth factor, alpha''', also known as '''TGFA''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are biologically active polypeptides that reversibly confer the transformed phenotype on cultured cells. TGF-alpha shows about 40% sequence homology with epidermal growth factor (EGF; MIM 131530) and competes with EGF for binding to the EGF receptor (MIM 131550), stimulating its phosphorylation and producing a mitogenic response.[supplied by OMIM]<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TGFA transforming growth factor, alpha| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7039| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Luetteke NC, Lee DC |title=Transforming growth factor alpha: expression, regulation and biological action of its integral membrane precursor. |journal=Semin. Cancer Biol. |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 265-75 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2103501 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Greten FR, Wagner M, Weber CK, ''et al.'' |title=TGF alpha transgenic mice. A model of pancreatic cancer development. |journal=Pancreatology |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 363-8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12120215 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Vieira AR |title=Association between the transforming growth factor alpha gene and nonsyndromic oral clefts: a HuGE review. |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=163 |issue= 9 |pages= 790-810 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16495466 |doi= 10.1093/aje/kwj103 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nasim MM, Thomas DM, Alison MR, Filipe MI |title=Transforming growth factor alpha expression in normal gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric carcinoma--an immunohistochemical study. |journal=Histopathology |volume=20 |issue= 4 |pages= 339-43 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1577411 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Thomas DM, Nasim MM, Gullick WJ, Alison MR |title=Immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor alpha in the normal adult gastrointestinal tract. |journal=Gut |volume=33 |issue= 5 |pages= 628-31 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1612477 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bean MF, Carr SA |title=Characterization of disulfide bond position in proteins and sequence analysis of cystine-bridged peptides by tandem mass spectrometry. |journal=Anal. Biochem. |volume=201 |issue= 2 |pages= 216-26 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1632509 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lei ZM, Rao CV |title=Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and its ligands, EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha, in human fallopian tubes. |journal=Endocrinology |volume=131 |issue= 2 |pages= 947-57 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1639032 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Werner S, Roth WK, Bates B, ''et al.'' |title=Fibroblast growth factor 5 proto-oncogene is expressed in normal human fibroblasts and induced by serum growth factors. |journal=Oncogene |volume=6 |issue= 11 |pages= 2137-44 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1658709 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Saeki T, Cristiano A, Lynch MJ, ''et al.'' |title=Regulation by estrogen through the 5'-flanking region of the transforming growth factor alpha gene. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=5 |issue= 12 |pages= 1955-63 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1791840 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Harvey TS, Wilkinson AJ, Tappin MJ, ''et al.'' |title=The solution structure of human transforming growth factor alpha. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=198 |issue= 3 |pages= 555-62 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2050136 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kline TP, Brown FK, Brown SC, ''et al.'' |title=Solution structures of human transforming growth factor alpha derived from 1H NMR data. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=29 |issue= 34 |pages= 7805-13 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2261437 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jakowlew SB, Kondaiah P, Dillard PJ, ''et al.'' |title=A novel low molecular weight ribonucleic acid (RNA) related to transforming growth factor alpha messenger RNA. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=2 |issue= 11 |pages= 1056-63 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2464748 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jakobovits EB, Schlokat U, Vannice JL, ''et al.'' |title=The human transforming growth factor alpha promoter directs transcription initiation from a single site in the absence of a TATA sequence. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=8 |issue= 12 |pages= 5549-54 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2907605 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tricoli JV, Nakai H, Byers MG, ''et al.'' |title=The gene for human transforming growth factor alpha is on the short arm of chromosome 2. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=42 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 94-8 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3459638 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lee DC, Rose TM, Webb NR, Todaro GJ |title=Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for rat transforming growth factor-alpha. |journal=Nature |volume=313 |issue= 6002 |pages= 489-91 |year= 1985 |pmid= 3855503 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Derynck R, Roberts AB, Winkler ME, ''et al.'' |title=Human transforming growth factor-alpha: precursor structure and expression in E. coli. |journal=Cell |volume=38 |issue= 1 |pages= 287-97 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6088071 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ogbureke KU, MacDaniel RK, Jacob RS, Durban EM |title=Distribution of immunoreactive transforming growth factor-alpha in non-neoplastic human salivary glands. |journal=Histol. Histopathol. |volume=10 |issue= 3 |pages= 691-6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7579819 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Walz TM, Malm C, Nishikawa BK, Wasteson A |title=Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in human bone marrow: demonstration of TGF-alpha in erythroblasts and eosinophilic precursor cells and of epidermal growth factor receptors in blastlike cells of myelomonocytic origin. |journal=Blood |volume=85 |issue= 9 |pages= 2385-92 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7727772 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Patel B, Hiscott P, Charteris D, ''et al.'' |title=Retinal and preretinal localisation of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and their receptor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. |journal=The British journal of ophthalmology |volume=78 |issue= 9 |pages= 714-8 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7947554 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
end log.
